高粱籽粒压缩力学特性研究

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0615

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探索高粱籽粒在播种、收获、储运及加工过程中的机械损伤规律，研究了高粱籽粒的压缩力学特性。选取晋杂34号、辽杂37号、兴湘梁2号3个高粱品种的籽粒为研究对象，研究品种、含水率、压缩方向对压缩变形量、屈服载荷、破坏能等指标的影响规律。结果表明：品种、含水率、压缩方向对高粱籽粒的压缩变形量、屈服载荷、破坏能的影响显著（P<0.000 1）；随着含水率的升高，屈服载荷呈下降趋势，压缩变形量和破坏能呈先减小后增大的趋势；相同含水率下，3个高粱品种籽粒的Z轴方向对应的压缩变形量、屈服载荷、破坏能均最大，Y轴方向次之，X轴方向最小。该研究结果为高粱播种、收获及储运等装备的研制优化提供理论参考。

关键词: 高粱籽粒, 压缩, 变形量, 屈服载荷, 破坏能

Abstract:

In order to investigate the mechanical damage of sorghum grain during sowing， harvesting， storage， transportation and processing， this paper studied the compression mechanical properties of sorghum grains. The grains of 3 sorghum varieties， Jinza 34， Liaoza 37 and Xingxiangliang 2 were selected. The varieties， moisture content and compression direction were used as the test factors to study the influence on compression deformation， yield load， and damage energy. The results showed that： variety， moisture content and compression direction had significant effects on the compression deformation， yield load， and damage energy of sorghum grains （P<0.000 1）. With the moisture content increased， the yield load showed a downward trend， the compression deformation and the damage energy showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Under the same moisture content， the compression deformation， yield load， and damage energy corresponding to the Z axis direction of 3 varieties of sorghum grains were the largest， followed by the Y axis direction， and the X axis direction was the smallest. Above results provided theoretical references for the development and optimization of equipment for sowing， harvesting， storage and transportation of sorghum.

Key words: sorghum grain, compression, deformation, yield load, damage energy

中图分类号:

S220.1

冯禹, 邱述金, 原向阳, 崔清亮, 季志强. 高粱籽粒压缩力学特性研究[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(5): 102-110.

Yu FENG, Shujin QIU, Xiangyang YUAN, Qingliang CUI, Zhiqiang JI. Research on Compression Mechanical Characteristics of Sorghum Grains[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2022, 24(5): 102-110.

图/表 11

图1 3轴压缩

Fig.1 Compression from 3 axials

图2 高粱籽粒压缩力-位移曲线

Fig.2 Compressive force-distance curve of sorghum grain

表1 压缩变形量测试结果

Table 1 Test results of compression deformation

品种 Variety	含水率 Moisture content/%	压缩变形量 Compression deformation/mm
品种 Variety	含水率 Moisture content/%	X轴 X axis	Y轴 Y axis	Z轴 Z axis
晋杂34号 Jinza 34	12.4±0.25	0.379±0.141 i	0.382±0.102 l	0.397±0.078 k
	14.3±0.18	0.375±0.127 ij	0.380±0.091 l	0.391±0.058 kl
	17.1±0.32	0.366±0.115 j	0.373±0.136 m	0.384±0.099 l
	19.6±0.22	0.381±0.144 i	0.402±0.082 j	0.418±0.133 j
	22.5±0.15	0.419±0.067 f	0.443±0.108 h	0.473±0.116 g
辽杂37号 Liaoza 37	12.4±0.25	0.409±0.152 g	0.413±0.023 i	0.435±0.032 h
	14.3±0.18	0.397±0.020 h	0.402±0.018 j	0.429±0.207 hi
	17.1±0.32	0.389±0.033 hi	0.398±0.041 k	0.418±0.053 j
	19.6±0.22	0.474±0.065 e	0.496±0.057 f	0.511±0.197 e
	22.5±0.15	0.490±0.050 d	0.581±0.188 bc	0.637±0.176 b
兴湘梁2号 Xingxiangliang 2	12.4±0.25	0.539±0.070 b	0.545±0.011 d	0.569±0.084 c
	14.3±0.18	0.524±0.066 c	0.538±0.137 de	0.557±0.203 d
	17.1±0.32	0.473±0.108 e	0.487±0.151 g	0.501±0.225 ef
	19.6±0.22	0.532±0.114 bc	0.586±0.124 b	0.639±0.200 b
	22.5±0.15	0.604±0.129 a	0.620±0.180 a	0.710±0.164 a

