宽垄沟灌下冬小麦灌水施肥质量评价

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0535

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了对宽垄沟灌下冬小麦不同水氮处理的灌水施肥质量进行评价，通过测定冬小麦全氮含量、产量和生育期内灌水前后不同土层土壤体积和含水率等指标，结合宽垄沟灌冬小麦土壤水氮运移数值模型，研究不同水氮处理对冬小麦水氮利用效率的影响，探究宽垄沟灌下冬小麦的最优水氮组合。结果表明，HYDRUS模型可以较好地模拟土壤水分运动；灌水水平对冬小麦灌水均匀度、灌水效率、储水效率及水分利用效率的影响极显著（P<0.01）；70%田间持水率控制下限条件下灌水均匀度和灌水效率最高，分别达到92.24%和85.56%；灌水水平与施氮水平以及两因素的交互作用对冬小麦的氮肥农艺效率、氮肥生理效率、氮肥回收效率及氮肥偏生产力的影响均极显著（P<0.01）；综合分析灌水施肥质量评价指标，70%田间持水率控制下限和220 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理下冬小麦灌水施肥质量最优；通过Origin拟合分析得出冬小麦适宜的灌水量和施氮量区间分别为208.16~276.73 mm和205.71~234.29 kg·hm^-2。研究结果可为冬小麦的农田水氮科学管理和灌溉技术研究提供依据。

关键词: 灌水质量, 施肥质量, 水氮利用效率, 数值模型, 水肥管理方案

Abstract:

In order to evaluate the quality of irrigation and fertilization of different water and nitrogen treatments in winter wheat under broad furrow irrigation， the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on the water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat were investigated by determining the total nitrogen content， yield and soil volumetric water content of different soil layers before and after irrigation during the reproductive period of winter wheat， and combining the HYDRUS model of soil water and nitrogen transport in winter wheat under broad furrow irrigation with the effect of different water and nitrogen treatments on the water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat， and the optimal water and nitrogen combinations for winter wheat were explored under broad furrow irrigation. The results showed that the HYDRUS model could simulate soil water movement well； the effects of irrigation level on irrigation uniformity， irrigation efficiency， water storage efficiency and water use efficiency of winter wheat were highly significant （P<0.01）； irrigation uniformity and irrigation efficiency were the highest under the lower limit of 70% field water holding capacity control， reaching 92.24% and 85.56%， respectively. The effects of irrigation level and nitrogen application level， as well as the interaction of the two factors on the water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat， were also significant （P<0.01）. The interaction between irrigation level and nitrogen application level and the 2 factors on the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer， physiological efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer， recycling efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and bias productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat were all highly significant （P<0.01）. Comprehensive analysis of the evaluation indexes for the quality of irrigation and fertilizer application， the quality of irrigation and fertilizer application was optimal in the treatment of the lower limit of 70% of field water-holding rate and the nitrogen application rate of 220 kg·hm^-2. The appropriate irrigation volume and nitrogen application rate of winter wheat were obtained from the analysis of the Origin fit. The appropriate irrigation and nitrogen application rates for winter wheat were 208.16~276.73 mm and 205.71~234.29 kg·hm^-2， respectively. The results of this study could provide a basis for the scientific management of water and nitrogen in winter wheat and the study of irrigation technology.

Key words: quality of irrigation, quality of fertilization, water and nitrogen use efficiency, numerical models, water and fertilizer management program

中图分类号:

S275.3

汪顺生, 姚英全, 黄一丹, 杨成宇, 杨金月, 张昊. 宽垄沟灌下冬小麦灌水施肥质量评价[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(12): 145-157.

Shunsheng WANG, Yingquan YAO, Yidan HUANG, Chengyu YANG, Jinyue YANG, Hao ZHANG. Quality Evaluation of Irrigation and Fertilization for Winter Wheat Under Wide Ridge and Furrow Irrigation[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(12): 145-157.

