南方库区生态农业小流域面源污染特征

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0707

中国农业科技导报 ›› 2024, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (3): 134-145.DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0707

• 生物制造资源生态 • 上一篇

南方库区生态农业小流域面源污染特征

张思毅¹(), 李晓涛¹, 贺斌¹(), 郝贝贝¹, 吕德鹏¹^,², 梁鑫根¹

^1.广东省科学院生态环境与土壤研究所，华南土壤污染控制与修复国家地方联合工程研究中心，广东省农业环境综合治理重点实验室，广州 510650
^2.河南农业大学林学院，郑州 450002

收稿日期:2022-08-25 接受日期:2022-10-31 出版日期:2024-03-15 发布日期:2024-03-07
通讯作者: 贺斌
作者简介:张思毅 E-mail：syzhang@soil.gd.cn；
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42177065);广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2020B1111530001);广东省科技计划项目(2019B121201004);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2019A1515010628);广东省科学院建设国内一流研究机构行动专项资金项目(2020GDASYL-20200301003)

Characteristics of Non-point Source Pollution in Ecological Agriculture Watershed of South Reservoir

Siyi ZHANG¹(), Xiaotao LI¹, Bin HE¹(), Beibei HAO¹, Depeng LYU¹^,², Xingen LIANG¹

^1.National-regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China； Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management； Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences，Guangdong Academy of Sciences，Guangzhou 510650，China
^2.Forestry College of Henan Agriculture University，Zhengzhou 450002，China

Received:2022-08-25 Accepted:2022-10-31 Online:2024-03-15 Published:2024-03-07
Contact: Bin HE

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究生态农业小流域的氮、磷减排效果，以广东省英德市大站镇长湖水库粉洞生态小流域为研究对象，通过野外监测和实验室分析等方法研究小流域面源氮、磷污染物含量和污染负荷输出特征，确定关键源区，评价生态农业的减排效果。结果表明，流域内水体受污染程度低，大部分都在Ⅲ类水质范围内；总氮、总磷是流域内主要污染负荷；流域地表水氮素组成主要以溶解态氮为主（>50%），溶解态氮以硝态氮为主；关键源区有水土流失、养鹅场、居民点、养猪场、耕地。研究期间流域总氮负荷为345.22 kg，总磷负荷为69.47 kg，入河污染负荷强度低，总氮和总磷的入河系数分别为0.16和0.63。以上结果表明，生态农业小流域氮、磷减排效果显著，且流域氮、磷消纳能力强，使得流域内氮、磷污染负荷较低，水质较好，生态农业具有推广价值。

关键词: 面源污染, 污染通量, 污染负荷, 生态农业, 小流域

Abstract:

In order to investigate the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus emission in a small ecological agriculture watershed， the small eco-agricultural Fendong watershed of Changhu Reservoir in Dazhan town， Yingde City， Guangdong province， was chosen as the research region，the content and diffuse pollution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus， the identification of the critical source area， and the effects of eco-agriculture on reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emission were studied by means of field observations and laboratory measurements. The results showed that the water pollution was low at the watershed scale， most of the water quality were not worse than level Ⅲ. Total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） were the main pollution loads in the watershed， and the dissolved nitrogen was the main nitrogen composition （>50%）. The critical source areas included soil erosion， goose farms， residential areas， and pig farms. The total loads of TN and TP were 345.22 and 69.47 kg during the study period， respectively. The pollution load intensity into the river was low， and the inflow coefficients of TN and TP were 0.16 and 0.63， respectively. Above results indicated the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction in the small ecological agriculture watershed was remarkable， and the absorption capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus was strong， which made the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load low and the water quality good， so ecological agriculture should be worth popularized and widely applied.

Key words: non-point source pollution, pollution flux, pollution load, eco-agriculture, small watershed

中图分类号:

S157

张思毅, 李晓涛, 贺斌, 郝贝贝, 吕德鹏, 梁鑫根. 南方库区生态农业小流域面源污染特征[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(3): 134-145.

Siyi ZHANG, Xiaotao LI, Bin HE, Beibei HAO, Depeng LYU, Xingen LIANG. Characteristics of Non-point Source Pollution in Ecological Agriculture Watershed of South Reservoir[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(3): 134-145.

