中国农业科技导报 ›› 2022, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (1): 137-147.DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0802
王健(), 许爱玲, 卫晓东, 席吉龙, 杨娜, 王珂, 席天元(
), 张建诚(
)
收稿日期:
2020-09-15
接受日期:
2021-01-15
出版日期:
2022-01-15
发布日期:
2022-01-25
通讯作者:
席天元,张建诚
作者简介:
王健 E-mail: wangjianmhs@163.com
基金资助:
Jian WANG(), Ailing XU, Xiaodong WEI, Jilong XI, Na YANG, Ke WANG, Tianyuan XI(
), Jiancheng ZHANG(
)
Received:
2020-09-15
Accepted:
2021-01-15
Online:
2022-01-15
Published:
2022-01-25
Contact:
Tianyuan XI,Jiancheng ZHANG
摘要:
为评价山西南部地区不同小麦品种在不同冬前积温下的春季冻害风险,明确适应当前气候变化的适宜播期和品种, 分别于2017—2018霜冻发生和2018—2019霜冻不发生的两个不同气候年型,在山西运城盐湖区采用播期、品种二因子裂区试验设计, 对3个不同生态类型小麦品种(济麦22、周麦18和西农529)在不同冬前积温下的春季冻害风险进行分析,研究不同小麦品种在冻害发生和不发生年型的拔节期、春季冻害及产量对冬前积温的响应。结果表明, 冬前积温(播期)对小麦拔节期和春季冻害风险有显著影响,冬前积温越大(播期越早),小麦拔节越早,春季发生冻害的风险越高;品种春性越强,发生冻害的风险越高。济麦22、周麦18和西农529在3月下旬和4月上旬发生春季冻害的平均风险,皆以播期10月5日(冬前≥0 ℃积温为616.3 ℃时)最高,当播期10月20日(冬前≥0 ℃积温390.1 ℃)时,3月下旬和4月上旬发生春季冻害的平均风险明显降低。霜冻发生年,随着冬前积温的降低,小麦穗部受冻程度降低、穗发育进程延缓、相对膜透性降低、MDA含量降低、抗氧化酶活性增强,产量与冻害程度表现一致,也与冻害发生评价结果趋势一致;霜冻未发生年,产量随冬前积温的减少呈降低趋势,但是,适度降低冬前积温,两年的总产量较高。在气候变暖情境下,以冬前≥0 ℃积温在250~390 ℃时小麦产量稳定,冻害风险较低。由此可见,适度降低冬前积温是现阶段小麦应对气候变化、抗逆稳产的一条有效途径。
中图分类号:
王健, 许爱玲, 卫晓东, 席吉龙, 杨娜, 王珂, 席天元, 张建诚. 运城盆地不同播期小麦春季冻害风险评价[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(1): 137-147.
Jian WANG, Ailing XU, Xiaodong WEI, Jilong XI, Na YANG, Ke WANG, Tianyuan XI, Jiancheng ZHANG. Risk Assessment of Spring Freezing Injury of Wheat at Different Sowing Dates in Yuncheng Basin[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2022, 24(1): 137-147.