图/表 11

表1 冬小麦水氮处理方案

Table 1 Water and nitrogen treatment scheme of winter wheat

灌水方案及总灌水量 Irrigation schemes and total irrigation amount/mm		施氮量 Fertilizing N amount/（kg·hm^-2）
灌水下限 Lower limit	灌水总量 Irrigation water/mm	追肥次数 Number of topdressing	基肥 Base fertilizer/ （kg·hm^-2）	追肥 topdressing/（kg·hm^-2）		总计 Total
灌水下限 Lower limit	灌水总量 Irrigation water/mm	追肥次数 Number of topdressing	基肥 Base fertilizer/ （kg·hm^-2）	拔节期 Jointing period	抽穗期 Heading date	总计 Total
对照CK	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0
L60	120	2	55	32.5	32.5	120
				82.5	82.5	220
				132.5	132.5	320
L70	210			32.5	32.5	120
				82.5	82.5	220
				132.5	132.5	320
L80	360			32.5	32.5	120
				82.5	82.5	220
				132.5	132.5	320

图1 宽垄沟灌种植模式下冬小麦种植示意

Fig. 1 Schematic of winter wheat planting for wide ridge and furrow irrigation

图2 土壤水氮运移模型边界设定

Fig. 2 Boundary setting of soil water and nitrogen transport model

表2 入渗V-G模型参数及参数率定

Table 2 Infiltration V-G model parameters and parameter calibration

水力特征参数Hydraulics characteristic parameter	处理 Treatment	土层深度 Soil depth/cm	$θ r$ /（cm³·cm^-3）	$θ s$ /（cm³·cm^-3）	α/（cm^-1）	$n$	$K s$ /（cm·d^-1）
初始值 Initial value	—	0—20	0.032 4	0.378 5	0.025 3	1.479 3	33.2
		20—40		0.381 5	0.024 6	1.437 6	25.3
		40—60		0.392 7	0.023 1	1.456 3	19.4
		60—80		0.372 1	0.015 8	1.523 9	21.6
		80—100		0.386 5	0.019 3	1.627 1	55.4
优化值 Optimized value	L60	0—20	—	0.378 5	0.015 3	1.379 3	23.8
		20—40		0.381 5	0.014 6	1.237 6	33.6
		40—60		0.392 7	0.015 1	1.356 3	47.8
		60—80		0.372 1	0.015 8	1.523 9	49.1
		80—100		0.386 5	0.016 3	1.627 1	14.7
	L70	0—20	—	0.368 5	0.014 9	1.509 3	23.8
		20—40		0.431 5	0.014 6	1.337 6	13.6
		40—60		0.392 7	0.015 1	1.356 3	17.8
		60—80		0.372 1	0.015 8	1.523 9	19.1
		80—100		0.386 5	0.016 3	1.627 1	14.7
	L80	0—20	—	0.368 5	0.014 9	1.459 3	23.8
		20—40		0.431 5	0.014 6	1.337 6	13.6
		40—60		0.392 7	0.015 1	1.356 3	17.8
		60—80		0.372 1	0.015 8	1.523 9	19.1
		80—100		0.386 5	0.016 3	1.627 1	14.7

表2 入渗V-G模型参数及参数率定

Table 2 Infiltration V-G model parameters and parameter calibration

水力特征参数Hydraulics characteristic parameter	处理 Treatment	土层深度 Soil depth/cm	$θ r$ /（cm³·cm^-3）	$θ s$ /（cm³·cm^-3）	α/（cm^-1）	$n$	$K s$ /（cm·d^-1）
初始值 Initial value	—	0—20	0.032 4	0.378 5	0.025 3	1.479 3	33.2
		20—40		0.381 5	0.024 6	1.437 6	25.3
		40—60		0.392 7	0.023 1	1.456 3	19.4
		60—80		0.372 1	0.015 8	1.523 9	21.6
		80—100		0.386 5	0.019 3	1.627 1	55.4
优化值 Optimized value	L60	0—20	—	0.378 5	0.015 3	1.379 3	23.8
		20—40		0.381 5	0.014 6	1.237 6	33.6
		40—60		0.392 7	0.015 1	1.356 3	47.8
		60—80		0.372 1	0.015 8	1.523 9	49.1
		80—100		0.386 5	0.016 3	1.627 1	14.7
	L70	0—20	—	0.368 5	0.014 9	1.509 3	23.8
		20—40		0.431 5	0.014 6	1.337 6	13.6
		40—60		0.392 7	0.015 1	1.356 3	17.8
		60—80		0.372 1	0.015 8	1.523 9	19.1
		80—100		0.386 5	0.016 3	1.627 1	14.7
	L80	0—20	—	0.368 5	0.014 9	1.459 3	23.8
		20—40		0.431 5	0.014 6	1.337 6	13.6
		40—60		0.392 7	0.015 1	1.356 3	17.8
		60—80		0.372 1	0.015 8	1.523 9	19.1
		80—100		0.386 5	0.016 3	1.627 1	14.7