表2 压缩变形量显著性分析

Table 2 Significant analysis of compression deformation

方差来源 Source of variation	自由度 df	压缩变形量 Compression deformation/mm
方差来源 Source of variation	自由度 df	F值 F value	P值 P value
品种 Variety	2	135.60	<0.000 1
含水率 Moisture content	4	31.98	<0.000 1
压缩方向 Compression direction	2	11.37	0.000 1
		R² =0.921 377

表3 含水率与压缩变形量的回归分析

Table 3 Regression analysis of moisture content and compression deformation

品种 Variety	压缩方向 Compression direction	回归模型 Regression model	P值 P value	R²
晋杂34号 Jinza 34	X轴 X axis	$d P = 12.056 x 2 - 3.848 x + 0.674$	0.025 1	0.974 8
	Y轴 Y axis	$d P = 13.066 x 2 - 3.972 x + 0.676$	0.021 6	0.978 4
	Z轴 Z axis	$d P = 17.556 x 2 - 5.388 x + 0.797$	0.010 6	0.989 4
辽杂37号 Liaoza 37	X轴 X axis	$d P = 18.517 x 2 - 6.185 x + 0.889$	0.028 9	0.971 1
	Y轴 Y axis	$d P = 18.761 x 2 - 6.018 x + 0.873$	0.016 8	0.983 2
	Z轴 Z axis	$d P = 21.175 x 2 - 6.933 x + 0.972$	0.021 2	0.978 8
兴湘梁2号 Xingxiangliang 2	X轴 X axis	$d P = 23.878 x 2 - 7.773 x + 0.981$	0.037 0	0.963 0
	Y轴 Y axis	$d P = 24.645 x 2 - 7.799 x + 0.989$	0.007 9	0.992 1
	Z轴 Z axis	$d P = 25.927 x 2 - 8.904 x + 0.996$	0.013 3	0.984 4

表3 含水率与压缩变形量的回归分析

Table 3 Regression analysis of moisture content and compression deformation

品种 Variety	压缩方向 Compression direction	回归模型 Regression model	P值 P value	R²
晋杂34号 Jinza 34	X轴 X axis	$d P = 12.056 x 2 - 3.848 x + 0.674$	0.025 1	0.974 8
	Y轴 Y axis	$d P = 13.066 x 2 - 3.972 x + 0.676$	0.021 6	0.978 4
	Z轴 Z axis	$d P = 17.556 x 2 - 5.388 x + 0.797$	0.010 6	0.989 4
辽杂37号 Liaoza 37	X轴 X axis	$d P = 18.517 x 2 - 6.185 x + 0.889$	0.028 9	0.971 1
	Y轴 Y axis	$d P = 18.761 x 2 - 6.018 x + 0.873$	0.016 8	0.983 2
	Z轴 Z axis	$d P = 21.175 x 2 - 6.933 x + 0.972$	0.021 2	0.978 8
兴湘梁2号 Xingxiangliang 2	X轴 X axis	$d P = 23.878 x 2 - 7.773 x + 0.981$	0.037 0	0.963 0
	Y轴 Y axis	$d P = 24.645 x 2 - 7.799 x + 0.989$	0.007 9	0.992 1
	Z轴 Z axis	$d P = 25.927 x 2 - 8.904 x + 0.996$	0.013 3	0.984 4