图1 试验年度不同气候年型小麦生长季逐月最高气温和最低气温
Fig.1 Monthly maximum air temperature and minimum air temperature during annual wheat growing seasons in different climates
序号 Number | 日期 Date | 低温指标 Low temperature/℃ |
---|---|---|
1 | 拔节前4 d 4 d before jointing | -4.2 |
2 | 拔节后1~5 d 1~5 d after jointing | -3.5 |
3 | 拔节后6~10 d 6~10 d after jointing | -2.5 |
4 | 拔节后11~15 d 11~15 d after jointing | -1 |
5 | 拔节后16~20 d 16~20 d after jointing | 0 |
表1 小麦发生重霜冻害的最低气温指标
Table 1 The lowest temperature index of heavy frost damage in wheat
序号 Number | 日期 Date | 低温指标 Low temperature/℃ |
---|---|---|
1 | 拔节前4 d 4 d before jointing | -4.2 |
2 | 拔节后1~5 d 1~5 d after jointing | -3.5 |
3 | 拔节后6~10 d 6~10 d after jointing | -2.5 |
4 | 拔节后11~15 d 11~15 d after jointing | -1 |
5 | 拔节后16~20 d 16~20 d after jointing | 0 |
品种 Cultivar | 播期 Sowing date (m/d) | 冬前≥0℃积温 ≥0℃ accumulated temperature before winter/℃ | 冬前叶龄 Leaf age before winter | 冬前分蘖数Tillering No. before winter | 拔节期 Jointing (m/d) | 拔节期推迟天数 Delay days of jointing compared with October 5/d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
济麦22 Jimai 22 | 10/05 | 616.3 | 7.0±0.85 a | 4.0±0.56 a | 03/21 | — |
10/20 | 390.1 | 5.0±0.61 b | 1.9±0.29 b | 03/26 | 5 | |
11/05 | 186.9 | 2.2±0.30 c | — | 04/01 | 11 | |
11/15 | 107.7 | — | — | 04/05 | 15 | |
11/25 | 62.9 | — | — | 04/06 | 16 | |
周麦18 Zhoumai 18 | 10/05 | 616.3 | 7.0±0.40 a | 4.0±0.36 a | 03/19 | — |
10/20 | 390.1 | 5.0±0.36 b | 2.0±0.30 b | 03/25 | 5 | |
11/05 | 186.9 | 2.2±0.53 c | — | 03/30 | 9 | |
11/15 | 107.7 | — | — | 04/03 | 12 | |
11/25 | 62.9 | — | — | 04/04 | 14 | |
西农529 Xinong 529 | 10/05 | 616.3 | 7.0±0.36 a | 4.0±0.70 a | 03/17 | — |
10/20 | 390.1 | 5.0±0.41 b | 2.0±0.46 b | 03/23 | 6 | |
11/05 | 186.9 | 3.0±0.35 c | — | 03/29 | 13 | |
11/15 | 107.7 | — | — | 04/01 | 17 | |
11/25 | 62.9 | — | — | 04/03 | 18 |
表2 不同冬前积温下小麦拔节期表现
Table 2 Performance of wheat jointing stage under different pre-winter accumulated temperature
品种 Cultivar | 播期 Sowing date (m/d) | 冬前≥0℃积温 ≥0℃ accumulated temperature before winter/℃ | 冬前叶龄 Leaf age before winter | 冬前分蘖数Tillering No. before winter | 拔节期 Jointing (m/d) | 拔节期推迟天数 Delay days of jointing compared with October 5/d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
济麦22 Jimai 22 | 10/05 | 616.3 | 7.0±0.85 a | 4.0±0.56 a | 03/21 | — |
10/20 | 390.1 | 5.0±0.61 b | 1.9±0.29 b | 03/26 | 5 | |
11/05 | 186.9 | 2.2±0.30 c | — | 04/01 | 11 | |
11/15 | 107.7 | — | — | 04/05 | 15 | |
11/25 | 62.9 | — | — | 04/06 | 16 | |
周麦18 Zhoumai 18 | 10/05 | 616.3 | 7.0±0.40 a | 4.0±0.36 a | 03/19 | — |