图/表 10

图1 粉洞村小流域

Fig. 1 Small watershed of Fendong village

表1 监测点位置

Table 1 Location of monitoring site

监测点Site	位置Location	纬度Latitude	经度Longitude
S1	干流-鱼塘下侧Main stream after the fish pond	24°06′22.41″N	113°28′39.29″E
S2	干流-1号点下游 Main stream after S1	24°06′25.86″N	113°28′38.99″E
S3	左侧1号支流 Branch 1 at left	24°06'31.9″N	113°28′37.71″E
S4	右侧2号支流 Branch 2 at right	24°06′38.70″N	113°28′38.90″E
S5	水田入水口Paddy field inlet	24°06′42.25″N	113°28′40.04″E
S6	水田中央Paddy field	24°06′44.77″N	113°28′38.14″E
S7	水田出水口Paddy field outlet	24°06′48.22″N	113°28′39.67″E
S8	干流-养鹅场下游Main stream after the geese farm	24°06′52.02″N	113°28′38.32″E
S9	干流-农场总部Main stream at the headquarter	24°06′59.11″N	113°28′39.16″E
S10	养鸽场支流Branch at the pigeons farm	24°06′57.79″N	113°28′40.96″E
S11	干流-养猪场支流汇入前Main stream before the black pig farm branch	24°07′03.08″N	113°28′41.99″E
S12	养猪场支流Branch at the black pig farm	24°07′04.08″N	113°28′43.15″E
S13	干流-养猪场支流汇入后Main stream after the black pig farm branch	24°07′05.32″N	113°28′41.58″E
S14	干流最下游采样点Lower reach site at the main stream	24°07′43.47″N	113°28′37.31″E

图2 干流水量时空变化

Fig. 2 Dicharge changes of main stream flow

表2 不同时间降雨中氮和磷含量

Table 2 Rainfall nitrogen and phosphorus content at different times

月份 Month	降雨量 Precipitation/mm	总氮 TN/（mg·L^-1）	硝态氮 NO $3 -$ -N/（mg·L^-1）	氨氮 NH $4 +$ -N/（mg·L^-1）	总磷 TP/（mg·L^-1）
7	320.5	3.220	0.820	0.463	0.034
8	47.0	4.500	1.850	0.329	0.079
9	78.0	0.815	0.405	0.118	0.047
合计/均值 Sum/means	445.5	2.934	0.856	0.388	0.041

表2 不同时间降雨中氮和磷含量

Table 2 Rainfall nitrogen and phosphorus content at different times

月份 Month	降雨量 Precipitation/mm	总氮 TN/（mg·L^-1）	硝态氮 NO $3 -$ -N/（mg·L^-1）	氨氮 NH $4 +$ -N/（mg·L^-1）	总磷 TP/（mg·L^-1）
7	320.5	3.220	0.820	0.463	0.034
8	47.0	4.500	1.850	0.329	0.079
9	78.0	0.815	0.405	0.118	0.047
合计/均值 Sum/means	445.5	2.934	0.856	0.388	0.041

表3 地表水中氮和磷含量监测结果和主要超标情况

Table 3 Monitoring results and beyond-standard situation of nitrogen and phosphorus content in surface water

监测点 Site	总氮 TN/（mg·L^-1）	硝态氮 NO $3 -$ -N/（mg·L^-1）	氨氮 NH $4 +$ -N/（mg·L^-1）	总磷 TP/（mg·L^-1）	主要超标物 Beyond standard
S1	0.824	0.301	0.129	0.090	—
S2	0.589	0.314	0.105	0.106	—
S3	0.483	0.348	0.073	0.025	—
S4	0.664	0.374	0.053	0.054	—
S5	1.070	0.557	0.076	0.062	总氮TN
S6	0.835	0.335	0.229	0.515	总磷TP
S7	1.340	0.312	0.311	0.326	总磷TP
S8	0.797	0.285	0.106	0.180	—
S9	0.755	0.348	0.116	0.193	—
S10	4.630	0.320	0.588	0.688	总氮、总磷TN，TP
S11	0.852	0.384	0.137	0.186	—
S12	0.736	0.479	0.088	0.145	—
S13	0.892	0.393	0.143	0.105	—
S14	1.120	0.568	0.128	0.164	总氮TN

表3 地表水中氮和磷含量监测结果和主要超标情况

Table 3 Monitoring results and beyond-standard situation of nitrogen and phosphorus content in surface water

监测点 Site	总氮 TN/（mg·L^-1）	硝态氮 NO $3 -$ -N/（mg·L^-1）	氨氮 NH $4 +$ -N/（mg·L^-1）	总磷 TP/（mg·L^-1）	主要超标物 Beyond standard
S1	0.824	0.301	0.129	0.090	—
S2	0.589	0.314	0.105	0.106	—
S3	0.483	0.348	0.073	0.025	—
S4	0.664	0.374	0.053	0.054	—
S5	1.070	0.557	0.076	0.062	总氮TN
S6	0.835	0.335	0.229	0.515	总磷TP
S7	1.340	0.312	0.311	0.326	总磷TP
S8	0.797	0.285	0.106	0.180	—
S9	0.755	0.348	0.116	0.193	—
S10	4.630	0.320	0.588	0.688	总氮、总磷TN，TP
S11	0.852	0.384	0.137	0.186	—
S12	0.736	0.479	0.088	0.145	—
S13	0.892	0.393	0.143	0.105	—
S14	1.120	0.568	0.128	0.164	总氮TN

图3 氮通量组成特征

Fig. 3 Characteristic of nitrogen flux composition

表4 污染物等标污染负荷比 (%)