表4 屈服载荷测试结果

Table 4 Test results of yield load

品种 Variety	含水率 Moisture content/%	屈服载荷 Yield load/N
品种 Variety	含水率 Moisture content/%	X轴 X axis	Y轴 Y axis	Z轴 Z axis
晋杂34号 Jinza 34	12.4±0.25	68.197±0.512 d	73.424±0.397 d	78.657±0.879 d
	14.3±0.18	66.936±0.550 de	70.259±0.427 e	73.368±0.993 e
	17.1±0.32	61.761±0.605 ef	65.403±0.443 f	69.424±0.882 f
	19.6±0.22	52.820±0.417 g	56.546±0.299 h	62.070±0.715 h
	22.5±0.15	48.082±0.390 h	51.338±0.183 i	54.811±0.881 j
辽杂37号 Liaoza 37	12.4±0.25	74.581±0.546 c	80.120±0.326 c	86.334±0.755 c
	14.3±0.18	71.703±0.422 cd	74.964±0.407 d	79.594±0.860 d
	17.1±0.32	63.445±0.623 e	66.072±0.599 ef	72.401±0.897 e
	19.6±0.22	58.918±0.334 f	61.293±0.526 g	65.168±0.995 g
	22.5±0.15	51.366±0.297 g	54.303±0.428 hi	58.975±0.804 i
兴湘梁2号 Xingxiangliang 2	12.4±0.25	86.934±0.199 a	91.124±0.410 a	100.117±0.929 a
	14.3±0.18	82.520±0.333 b	86.552±0.667 b	92.234±0.791 b
	17.1±0.32	75.115±0.408 c	78.233±0.219 cd	80.350±0.686 d
	19.6±0.22	64.389±0.304 e	67.419±0.552 ef	72.871±0.779 e
	22.5±0.15	55.297±0.400 fg	58.176±0.618 gh	63.123±0.922 gh

表5 屈服载荷显著性分析

Table 5 Significant analysis of yield load

方差来源 Source of variation	自由度 df	F值 F value
品种 Variety	2	702.259 035	<0.000 1
含水率 Moisture content	4	1 092.153 663	<0.000 1
压缩方向 Compression direction	2	273.128 324	<0.000 1
		R² =0.970 210

表6 含水率与屈服载荷的回归分析

Table 6 Regression analysis of moisture content and yield load

品种 Variety	压缩方向 Compression direction	回归模型 Regression model	P值 P value	R²
晋杂34号 Jinza 34	X轴 X axis	$F P = - 214.488 x + 96.408$	0.002 7	0.966 0
	Y轴 Y axis	$F P = - 227.515 x + 102.481$	0.001 0	0.982 7
	Z轴 Z axis	$F P = - 231.258 x + 107.396$	0.000 5	0.989 5
辽杂37号 Liaoza 37	X轴 X axis	$F P = - 233.094 x + 104.048$	0.000 2	0.993 8
	Y轴 Y axis	$F P = - 255.611 x + 111.264$	0.000 2	0.993 3
	Z轴 Z axis	$F P = - 269.869 x + 118.858$	0.000 2	0.994 2
兴湘梁2号 Xingxiangliang 2	X轴 X axis	$F P = - 320.343 x + 127.886$	0.000 4	0.990 4
	Y轴 Y axis	$F P = - 334.493 x + 133.767$	0.000 3	0.992 9
	Z轴 Z axis	$F P = - 365.130 x + 144.468$	0.000 1	0.995 0

表6 含水率与屈服载荷的回归分析

Table 6 Regression analysis of moisture content and yield load

品种 Variety	压缩方向 Compression direction	回归模型 Regression model	P值 P value	R²
晋杂34号 Jinza 34	X轴 X axis	$F P = - 214.488 x + 96.408$	0.002 7	0.966 0
	Y轴 Y axis	$F P = - 227.515 x + 102.481$	0.001 0	0.982 7
	Z轴 Z axis	$F P = - 231.258 x + 107.396$	0.000 5	0.989 5
辽杂37号 Liaoza 37	X轴 X axis	$F P = - 233.094 x + 104.048$	0.000 2	0.993 8
	Y轴 Y axis	$F P = - 255.611 x + 111.264$	0.000 2	0.993 3
	Z轴 Z axis	$F P = - 269.869 x + 118.858$	0.000 2	0.994 2
兴湘梁2号 Xingxiangliang 2	X轴 X axis	$F P = - 320.343 x + 127.886$	0.000 4	0.990 4
	Y轴 Y axis	$F P = - 334.493 x + 133.767$	0.000 3	0.992 9
	Z轴 Z axis	$F P = - 365.130 x + 144.468$	0.000 1	0.995 0

