›› 2007, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (1): 6-14.

• 节水农业 • 上一篇    下一篇

作物水分信息采集技术与采集设备

段爱旺 孟兆江   

  1. 中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所,河南新乡453003
  • 收稿日期:2007-01-18 出版日期:2007-02-15 发布日期:2009-09-28
  • 作者简介:段爱旺|博士|研究员|博士生导师;主要从事节水农业基础理论与技术研究。 Te1.0373-3393364;E·mail..duanaw@public.xxptt.ha.cn
  • 基金资助:

    国家高技术发展计划(863计划)课题(2006AA100209).

Present situation of techniques and equipments |of monitoring crop water status

DUAN Ai-wang, MENG Zhao-jiang   

  1. Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricullural Sciences,Xinxiang 453003, China
  • Received:2007-01-18 Online:2007-02-15 Published:2009-09-28

摘要:

随着社会经济的发展和科学技术的不断进步,农田灌溉正朝着“自动、精准”的方向发展。实现自动、精准灌溉,需要获得及时、准确的作物水分状况信息作为基本依据,而先进、可靠的采集技术与设备则是快速、准确、连续获取作物水分信息的重要保障。作物水分信息,根据其采集部位可分为土壤信息和作物信息两类;而根据采集信息所代表
表的范围,则可分为点源信息和区域信息两类。2种分类结果相组合,可以将作物水分信息分为点源土壤水分状况信息,区域土壤水分状况信息,点源作物水分状况信息和区域作物水分状况信息四大类O目前应用较多的点源土壤水分状况信息快速采集技术主要有中子仪法、时域反射法(TDR)、频域反射法(FDR)、驻波率法(SWR)和张力计法;点源作物水分状况信息的采集技术则主要有红外温度法、叶水势法、光谱法、茎变差法和蒸腾速率法;区域土壤水分状况信息的采集技术主要有遥感法(裸地表层土壤)和墒墒情监测网络法;区域作物水分状况信息则主要通过遥感方法获得,包括热红外遥感和微波遥感等方法。这些技术方法各有优点、缺点和适用范围。从目前的研究和实际应用情况看,基于土壤介电特性的土壤水分信息测量技术(TDR,FD和SWR)和基于植株蒸腾速率、植株茎直径变差和作物冠层红外温度的作物水分状况信息测量技术是具有明显优优势和良好发展潜力的点源水分信息采集技术;以TDR、FDR和SWR为基础,结合GPS和GSM/GPRS无线数据传输系统,适用于区域土壤水分信息的采集;而以热红外遥感和微波遥感为基础的系统则是大面积的区域土壤水分状况信息(裸土表层)和区域作物水分状况信息的主要采集方法。这些作物水分信息采集方法的进一步完善提高,以及相应的精度高、稳定性好、价格适中的各类传感器及配套的数据处理设备的研制将是未来作物需水信息采集领域的重点工作目标。

关键词: 作物水分信息 采集技术 采集设备 研究进展

Abstract:

Farmland irrigation is developing towards precision irrigation along with the development of society and progress of modern agricultural technologies.Crop water information collection is the basis of precision irrigation decision-making, and advanced, reliable monitoring equipments is a key of collecting crop water information conlinuously, quickly, and precisely. According to the position where the information is taken, crop water information can be classified as two kinds: soil water information and crop water information. Crop information also can be divided into two classifications: point infformation and regional information, based on the representative areas of the taken information. Four kinds of crop water information can be shown by combining the results of above two classifying methods: point soil water, point crop water, regional soil water and regional crop water. At present, main techniques for monitoring point soil water information in practice are Neutron Probe, TDR (Time Domain Reflecto- metry), FDR(Frequency Domain Reflecctometry), SWR( Standing Wave Ratio), Tensiometer. Main techniques for point crop water information are Leaf Water Potential, Stomatal Conductance, L Leaf Cell Sap Concentration, Canopy temperature, and Plant Transpiration Rate and so on. For regional soil water information are Satellite Remote Sensing and Monitoring Network, and for regional crop water information are Satellite Infrared Remote Sensing and Micro-wave Remote Sensing. There are special advantages, disadvantages and special utilization for every techniques and equipments. On research progresses and practical uses, the TDR, FDR and SWR are advantageous techniques for monitoring point soil water, plant transpiration rate, plant stem-diameter changes, and canopy in- frared temperature and three advantageous indexes for monitoring point crop water information. Combining TDR/ FDR/SWR soil water monitoring techniques with GPS/GMS/GPRS communication techniques are suitable measures of monitoring regional soil water information. Satellite Infrared Remote Sensing and Micro-wave Remote Sensing are main methods for monitoring regional soil water information (for bare or low-cover soil) and regional crop water information (for medium and hiigh cover soil). The further improvement of these water monitoring techniques and development of relevant equipments with high-precision, reliability, and suitable price will be the main targets in crop water monitoring area in the future.

Key words: crop water information, soil water information, monitoring technique and equipment, present situation

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