中国农业科技导报 ›› 2022, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (3): 11-19.DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0346
收稿日期:
2021-04-24
接受日期:
2021-08-23
出版日期:
2022-03-15
发布日期:
2022-03-14
通讯作者:
于浩然
作者简介:
尚杰 E-mail:shangjie2005@126.com;
基金资助:
Jie SHANG(), Haoran YU(
), Xu YANG
Received:
2021-04-24
Accepted:
2021-08-23
Online:
2022-03-15
Published:
2022-03-14
Contact:
Haoran YU
摘要:
为探讨技术进步下农业用水效率的时空分异,首先利用超效率SBM(slacks-based measure)模型测算2009—2018年我国粮食主产区农业用水效率,其次使用泰尔指数分析农业用水效率的区域差距,最后应用面板随机效应模型分析不同地域农业用水效率的影响因素。结果表明,近年来我国粮食主产区(13个省、自治区)的农业用水效率呈现出波动上升的趋势;地区间差距在不断缩小,控制地区内部差距扩大是提升农业用水效率的关键;经济发展水平、年降水量、灌溉水价、节水农业技术水平和水资源禀赋对我国粮食主产区农业用水效率都有一定影响,但是不同地区之间存在差异。研究结果为各地区根据不同的情况制订更有针对性的政策,推进节水农业进步、提高农业用水效率,促进农业可持续发展及保障粮食安全提供了理论依据。
中图分类号:
尚杰, 于浩然, 杨旭. 农业用水效率时空差异与影响因素分析[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(3): 11-19.
Jie SHANG, Haoran YU, Xu YANG. Spatial Temporal Differences and Influencing Factors of Agricultural Water Use Efficiency[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2022, 24(3): 11-19.
指标类型Indicator type | 分类指标 Classification index | 变量说明 Variable description | 数据来源 Data source |
---|---|---|---|
投入指标Input index | 农业资本投入 Agricultural capital investment | 农药使用量 Pesticides usage | [ |
化肥施用量 Fertilizers consumption | [ | ||
农业机械总动力 Total power of agricultural machinery | [ | ||
农业水资源投入 Agricultural water resources input | 农业用水量 Agricultural water consumption | [ | |
农业劳动力投入 Agricultural labor input | 农业就业人数 Number of employees in farm | [ | |
农业中间投入 Agricultural Intermediate Input | 粮食播种面积 Planting area of crops | [ | |
产出指标Output index | 农业总产值 Total output value of farm | 农业总产值 Total output value of farm | [ |
表1 农业用水效率投入与产出指标体系
Table 1 Input and output index system of agricultural water use efficiency
指标类型Indicator type | 分类指标 Classification index | 变量说明 Variable description | 数据来源 Data source |
---|---|---|---|
投入指标Input index | 农业资本投入 Agricultural capital investment | 农药使用量 Pesticides usage | [ |
化肥施用量 Fertilizers consumption | [ | ||
农业机械总动力 Total power of agricultural machinery | [ | ||
农业水资源投入 Agricultural water resources input | 农业用水量 Agricultural water consumption | [ | |
农业劳动力投入 Agricultural labor input | 农业就业人数 Number of employees in farm | [ | |
农业中间投入 Agricultural Intermediate Input | 粮食播种面积 Planting area of crops | [ | |
产出指标Output index | 农业总产值 Total output value of farm | 农业总产值 Total output value of farm | [ |
农业用水量 Agricultural water consumption | 省区 Region |
---|---|
低Low | 辽宁、吉林、湖北、四川Liaoning, Jilin, Hubei, Sichuan |
中Medium | 江西、山东、河南、内蒙古Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan, Inner Mongolia |
高High | 黑龙江、江苏、湖南、河北、安徽Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hebei, Anhui |
表2 13个粮食主产区农业用水区域划分
Table 2 Regional division of agricultural water in 13 main grain producing areas
农业用水量 Agricultural water consumption | 省区 Region |
---|---|
低Low | 辽宁、吉林、湖北、四川Liaoning, Jilin, Hubei, Sichuan |
中Medium | 江西、山东、河南、内蒙古Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan, Inner Mongolia |