表7 破坏能测试结果

Table 7 Test results of damage energy

品种 Variety	含水率 Moisture content/%	破坏能 Damage energy/mJ
品种 Variety	含水率 Moisture content/%	X轴 X axis	Y轴 Y axis	Z轴 Z axis
晋杂34号 Jinza 34	12.4±0.25	14.717±0.025 f	16.853±0.144 fg	19.079±0.093 e
	14.3±0.18	12.805±0.076 h	13.419±0.142 i	15.167±0.030 gh
	17.1±0.32	10.593±0.089 i	11.116±0.188 j	12.893±0.211 i
	19.6±0.22	12.156±0.064 h	14.138±0.033 h	14.202±0.170 h
	22.5±0.15	13.037±0.011 g	15.188±0.098 g	17.354±0.106 f
辽杂37号 Liaoza 37	12.4±0.25	16.706±0.031 e	19.033±0.322 e	22.711±0.064 d
	14.3±0.18	15.009±0.026 ef	17.634±0.280 f	19.460±0.279 e
	17.1±0.32	12.875±0.070 h	14.212±0.079 h	15.935±0.088 gh
	19.6±0.22	13.980±0.217 g	15.941±0.331 g	16.528±0.072 g
	22.5±0.15	14.749±0.158 f	16.165±0.145 fg	18.209±0.067 ef
兴湘梁2号 Xingxiangliang 2	12.4±0.25	23.368±0.333 a	25.342±0.062 a	29.174±0.235 a
	14.3±0.18	21.476±0.296 b	22.043±0.113 bc	24.524±0.218 bc
	17.1±0.32	18.044±0.171 d	20.535±0.249 d	22.685±0.077 d
	19.6±0.22	19.339±0.090 c	21.499±0.060 c	23.093±0.694 c
	22.5±0.15	22.076±0.882 ab	23.750±0.557 b	25.497±0.571 b

表8 破坏能显著性分析

Table 8 Significant analysis of damage energy

方差来源 Source of variation	自由度df	F值 F value
品种 Variety	2	534.51	<0.000 1
含水率 Moisture content	4	64.27	<0.000 1
压缩方向 Compression direction	2	92.35	<0.000 1
		R² =0.976 726

表9 含水率与破坏能的回归分析

Table 9 Regression analysis of moisture content and Damage energy

品种 Variety	压缩方向 Compression direction	回归模型 Regression model	P值 P value	R²
晋杂34号 Jinza 34	X轴 X axis	e= $- 0.009 x 3 + 0.062 x 2 - 0.128 x + 9.594$	0.017 6	0.957 7
	Y轴 Y axis	e= $- 0.002 x 3 + 0.016 x 2 - 0.304 x + 19.935$	0.023 3	0.964 1
	Z轴 Z axis	e= $- 0.001 x 3 + 0.078 x 2 - 0.172 x + 13.247$	0.021 4	0.998 4
辽杂37号 Liaoza 37	X轴 X axis	e= $- 0.007 x 3 + 0.044 x 2 - 0.937 x + 7.818$	0.037 9	0.984 7
	Y轴 Y axis	e= $- 0.006 x 3 + 0.041 x 2 - 0.922 x + 8.099$	0.012 6	0.961 0
	Z轴 Z axis	e= $- 0.004 x 3 + 0.040 x 2 - 0.103 x + 9.709$	0.032 0	0.986 2
兴湘梁2号 Xingxiangliang 2	X轴 X axis	e= $- 0.004 x 3 + 0.078 x 2 - 0.176 x + 4.874$	0.037 0	0.974 7
	Y轴 Y axis	e= $- 0.001 x 3 + 0.079 x 2 - 0.162 x + 12.871$	0.010 5	0.955 3
	Z轴 Z axis	e= $- 0.001 x 3 + 0.010 x 2 - 0.208 x + 16.242$	0.012 4	0.995 8