Table 4 Ratio of pollutant loading in equivalent standard

监测点 Site	总氮 TN	硝态氮 NO $3 -$ -N	氨氮 NH $4 +$ -N	总磷 TP
S1	57.50	2.10	9.00	31.40
S2	46.92	2.50	8.36	42.22
S3	67.48	4.86	10.20	17.46
S4	64.82	3.65	5.17	26.36
S5	70.78	3.68	5.03	20.51
S6	22.74	0.91	6.24	70.12
S7	40.46	0.94	9.39	49.21
S8	43.52	1.56	5.79	49.14
S9	40.36	1.86	6.20	51.58
S10	53.28	0.37	6.77	39.59
S11	43.53	1.96	7.00	47.51
S12	46.09	3.00	5.51	45.40
S13	55.77	2.46	8.94	32.83
S14	52.71	2.67	6.02	38.59

表4 污染物等标污染负荷比 (%)

Table 4 Ratio of pollutant loading in equivalent standard

监测点 Site	总氮 TN	硝态氮 NO $3 -$ -N	氨氮 NH $4 +$ -N	总磷 TP
S1	57.50	2.10	9.00	31.40
S2	46.92	2.50	8.36	42.22
S3	67.48	4.86	10.20	17.46
S4	64.82	3.65	5.17	26.36
S5	70.78	3.68	5.03	20.51
S6	22.74	0.91	6.24	70.12
S7	40.46	0.94	9.39	49.21
S8	43.52	1.56	5.79	49.14
S9	40.36	1.86	6.20	51.58
S10	53.28	0.37	6.77	39.59
S11	43.53	1.96	7.00	47.51
S12	46.09	3.00	5.51	45.40
S13	55.77	2.46	8.94	32.83
S14	52.71	2.67	6.02	38.59

表5 干流氮和磷的通量时间变化 (mg·s-1)

Table 5 Time changes of nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in the main stream

月份 Month	总氮TN		硝态氮NO $3 -$ -N		氨氮NH $4 +$ -N		总磷TP
月份 Month	通量范围 Flux Range	均值 mean	通量范围 Flux Range	均值 Mean	通量范围 Flux Range	均值 Mean	通量范围 Flux Range	均值 Mean
7	73.70~382.70	162.90	40.20~95.60	68.50	19.10~61.70	35.20	9.13~48.30	20.20
8	2.18~66.70	30.90	0.90~30.10	10.30	0.59~6.75	3.78	0.83~12.10	5.39
9	4.67~33.30	17.20	2.66~30.10	8.22	0.92~5.80	2.70	2.05~12.40	6.80

表5 干流氮和磷的通量时间变化 (mg·s-1)

Table 5 Time changes of nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in the main stream

月份 Month	总氮TN		硝态氮NO $3 -$ -N		氨氮NH $4 +$ -N		总磷TP
月份 Month	通量范围 Flux Range	均值 mean	通量范围 Flux Range	均值 Mean	通量范围 Flux Range	均值 Mean	通量范围 Flux Range	均值 Mean
7	73.70~382.70	162.90	40.20~95.60	68.50	19.10~61.70	35.20	9.13~48.30	20.20
8	2.18~66.70	30.90	0.90~30.10	10.30	0.59~6.75	3.78	0.83~12.10	5.39
9	4.67~33.30	17.20	2.66~30.10	8.22	0.92~5.80	2.70	2.05~12.40	6.80

图4 干流氮和磷含量的空间变化A：总氮；B：硝态氮；C：氨氮；D：总磷

Fig. 4 Spatial variation of nitrogen and phosphorus fluxesA：TN；B：NO3--N；C：NH4+-N；D：TP

表6 地表水氮和磷污染负荷 (kg)

Table 6 Nitrogen and phosphorus discharge load

项目 Item	干流Main stream							支流Branches
项目 Item	S1	S2	S8	S9	S11	S13	S14	S4	S10	S12
总氮TN	329.45	121.63	192.19	188.56	189.91	256.70	345.22	17.69	23.46	47.53
硝态氮NO $3 -$ -N	77.77	52.49	55.22	90.34	78.69	111.80	182.39	8.63	1.41	32.91
氨氮NH $4 +$ -N	53.83	32.46	31.49	43.90	31.83	36.22	62.81	1.78	4.16	4.64
总磷TP	21.35	19.26	46.85	49.14	33.93	36.14	69.47	1.19	3.27	8.65

表6 地表水氮和磷污染负荷 (kg)

Table 6 Nitrogen and phosphorus discharge load

项目 Item	干流Main stream							支流Branches
项目 Item	S1	S2	S8	S9	S11	S13	S14	S4	S10	S12
总氮TN	329.45	121.63	192.19	188.56	189.91	256.70	345.22	17.69	23.46	47.53
硝态氮NO $3 -$ -N	77.77	52.49	55.22	90.34	78.69	111.80	182.39	8.63	1.41	32.91
氨氮NH $4 +$ -N	53.83	32.46	31.49	43.90	31.83	36.22	62.81	1.78	4.16	4.64
总磷TP	21.35	19.26	46.85	49.14	33.93	36.14	69.47	1.19	3.27	8.65

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南方库区生态农业小流域面源污染特征

Characteristics of Non-point Source Pollution in Ecological Agriculture Watershed of South Reservoir

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