10/20 | 390.1 | 5.0±0.36 b | 2.0±0.30 b | 03/25 | 5 | |
11/05 | 186.9 | 2.2±0.53 c | — | 03/30 | 9 | |
11/15 | 107.7 | — | — | 04/03 | 12 | |
11/25 | 62.9 | — | — | 04/04 | 14 | |
西农529 Xinong 529 | 10/05 | 616.3 | 7.0±0.36 a | 4.0±0.70 a | 03/17 | — |
10/20 | 390.1 | 5.0±0.41 b | 2.0±0.46 b | 03/23 | 6 | |
11/05 | 186.9 | 3.0±0.35 c | — | 03/29 | 13 | |
11/15 | 107.7 | — | — | 04/01 | 17 | |
11/25 | 62.9 | — | — | 04/03 | 18 |
品种 Cultivar | 播期 Sowing date (m/d) | 拔节期Jointing (m/d) | 3月下旬 Late March(03/21—03/31) | 4月上旬 Early April(04/01—04/10) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
可承受的 低温范围 Low temperature range/℃ | 冻害发生风险 Risk of freezing injury/% | 平均Average/% | 可承受的 低温范围 Low temperature range/℃ | 冻害发生风险 Risk of freezing injury/% | 平均Average/% | ||||
济麦22 Jimai 22 | 10/05 | 03/21 | -3.4~-1.0 | 3.33~23.33 | 13.33±14.14 a | -0.7~1.9 | 10.00~30.00 | 20.00±14.14 a | |
10/20 | 03/26 | -4.3~-2.2 | 0.00~10.00 | 5.00±7.07 a | -2.0~0.4 | 6.67~13.33 | 10.00±4.71 a | ||
11/05 | 04/01 | -5.1~-3.6 | 0.00~3.33 | 1.67±2.36 a | -3.4~-1.2 | 6.67~10.00 | 8.33±2.36 a | ||
11/15 | 04/05 | -5.5~-4.3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -4.0~-2.2 | 0.00~6.67 | 3.34±4.72 a | ||
11/25 | 04/06 | -5.6~-4.4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -4.3~-2.4 | 0.00~3.33 | 1.67±2.36 a | ||
周麦18 Zhoumai 18 | 10/05 | 03/19 | -3.0~-0.5 | 3.33~33.33 | 18.33±21.21 a | -0.2~2.6 | 10.00~30.00 | 20.00±14.14 a | |
10/20 | 03/25 | -4.0~-2.0 | 0.00~13.33 | 6.67±9.43 a | -1.7~0.7 | 6.67~13.33 | 10.00±4.71 a | ||
11/05 | 03/30 | -4.8~-3.2 | 0.00~3.33 | 1.67±2.36 a | -3.0~-0.7 | 0.00~10.00 | 5.00±7.07 a | ||
11/15 | 04/03 | -5.3~-3.9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -3.8~-1.7 | 0.00~6.67 | 3.34±4.72 a | ||
11/25 | 04/04 | -5.4~-4.1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -3.9~-2.0 | 0.00~6.67 | 3.34±4.72 a | ||
西农529 Xinong 529 | 10/05 | 03/17 | -2.4~0.1 | 13.33~36.67 | 25±16.5 a | 0.4~3.2 | 13.33~30.00 | 21.67±11.79 a | |
10/20 | 03/23 | -3.8~-1.5 | 0.00~13.33 | 6.67±9.43 a | -1.2~1.3 | 10.00~20.00 | 15.00±7.07 a | ||
11/05 | 03/29 | -4.7~-3.0 | 0.00~3.33 | 1.67±2.36 a | -2.6~-0.5 | 3.33~10.00 | 6.67±4.72 a | ||
11/15 | 04/01 | -5.1~-3.6 | 0.00~3.33 | 1.67±2.36 a | -3.4~-1.2 | 0.00~10.00 | 5.00±7.07 a | ||
11/25 | 04/03 | -5.3~-3.9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -3.8~-1.7 | 0.00~6.67 | 3.34±4.72 a |
表3 不同品种不同播期小麦春季冻害风险分析
Table 3 Spring frost damage probability of wheat with different cultivars and sowing dates
品种 Cultivar | 播期 Sowing date (m/d) | 拔节期Jointing (m/d) | 3月下旬 Late March(03/21—03/31) | 4月上旬 Early April(04/01—04/10) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
