择伐对布尔津山地天然林结构的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0251

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探究林地择伐后的结构变化，为西伯利亚落叶松等重要物种的恢复提供依据，以阿尔泰山布尔津地区2种不同类型的天然林群落为研究对象，采用重要值法、径阶分布法研究采伐西伯利亚落叶松以后乔木树种组成、径级结构以及更新幼苗种类、数量和高度特征。结果显示，择伐前西伯利亚落叶松为优势树种，择伐30年后群落Ⅰ中弱度采伐（light thinning，LT）西伯利亚云杉重要值为65.30，占优势地位，强度采伐（height thinning，HT）落叶松重要值为56.70，位列第一。群落Ⅱ中西伯利亚冷杉重要值最大（61.05）。随着择伐强度增大林木直径分布向大径阶方向偏移，弱度采伐小径阶林木占比77.80%，强度采伐大径阶林木最多，株数占比为64.80%。择伐以后不同群落类型林下更新幼苗组成不同，群落Ⅰ中2种采伐强度云杉更新幼苗分别占61.00%（LT）和77.00%（HT），随着采伐强度增大，落叶松幼苗数量增加，弱度采伐幼苗高度集中在<30 cm高度级，强度采伐幼苗高度主要集中在30~60 cm。群落Ⅱ冷杉更新幼苗占92.00%，云杉幼苗仅少量存在。综合来看，择伐以后西伯利亚云杉、西伯利亚冷杉更新能力强于西伯利亚落叶松，表现出逐渐取代落叶松成为优势树种的趋势；择伐强度越高，落叶松自然更新效果越好，提示其天然更新可能需要充足的光照条件，为该地天然林的科学抚育及可持续经营提供理论依据。

关键词: 择伐, 森林结构, 天然林, 布尔津

Abstract:

In order to explore the structural changes of forest land after selective cutting and provide a basis for the restoration of important species such as Larix sibirica， 2 different types of communities of natural forest in Berqin area in Altai mountain were took as materials. The important value method and diameter class distribution method were used to study the species composition， diameter class structure in the arbor layer， the composition， number and height characteristics of renewed seedlings after the Larix sibirica had been felled. The investigated of the plot showed that Larix sibirica was the dominant species in 2 communities before felling. The important value of Picea obovata in height thinning （ZT） was 65.30， which was absolutely dominant， and the imporatnt value of Larix sibirica in height thinning （HT） ranking first with 56.70 in community Ⅰ. Abies sibirica had the largest important value for 61.05 in community Ⅱ after 30 years selective felling. With the increased of cutting intensity， the diameter distribution of trees shifted to a larger diameter class， small-diameter grades accounted for 77.80% in LT and the number of large-diameter trees accounted for 64.80% in HT. The regeneration characteristics of different community types were different after selective felling. Picea obovata seedlings accounted for 61.00% of light thinning and 77.00% of height thinning for community Ⅰ， with the increased of cutting intensity， Larix sibirica seedlings significantly increased. The seedling height level of light thinning was concentrated in <30 cm， while it was mainly concentrated in 30~60 cm for height thinning. Abies sibirica seedlings accounted for the vast majority for 92.00% but Picea obovata seedlings accounted for merely in community Ⅱ. Generally speaking， after selective felling， the regeneration ability of Abies sibirica and Picea obovata were stronger than that of Larix sibirica， and gradually replaced Larix sibirica as the predominant species； the higher the intensity of selective cutting， the better effects of natural regeneration of Larix sibirica. It was suggested that sufficient light conditions might be needed for natural regeneration.

Key words: selective felling, forest structure, natural forest, Burqin

中图分类号:

S718

王佳佳, 贺涛, 许国民, 徐海量, 李丙文. 择伐对布尔津山地天然林结构的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(9): 217-226.

Jiajia WANG, Tao HE, Guomin XU, Hailiang XU, Bingwen LI. Effects of Selective Cutting on the Structure of Natural Forest in Burqin Mountainous Land[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(9): 217-226.