高High | 黑龙江、江苏、湖南、河北、安徽Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hebei, Anhui |
年份 Year | 低农业用水地区 Low agricultural water consumption region | 中农业用水地区 Medium agricultural water consumption region | 高农业用水地区 High agricultural water consumption region | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
辽宁Liaoning | 吉林 Jilin | 湖北 Hubei | 四川Sichuan | 江西 Jiangxi | 山东Shandong | 河南 Henan | 内蒙古 Inner Mongolia | 黑龙江Heilongjiang | 江苏Jiangsu | 湖南 Hunan | 河北 Hebei | 安徽 Anhui | |
平均Mean | 1.123 | 1.095 | 0.885 | ||||||||||
2009 | 1.173 | 1.148 | 0.811 | 1.263 | 0.586 | 1.288 | 1.044 | 1.244 | 0.733 | 1.130 | 0.811 | 1.002 | 0.608 |
2010 | 1.152 | 1.124 | 0.804 | 1.288 | 0.632 | 1.299 | 1.030 | 1.198 | 0.726 | 1.162 | 0.804 | 0.941 | 0.586 |
2011 | 1.209 | 1.145 | 1.005 | 1.269 | 1.000 | 1.122 | 1.158 | 1.203 | 0.626 | 1.163 | 1.005 | 1.055 | 0.581 |
2012 | 1.213 | 1.071 | 1.002 | 1.305 | 1.000 | 1.223 | 1.052 | 1.216 | 1.034 | 1.212 | 1.002 | 1.021 | 0.560 |
2013 | 1.246 | 1.056 | 0.801 | 1.274 | 1.000 | 1.144 | 1.099 | 1.164 | 1.065 | 1.250 | 0.801 | 1.026 | 0.560 |
2014 | 1.272 | 1.046 | 0.748 | 1.258 | 1.063 | 1.236 | 1.020 | 1.162 | 1.107 | 1.250 | 0.748 | 1.019 | 0.568 |
2015 | 1.286 | 1.048 | 0.724 | 1.243 | 1.058 | 1.225 | 1.062 | 1.193 | 1.068 | 1.255 | 0.724 | 0.861 | 0.594 |
2016 | 1.306 | 1.051 | 0.653 | 1.177 | 1.051 | 1.227 | 1.040 | 1.180 | 1.025 | 1.305 | 0.653 | 0.772 | 0.545 |
2017 | 1.273 | 1.06 | 0.682 | 1.270 | 1.007 | 1.124 | 1.059 | 1.180 | 1.026 | 1.212 | 0.682 | 0.743 | 0.521 |
2018 | 1.246 | 1.070 | 0.664 | 1.346 | 1.013 | 1.074 | 1.084 | 1.148 | 1.029 | 1.196 | 0.664 | 0.728 | 0.511 |
平均Mean | 1.238 | 1.082 | 0.789 | 1.269 | 0.941 | 1.196 | 1.165 | 1.189 | 0.944 | 1.214 | 0.789 | 0.917 | 0.563 |
表3 13个粮食主产区的农业用水效率
Table 3 Water use efficiency of 13 major grain producers (m3·10-4 yuan-1)
年份 Year | 低农业用水地区 Low agricultural water consumption region | 中农业用水地区 Medium agricultural water consumption region | 高农业用水地区 High agricultural water consumption region | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
辽宁Liaoning | 吉林 Jilin | 湖北 Hubei | 四川Sichuan | 江西 Jiangxi | 山东Shandong | 河南 Henan | 内蒙古 Inner Mongolia | 黑龙江Heilongjiang | 江苏Jiangsu | 湖南 Hunan | 河北 Hebei | 安徽 Anhui | |
平均Mean | 1.123 | 1.095 | 0.885 | ||||||||||
2009 | 1.173 | 1.148 | 0.811 | 1.263 | 0.586 | 1.288 | 1.044 | 1.244 | 0.733 | 1.130 | 0.811 | 1.002 | 0.608 |
2010 | 1.152 | 1.124 | 0.804 | 1.288 | 0.632 | 1.299 | 1.030 | 1.198 | 0.726 | 1.162 | 0.804 | 0.941 | 0.586 |
2011 | 1.209 | 1.145 | 1.005 | 1.269 | 1.000 | 1.122 | 1.158 | 1.203 | 0.626 | 1.163 | 1.005 | 1.055 | 0.581 |
2012 | 1.213 | 1.071 | 1.002 | 1.305 | 1.000 | 1.223 | 1.052 | 1.216 | 1.034 | 1.212 | 1.002 | 1.021 | 0.560 |
2013 | 1.246 | 1.056 | 0.801 | 1.274 | 1.000 | 1.144 | 1.099 | 1.164 | 1.065 | 1.250 | 0.801 | 1.026 | 0.560 |
2014 | 1.272 | 1.046 | 0.748 | 1.258 | 1.063 | 1.236 | 1.020 | 1.162 | 1.107 | 1.250 | 0.748 | 1.019 | 0.568 |