可承受的 低温范围 Low temperature range/℃ | 冻害发生风险 Risk of freezing injury/% | 平均Average/% | 可承受的 低温范围 Low temperature range/℃ | 冻害发生风险 Risk of freezing injury/% | 平均Average/% | ||||
济麦22 Jimai 22 | 10/05 | 03/21 | -3.4~-1.0 | 3.33~23.33 | 13.33±14.14 a | -0.7~1.9 | 10.00~30.00 | 20.00±14.14 a | |
10/20 | 03/26 | -4.3~-2.2 | 0.00~10.00 | 5.00±7.07 a | -2.0~0.4 | 6.67~13.33 | 10.00±4.71 a | ||
11/05 | 04/01 | -5.1~-3.6 | 0.00~3.33 | 1.67±2.36 a | -3.4~-1.2 | 6.67~10.00 | 8.33±2.36 a | ||
11/15 | 04/05 | -5.5~-4.3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -4.0~-2.2 | 0.00~6.67 | 3.34±4.72 a | ||
11/25 | 04/06 | -5.6~-4.4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -4.3~-2.4 | 0.00~3.33 | 1.67±2.36 a | ||
周麦18 Zhoumai 18 | 10/05 | 03/19 | -3.0~-0.5 | 3.33~33.33 | 18.33±21.21 a | -0.2~2.6 | 10.00~30.00 | 20.00±14.14 a | |
10/20 | 03/25 | -4.0~-2.0 | 0.00~13.33 | 6.67±9.43 a | -1.7~0.7 | 6.67~13.33 | 10.00±4.71 a | ||
11/05 | 03/30 | -4.8~-3.2 | 0.00~3.33 | 1.67±2.36 a | -3.0~-0.7 | 0.00~10.00 | 5.00±7.07 a | ||
11/15 | 04/03 | -5.3~-3.9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -3.8~-1.7 | 0.00~6.67 | 3.34±4.72 a | ||
11/25 | 04/04 | -5.4~-4.1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -3.9~-2.0 | 0.00~6.67 | 3.34±4.72 a | ||
西农529 Xinong 529 | 10/05 | 03/17 | -2.4~0.1 | 13.33~36.67 | 25±16.5 a | 0.4~3.2 | 13.33~30.00 | 21.67±11.79 a | |
10/20 | 03/23 | -3.8~-1.5 | 0.00~13.33 | 6.67±9.43 a | -1.2~1.3 | 10.00~20.00 | 15.00±7.07 a | ||
11/05 | 03/29 | -4.7~-3.0 | 0.00~3.33 | 1.67±2.36 a | -2.6~-0.5 | 3.33~10.00 | 6.67±4.72 a | ||
11/15 | 04/01 | -5.1~-3.6 | 0.00~3.33 | 1.67±2.36 a | -3.4~-1.2 | 0.00~10.00 | 5.00±7.07 a | ||
11/25 | 04/03 | -5.3~-3.9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -3.8~-1.7 | 0.00~6.67 | 3.34±4.72 a |
图2 2017—2018霜冻发生年小麦的受冻穗率注:不同小写字母表示同一品种不同处理间差异在P<0.05水平显著。
Fig.2 Frost damage rate of wheat from 2017 to 2018Note:Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments of same variety at P<0.05 level.
图3 2017—2018年度小麦晚霜冻害发生时西农529三个播期的穗分化时期
Fig.3 Spike differentiation period of Xinong 529 at three sowing dates after wheat late frost injury from 2017 to 2018
图4 2017—2018年度冻害前后小麦叶片中相对电导率、抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量注:不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异在P<0.05水平显著。
Fig.4 Relative conductivity, antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA content of wheat before and after freezing injury from 2017 to 2018Note:Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.