图/表 9

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采伐强度 Thinning intensity	样地号 Plot No.	树种组成 Species ratio	郁闭度 Canopy	海拔 Altitude/m	坡度 Slope/（°）	坡向 Slope direction	林分密度/（株·hm^-2） Stand density/（plant·hm^-2）
轻度择伐 Light thinning	S1	8云2落 8 Pl 2Ls	0.82	1 994	14	西北坡 Northwest slope	1 100
	S2	6落4云-冷 6 Ls 4 Pl-As	0.86	1 984	19	西北坡 Northwest slope	1 883
	S3	5落5云-冷 5 Ls 5 Pl-As	0.76	1 962	19	西北坡 Northwest slope	1 066
强度择伐 Height thinning	S4	6落4云 6 Ls 4 Pl	0.49	2 020	21	西北坡 Northwest slope	417
	S5	8落2云 8 Ls 2 Pl	0.43	1 997	21	西北坡 Northwest slope	250
	S6	6落 4云 6 Ls 4 Pl	0.31	2 002	19	西北坡 Northwest slope	267

采伐强度 Thinning intensity	样地号 Plot No.	树种组成 Species ratio	郁闭度 Canopy	海拔 Altitude/m	坡度 Slope/（°）	坡向 Slope direction	林分密度/（株·hm^-2） Stand density/（plant·hm^-2）
轻度择伐 Light thinning	S1	8云2落 8 Pl 2Ls	0.82	1 994	14	西北坡 Northwest slope	1 100
	S2	6落4云-冷 6 Ls 4 Pl-As	0.86	1 984	19	西北坡 Northwest slope	1 883
	S3	5落5云-冷 5 Ls 5 Pl-As	0.76	1 962	19	西北坡 Northwest slope	1 066
强度择伐 Height thinning	S4	6落4云 6 Ls 4 Pl	0.49	2 020	21	西北坡 Northwest slope	417
	S5	8落2云 8 Ls 2 Pl	0.43	1 997	21	西北坡 Northwest slope	250
	S6	6落 4云 6 Ls 4 Pl	0.31	2 002	19	西北坡 Northwest slope	267

择伐强度 Thinning intensity	树种 Species	择伐前 Before selective cutting	择伐后 After selective cutting
择伐强度 Thinning intensity	树种 Species	林木株数 Tree number	林木株数 Tree number	重要值 Important value
弱度择伐 Light thinning（LT）	落叶松 Larix sibirica	34.00±9.67	22.00±21.7	34.30
	云杉 Picea obovata	34.00±4.32	59.00±0.94	65.30
	冷杉 Abies sibirica	0.00±0.00	2.00±0.82	1.00
强度择伐 Height thinning（HT）	落叶松 Larix sibirica	34.00±7.79	7.00±1.25	53.10
强度择伐 Height thinning（HT）	云杉 Picea obovata	9.00±4.32	11.00±4.64	40.11

择伐强度 Thinning intensity	树种 Species	择伐前 Before selective cutting	择伐后 After selective cutting
择伐强度 Thinning intensity	树种 Species	林木株数 Tree number	林木株数 Tree number	重要值 Important value
弱度择伐 Light thinning（LT）	落叶松 Larix sibirica	34.00±9.67	22.00±21.7	34.30
	云杉 Picea obovata	34.00±4.32	59.00±0.94	65.30
	冷杉 Abies sibirica	0.00±0.00	2.00±0.82	1.00
强度择伐 Height thinning（HT）	落叶松 Larix sibirica	34.00±7.79	7.00±1.25	53.10
强度择伐 Height thinning（HT）	云杉 Picea obovata	9.00±4.32	11.00±4.64	40.11

树种 Specie	择伐前 Before selective cutting	择伐后 After selective cutting
树种 Specie	林木株数 Tree number	林木株数 Tree number	重要值 Important value
冷杉 Abies sibirica	23.00±8.29	35.00±9.81	61.05
落叶松 Larix sibirica	39.00±4.50	17.00±6.65	32.32
云杉 Picea obovata	2.00±1.25	2.00±1.25	4.99
疣枝桦 Betula pendula	1.00±0.47	1.00±0.47	2.62