2015 | 1.286 | 1.048 | 0.724 | 1.243 | 1.058 | 1.225 | 1.062 | 1.193 | 1.068 | 1.255 | 0.724 | 0.861 | 0.594 |
2016 | 1.306 | 1.051 | 0.653 | 1.177 | 1.051 | 1.227 | 1.040 | 1.180 | 1.025 | 1.305 | 0.653 | 0.772 | 0.545 |
2017 | 1.273 | 1.06 | 0.682 | 1.270 | 1.007 | 1.124 | 1.059 | 1.180 | 1.026 | 1.212 | 0.682 | 0.743 | 0.521 |
2018 | 1.246 | 1.070 | 0.664 | 1.346 | 1.013 | 1.074 | 1.084 | 1.148 | 1.029 | 1.196 | 0.664 | 0.728 | 0.511 |
平均Mean | 1.238 | 1.082 | 0.789 | 1.269 | 0.941 | 1.196 | 1.165 | 1.189 | 0.944 | 1.214 | 0.789 | 0.917 | 0.563 |
农业用水量 Agricultural water consumption | 省区 Region | Malmquist | 技术效率Technical efficiency | 技术进步Technical progress | 纯技术效率变化Pure technical efficiency change | 规模效率变化 Scale efficiency change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
低 Low | 辽宁Liaoning | 1.063 | 0.990 | 1.074 | 1.000 | 0.990 |
吉林Jilin | 1.008 | 0.936 | 1.077 | 1.000 | 0.936 | |
湖北Hubei | 1.059 | 0.994 | 1.065 | 1.000 | 0.994 | |
四川Sichuan | 1.083 | 1.000 | 1.083 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
平均Mean | 1.053 | 0.980 | 1.075 | 1.000 | 0.980 | |
中 Medium | 江西Jiangxi | 1.077 | 1.015 | 1.061 | 1.043 | 0.973 |
山东Shandong | 1.059 | 1.000 | 1.059 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
河南Henan | 1.068 | 1.000 | 1.068 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
内蒙古Inner Mongolia | 1.034 | 0.958 | 1.079 | 1.000 | 0.958 | |
平均Mean | 1.060 | 0.993 | 1.067 | 1.011 | 0.983 | |
高 High | 黑龙江Heilongjiang | 1.115 | 1.005 | 1.109 | 1.003 | 1.002 |
江苏Jiangsu | 1.096 | 1.000 | 1.096 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
湖南Hunan | 1.06 | 0.983 | 1.078 | 0.988 | 0.995 | |
河北Hebei | 1.063 | 0.984 | 1.08 | 0.989 | 0.995 | |
安徽Anhui | 1.072 | 0.995 | 1.077 | 0.996 | 0.999 | |
平均Mean | 1.081 | 0.993 | 1.088 | 0.995 | 0.998 | |
平均Mean | 1.065 | 0.989 | 1.077 | 1.002 | 0.987 |
表4 2008—2019年13个粮食主产区农业用水效率Malmquist指数及分解
Table 4 Malmquist index and decomposition of agricultural water use efficiency in 13 main grain producing areas from 2008 to 2019
农业用水量 Agricultural water consumption | 省区 Region | Malmquist | 技术效率Technical efficiency | 技术进步Technical progress | 纯技术效率变化Pure technical efficiency change | 规模效率变化 Scale efficiency change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
低 Low | 辽宁Liaoning | 1.063 | 0.990 | 1.074 | 1.000 | 0.990 |
吉林Jilin | 1.008 | 0.936 | 1.077 | 1.000 | 0.936 | |
湖北Hubei | 1.059 | 0.994 | 1.065 | 1.000 | 0.994 | |
四川Sichuan | 1.083 | 1.000 | 1.083 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
平均Mean | 1.053 | 0.980 | 1.075 | 1.000 | 0.980 | |
中 Medium | 江西Jiangxi | 1.077 | 1.015 | 1.061 | 1.043 | 0.973 |
山东Shandong | 1.059 | 1.000 | 1.059 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
河南Henan | 1.068 | 1.000 | 1.068 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
内蒙古Inner Mongolia | 1.034 | 0.958 | 1.079 | 1.000 | 0.958 | |
平均Mean | 1.060 | 0.993 | 1.067 | 1.011 | 0.983 | |
高 High | 黑龙江Heilongjiang | 1.115 | 1.005 | 1.109 | 1.003 | 1.002 |