表9 含水率与破坏能的回归分析

Table 9 Regression analysis of moisture content and Damage energy

品种 Variety	压缩方向 Compression direction	回归模型 Regression model	P值 P value	R²
晋杂34号 Jinza 34	X轴 X axis	e= $- 0.009 x 3 + 0.062 x 2 - 0.128 x + 9.594$	0.017 6	0.957 7
	Y轴 Y axis	e= $- 0.002 x 3 + 0.016 x 2 - 0.304 x + 19.935$	0.023 3	0.964 1
	Z轴 Z axis	e= $- 0.001 x 3 + 0.078 x 2 - 0.172 x + 13.247$	0.021 4	0.998 4
辽杂37号 Liaoza 37	X轴 X axis	e= $- 0.007 x 3 + 0.044 x 2 - 0.937 x + 7.818$	0.037 9	0.984 7
	Y轴 Y axis	e= $- 0.006 x 3 + 0.041 x 2 - 0.922 x + 8.099$	0.012 6	0.961 0
	Z轴 Z axis	e= $- 0.004 x 3 + 0.040 x 2 - 0.103 x + 9.709$	0.032 0	0.986 2
兴湘梁2号 Xingxiangliang 2	X轴 X axis	e= $- 0.004 x 3 + 0.078 x 2 - 0.176 x + 4.874$	0.037 0	0.974 7
	Y轴 Y axis	e= $- 0.001 x 3 + 0.079 x 2 - 0.162 x + 12.871$	0.010 5	0.955 3
	Z轴 Z axis	e= $- 0.001 x 3 + 0.010 x 2 - 0.208 x + 16.242$	0.012 4	0.995 8