图3 土壤含水率模拟值与实测值

Fig. 3 Simulated and measured values of soil water content

表3 土壤体积含水率实测值与模拟值误差分析

Table 3 Error analysis of measured and simulated soil volume moisture content

处理

Treatment

平均绝对误差

MAE

均方根误差

RMSE

决定系数

R²

表4 不同水氮处理下冬小麦的灌水均匀度、灌水效率、储水效率和水分利用效率

Table 4 Irrigation uniformity， irrigation efficiency，water storage efficiencyand water use efficiencyof winter wheat under different water and nitrogen treatments

灌水水平 Irrigation level	施肥水平 Fertilization level	灌水均匀度 E_d/%	灌水效率 E_a/%	储水效率 E_s/%	水分利用效率 WUE/（kg·m^-³）
L60	N120	75.56 g	56.92 f	69.52 f	1.92 d
	N220	78.69 f	57.80 f	69.21 fg	1.97 c
	N320	85.47 de	78.41 c	78.72 e	1.90 e
L70	N120	88.82 bc	85.56 a	82.90 d	2.03 b
	N220	92.24 a	80.93 b	84.73 bc	2.07 a
	N320	88.56 bc	79.66 bc	84.96 b	1.98 c
L80	N120	87.42 cd	78.01 c	85.61 a	1.75 h
	N220	90.51 ab	70.52 d	84.82 bc	1.78 g
	N320	87.93 bcd	69.83 de	85.84 a	1.72 i
F值F value		190.48^**	650.19^**	12.02^**	2 730.36^**

图4 冬小麦灌水均匀度、灌水效率、储水效率和水分利用效率随水氮施用量拟合变化A：灌水均匀度变化； B：灌水效率变化； C：储水效率变化； D：水分利用效率变化

Fig. 4 Fitting changes of Ed， Ea， Es and WUE of winter wheat with the application of water and nitrogenA：Changes of Ed ； B：Changes of Ea ； C： Changes of Es； D： Changes of WUE

表5 不同水氮处理下冬小麦的农艺效率、生理效率、回收效率和肥料偏生产力

Table 5 Agronomic efficiency， physiological efficiency， recycling efficiencyandpartial factor productivity of fertilizer of winter wheat under different water and nitrogen treatments

灌水处理 Irrigation treatment	施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	农艺效率 AE/（kg·kg^-1）	生理效率 PE/（kg·kg^-1）	回收效率 RE/%	肥料偏生产力PFP/（kg·kg^-1）
L60	N120	0.11 ef	11.03 e	0.06 b	51.30 c
	N220	0.08 g	7.91 g	0.03 e	29.88 e
	N320	0.04 h	4.77 h	0.03 e	19.87 g
L70	N120	0.27 a	23.75 a	0.04 d	64.03 a
	N220	0.17 c	14.95 c	0.05 c	36.92 d
	N320	0.11 ef	9.53 f	0.04 d	24.64 f
L80	N120	0.24 b	22.41 b	0.08 a	62.69 b
	N220	0.14 d	13.60 d	0.03 e	35.57 d
	N320	0.10 f	8.82 f	0.04 d	23.92 f
F值 F value	灌水Irrigation	2 978.87^**	107.61^**	1 460.92^**	2 978.87^**
	施肥Fertilization	4 748.16^**	196.29^**	997.95^**	5 263.82^**
	灌水×施肥 Irrigation×fertilization	262.60^**	60.89^**	61.74^**	262.60^**

图5 冬小麦农艺效率、生理效率、回收效率和肥料偏生产力随水氮施用量拟合变化A：氮肥农艺效率变化； B：氮肥生理效率变化； C：氮肥回收效率变化； D：氮肥肥料偏生产力变化

Fig. 5 Fitting changes of AE， PE， RE and PFP of fertilizer of winter wheat with the application of water and nitrogenA： Changes ofAE； B： Changes ofPE；C： Changes ofRE； D： Changes ofPFP

图6 回归拟合变化A： WUE拟合变化； B： PFP拟合变化； C：产量拟合变化

Fig. 6 Variation of regression fittingA： Variation diagram for WUEfit； B：Variation diagram for PFP fit C：Variation diagram for yield fit

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