江苏Jiangsu | 1.096 | 1.000 | 1.096 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
湖南Hunan | 1.06 | 0.983 | 1.078 | 0.988 | 0.995 | |
河北Hebei | 1.063 | 0.984 | 1.08 | 0.989 | 0.995 | |
安徽Anhui | 1.072 | 0.995 | 1.077 | 0.996 | 0.999 | |
平均Mean | 1.081 | 0.993 | 1.088 | 0.995 | 0.998 | |
平均Mean | 1.065 | 0.989 | 1.077 | 1.002 | 0.987 |
年份Year | 总体差距Overall gap | Tb | Tw | 贡献率 Contribution rate/% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
数值 Value | 贡献率Contribution rate/% | 数值 Value | 贡献率Contribution rate/% | 低用水地区Low water consumption region | 中用水地区Medium water consumption region | 高用水地区High water consumption region | ||
2009 | 0.029 1 | 0.004 5 | 15 | 0.024 6 | 85 | 5 | 67 | 13 |
2010 | 0.028 7 | 0.002 9 | 10 | 0.025 7 | 90 | 5 | 69 | 16 |
2011 | 0.045 6 | 0.012 7 | 28 | 0.032 9 | 72 | 41 | 22 | 10 |
2012 | 0.015 5 | 0.000 6 | 4 | 0.014 9 | 96 | 7 | 84 | 5 |
2013 | 0.017 5 | 0.001 1 | 7 | 0.016 4 | 94 | 6 | 67 | 21 |
2014 | 0.019 1 | 0.000 5 | 3 | 0.018 6 | 97 | 8 | 63 | 26 |
2015 | 0.020 3 | 0.000 4 | 2 | 0.019 8 | 98 | 18 | 53 | 27 |
2016 | 0.028 6 | 0.001 0 | 4 | 0.001 0 | 96 | 20 | 47 | 30 |
2017 | 0.026 3 | 0.000 7 | 3 | 0.025 6 | 97 | 23 | 52 | 22 |
2018 | 0.028 2 | 0.000 7 | 3 | 0.027 5 | 97 | 21 | 55 | 22 |
平均Mean | 0.025 8 | 0.002 5 | 8 | 0.020 7 | 92 | 15 | 58 | 19 |
表5 13个粮食主产区农业用水效率的时空差异
Table 5 Analysis of temporal and spatial differences of agricultural water use efficiency in 13 major grain producing areas
年份Year | 总体差距Overall gap | Tb | Tw | 贡献率 Contribution rate/% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
数值 Value | 贡献率Contribution rate/% | 数值 Value | 贡献率Contribution rate/% | 低用水地区Low water consumption region | 中用水地区Medium water consumption region | 高用水地区High water consumption region | ||
2009 | 0.029 1 | 0.004 5 | 15 | 0.024 6 | 85 | 5 | 67 | 13 |
2010 | 0.028 7 | 0.002 9 | 10 | 0.025 7 | 90 | 5 | 69 | 16 |
2011 | 0.045 6 | 0.012 7 | 28 | 0.032 9 | 72 | 41 | 22 | 10 |
2012 | 0.015 5 | 0.000 6 | 4 | 0.014 9 | 96 | 7 | 84 | 5 |
2013 | 0.017 5 | 0.001 1 | 7 | 0.016 4 | 94 | 6 | 67 | 21 |
2014 | 0.019 1 | 0.000 5 | 3 | 0.018 6 | 97 | 8 | 63 | 26 |
2015 | 0.020 3 | 0.000 4 | 2 | 0.019 8 | 98 | 18 | 53 | 27 |
2016 | 0.028 6 | 0.001 0 | 4 | 0.001 0 | 96 | 20 | 47 | 30 |
2017 | 0.026 3 | 0.000 7 | 3 | 0.025 6 | 97 | 23 | 52 | 22 |
2018 | 0.028 2 | 0.000 7 | 3 | 0.027 5 | 97 | 21 | 55 | 22 |
平均Mean | 0.025 8 | 0.002 5 | 8 | 0.020 7 | 92 | 15 | 58 | 19 |
变量 Variable | 变量符号 Variable symbol | 变量说明 Variable declaration | 数据来源Data source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
被解释变量Interpreted variable | 农业用水效率 Agricultural water use efficiency | EF | 超效率SBM计算出的农业用水效率 Agricultural water use efficiency calculated by super-efficiency SBM | — |
解释变量Explanatory variable | 经济发展水平 Level of economic development | G | 人均GDP GDP per capita | [ |
年降水量 Annual precipitation | T | 各区域年降水量 Annual precipitation in each region | [ | |