参考文献 20

1	段冰,杨玲,郭旭凯,等.不同品种高粱的加工特性与利用研究 [J].安徽农业科学,2020, 48(1): 193-195.
	DUAN B, YANG L, GUO X K, et al.. Study on processing characteristics and utilization of different sorghum varieties [J]. Anhui Agric. Sci., 2020, 48(1): 193-195.
2	山西省农业科学院.中国谷子栽培学[M].北京:农业出版社, 1987: 91-167.
3	DELPRETE C, GIACOSA S, RAVIOLO E, et al.. Experimental characterization and numerical modeling of the compressive mechanical behavior of hazelnut kernels [J]. J. Food Eng., 2015, 166(1): 364-369.
4	杨作梅,孙静鑫,郭玉明.不同含水率对谷子籽粒压缩力学性质与摩擦特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015, 31(23): 253-260.
	YANG Z M, SUN J X, GUO Y M. Effect of moisture content on compression mechanical properties and frictional characteristics of millet grain [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2015, 31(23): 253-260.
5	冯和平,毛志怀.含水率、干燥温度和应力裂纹对玉米力学性能影响的实验研究[J].粮油加工与食品机械,2003(4): 48-50.
	FENG H P, MAO Z H. Effects of moisture content, drying temperature and stress crack on mechanical properties of corn [J]. Grain Proc. Food Machinery, 2003(4): 48-50.
6	DZIKI D. Mechanical properties of single kernel of wheat in relation to debranching ratio and moisture content [J]. Acta Agrophys., 2004, 4(2): 283-290.
7	周显青,张玉荣,褚洪强,等.糙米机械破碎力学特性实验与分析[J].农业工程学报,2012, 28(18): 255-262.
	ZHOU X Q, ZHANG Y R, CHU H Q, et al.. Experiment and analysis of mechanical breaking characteristics of brown rice [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2012, 28(18): 255-262.
8	张玉荣,刘影,周显青,等.稻米力学特性及其品质关联研究现状与展望[J].粮食与饲料工业,2010(9): 1-4.
	ZHANG Y R, LIU Y, ZHOU X Q, et al.. Research status and prospect of mechanical properties and quality correlation of rice [J]. Grain Feed Ind., 2010(9): 1-4.
9	张克平,贾娟娟,吴劲锋.谷物力学特性研究进展[J].食品工业科技, 2014, 35(2): 369-374.
	ZHANG K P, JIA J J, WU J F. Research progress in mechanical properties of cereal [J]. Sci. Technol. Food Ind., 2014, 35(2): 369-374.
10	李耀明,王显仁,徐立章,等.水稻谷粒的挤压力学性能研究[J].农业机械学报,2007, 38(11): 56-59.
	LI Y M, WANG X R, XU L Z, et al.. Study on compression properties of rice grains [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Machinery, 2007, 38(11): 56-59.
11	MANUWA S I. Effects of moisture content and compression axis on mechanical properties of Shea kernel [J]. J. Food Eng., 2011, 105(1): 144-148.
12	李心平,李玉柱,马福丽,等.玉米种子抗压特性及裂纹形成规律[J].农业机械学报, 2011, 42(8): 94-98.
	LI X P, LI Y Z, MA F L, et al.. Anti-pressing properties and crack formation law of corn seed [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Machinery, 2011, 42(8): 94-98.
13	LU R, SIEBENMORGEN T J. Correlation of head rice yield to selected physical and mechanical properties of rice kernels [J]. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 1995, 38(3): 889-894.
14	高连兴,焦维鹏,杨德旭,等.含水率对大豆静压机械特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28 (15): 40-44.
	GAO L X, JIAO W P, YANG D X, et al.. Effect of moisture content on mechanical properties of soybean seed under static pressure [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2012, 28(15): 40-44.
15	张克平,黄建龙,杨敏,等.冬小麦籽粒受挤压特性的有限元分析及试验验证[J].农业工程学报, 2010, 26(6): 352-356, 391.
	ZHAN K P, HUANG J L, YANG M, et al.. Finite element analysis and experimental verification of wheat grain under compression loads [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2010, 26(6): 352-356, 391.
16	孙静鑫,杨作梅,郭玉明,等.谷子籽粒压缩力学性质及损伤裂纹形成机理[J].农业工程学报, 2017, 33(18): 306-314.
	SUN J X, YANG Z M, GUO Y M, et al.. Compression mechanical properties and crack formation law of millet grain [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2017, 33(18): 306-314.
17	吴中华,王珊珊,董晓林,等.不同温度及含水率稻米籽粒加工过程破裂载荷分析[J].农业工程学报, 2019, 35(2): 278-283.
	WU Z H, WANG S S, DONG X L, et al.. Analysis of rice compression fracture load in processes with various temperatures and moisture content [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2019, 35(2): 278-283.
18	杨作梅,郭玉明,崔清亮,等.谷子摩擦特性试验及其影响因素分析[J].农业工程学报,2016, 32(16): 258-264.
	YANG Z M, GUO Y M, CUI Q L, et al.. Test and influence factors analysis of friction characteristics of millet [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2016, 32(16): 258-264.
19	孙静鑫,郭玉明,杨作梅,等. 荞麦籽粒生物力学性质及内芯黏弹性试验研究 [J]. 农业工程学报, 2018, 34(23): 287-298.
	SUN J X, GUO Y M, YANG Z M, et al.. Experimental study on biomechanical properties of buckwheat grain and viscoelastic properties of buckwheat powder [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2018, 34(23): 287-298.
20	张锋伟,赵春花,郭维俊,等.基于压痕加载曲线的谷物籽粒硬度性能测试技术[J].农业机械学报, 2010, 41(4): 128-133.
	ZHANG F W, ZHAO C H, GUO W J, et al.. Testing of grain hardness based on indentation loading curve [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Machinery, 2010, 41(4): 128-133.

[1]	刘奇, 陈斌, 孙松林, 肖名涛, 孙超然. 叶类蔬菜有序收获夹持输送的力学特性研究[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(4): 116-125.
[2]	邓宇玄1,任奕林1*,杨瑞斌2,彭春晖1,苑晓辰1. 水葫芦压缩打包机设计与工艺参数优化[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2018, 20(8): 54-62.
[3]	刘东,肖宏儒*,金月,杨光. 基于ANSYS的鸡毛菜茎秆切割的有限元分析及验证试验[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2018, 20(11): 85-93.
[4]	韩磊,董红敏,陶秀萍. 牛粪混合煤渣压缩成型蜂窝煤特性研究[J]. , 2009, 11(3): 126-130.