灌溉水价 Irrigation water price | M | 六种主要农作物灌溉费通过种植面积加权平均计算 Irrigation cost per mu of six main crops is calculated by weighted average of planting area | [ | |
节水农业水平 Level of water-saving agriculture | R | 节水灌溉面积/粮食播种总面积 Water-saving irrigation area/total grain planting area | [ | |
水资源禀赋 Water resource endowment | N | 人均水资源量 Water resources per capita | [ |
表6 相关影响因素变量的选取及解释
Table 6 Selection and interpretation of relevant influencing factors and variables
变量 Variable | 变量符号 Variable symbol | 变量说明 Variable declaration | 数据来源Data source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
被解释变量Interpreted variable | 农业用水效率 Agricultural water use efficiency | EF | 超效率SBM计算出的农业用水效率 Agricultural water use efficiency calculated by super-efficiency SBM | — |
解释变量Explanatory variable | 经济发展水平 Level of economic development | G | 人均GDP GDP per capita | [ |
年降水量 Annual precipitation | T | 各区域年降水量 Annual precipitation in each region | [ | |
灌溉水价 Irrigation water price | M | 六种主要农作物灌溉费通过种植面积加权平均计算 Irrigation cost per mu of six main crops is calculated by weighted average of planting area | [ | |
节水农业水平 Level of water-saving agriculture | R | 节水灌溉面积/粮食播种总面积 Water-saving irrigation area/total grain planting area | [ | |
水资源禀赋 Water resource endowment | N | 人均水资源量 Water resources per capita | [ |
解释变量 Explanatory variable | 粮食主产区 Major grain producing region | 低农业用水地区 Low agricultural water region | 中农业用水地区 Medium agricultural water region | 高农业用水地区 High agricultural water region |
---|---|---|---|---|
经济发展水平Level of economic development | 0.003 | 0.001*** | -0.001 | 0.001 |
年降水量Annual precipitation | -0.100*** | -0.427*** | -0.156*** | -1.834*** |
灌溉水价Irrigation water price | -0.002*** | -0.007*** | -0.330** | -0.105** |
节水农业技术水平 Technical level of water-saving agriculture | 0.007 | 0.012* | 0.010 | -0.616 |
水资源禀赋Water resource endowment | -0.006 | -0.005* | -0.131 | -7.614*** |
常数项Constant term | 0.843*** | 0.711** | 1.101** | 0.695*** |
观察样本数Number of observed samples | 130 | 40 | 40 | 50 |
观察地区Observation area | 13 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
表7 农业用水效率影响因素的估计
Table 7 Estimation of influencing factors of agricultural water use efficiency
解释变量 Explanatory variable | 粮食主产区 Major grain producing region | 低农业用水地区 Low agricultural water region | 中农业用水地区 Medium agricultural water region | 高农业用水地区 High agricultural water region |
---|---|---|---|---|
经济发展水平Level of economic development | 0.003 | 0.001*** | -0.001 | 0.001 |
年降水量Annual precipitation | -0.100*** | -0.427*** | -0.156*** | -1.834*** |
灌溉水价Irrigation water price | -0.002*** | -0.007*** | -0.330** | -0.105** |
节水农业技术水平 Technical level of water-saving agriculture | 0.007 | 0.012* | 0.010 | -0.616 |
水资源禀赋Water resource endowment | -0.006 | -0.005* | -0.131 | -7.614*** |
常数项Constant term | 0.843*** | 0.711** | 1.101** | 0.695*** |
观察样本数Number of observed samples | 130 | 40 | 40 | 50 |
观察地区Observation area | 13 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
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