品种 Cultivar | 产量性状 Yield characters | 播期(冬前积温) Sowing date(m/d)(Accumulated temperature before winter/℃) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
09/22(833.4) | 10/15(464.7) | 10/30(252.0) | ||
济麦 22 jimai 22 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 7 795.65±811.34 c | 9 032.25±410.95 b | 10 162.05±423.93 a |
穗数 Spike No./(104·hm-2) | 656.70±44.43 b | 701.85±91.43 a | 713.70±94.32 a | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 25.69±2.89 c | 29.08±3.68 b | 32.00±3.37 a | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 46.34±1.72 a | 44.90±1.49 c | 45.07±1.17 b | |
周麦18 zhoumai 18 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 7 255.05±450.89 c | 8 669.7±431.29 b | 9 982.8±493.25 a |
穗数 Spike No./(104·hm-2) | 481.80±34.88 c | 666.60±74.32 a | 606.15±84.77 b | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 29.72±1.52 b | 26.97±3.56 c | 35.07±4.40 a | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 50.79±1.13 a | 48.83±1.46 b | 47.70±1.01 c | |
西农529 Xinong 529 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 3 899.10±530.18 c | 7 775.25±480.09 b | 8 481.30±406.89 a |
穗数 Spike No./(104·hm-2) | 378.45±45.16 c | 646.80±59.29 a | 591.90±79.09 b | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 22.95±3.26 c | 27.54±2.25 b | 33.39±3.28 a | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 45.21±1.18 a | 43.93±1.97 ab | 43.48±2.28 b |
表4 2017—2018年不同播期下小麦的产量及产量构成
Table 4 Yields and yield components of wheat at different sowing date from 2017 to 2018
品种 Cultivar | 产量性状 Yield characters | 播期(冬前积温) Sowing date(m/d)(Accumulated temperature before winter/℃) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
09/22(833.4) | 10/15(464.7) | 10/30(252.0) | ||
济麦 22 jimai 22 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 7 795.65±811.34 c | 9 032.25±410.95 b | 10 162.05±423.93 a |
穗数 Spike No./(104·hm-2) | 656.70±44.43 b | 701.85±91.43 a | 713.70±94.32 a | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 25.69±2.89 c | 29.08±3.68 b | 32.00±3.37 a | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 46.34±1.72 a | 44.90±1.49 c | 45.07±1.17 b | |
周麦18 zhoumai 18 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 7 255.05±450.89 c | 8 669.7±431.29 b | 9 982.8±493.25 a |
穗数 Spike No./(104·hm-2) | 481.80±34.88 c | 666.60±74.32 a | 606.15±84.77 b | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 29.72±1.52 b | 26.97±3.56 c | 35.07±4.40 a | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 50.79±1.13 a | 48.83±1.46 b | 47.70±1.01 c | |
西农529 Xinong 529 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 3 899.10±530.18 c | 7 775.25±480.09 b | 8 481.30±406.89 a |
穗数 Spike No./(104·hm-2) | 378.45±45.16 c | 646.80±59.29 a | 591.90±79.09 b | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 22.95±3.26 c | 27.54±2.25 b | 33.39±3.28 a | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 45.21±1.18 a | 43.93±1.97 ab | 43.48±2.28 b |
品种 Cultivar | 播期(冬前积温)Sowing date(m/d)(Accumulated temperature before winter/℃) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
产量性状 Yield characters | 10/05(616.3) | 10/20(390) | 11/05(186.9) | 11/15(107.7) | 11/25(62.9) | |
济麦22 Jimai 22 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 11 423.10±179.73 a | 11 359.90±298.29 a | 10 979.10±209.68 a | 10 227.00±197.57 b | 9 489.30±346.87 c |
p i k e N o . /(104·hm-2) 穗数 S | 804.75±26.17 bc | 799.95±18.12 bc | 918.75±17.74 a | 836.10±17.85 b | 774.30±6.09 c | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 34.01±0.80 a | 34.08±1.00 a | 29.87±0.34 b | 30.19±1.22 b | 30.03±0.87 b | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 41.77±0.51 a | 41.72±0.48 a | 40.01±0.41 b | 40.52±0.42 b | 39.89±0.28 b | |
周麦18 Zhoumai 18 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 12 685.60±259.23 a | 12 121.05±218.38 ab | 11 644.50±418.48 b | 11 465.40±359.15 b | 10 230.10±236.72 c |
p i k e N o . /(104·hm-2) 穗数 S | 690.60±19.75 b | 773.85±16.97 a | 824.40±11.23 a | 799.65±24.33 a | 716.55±20.49 b | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 39.88±1.46 a | 33.75±0.66 b | 30.58±0.78 c | 30.74±0.78 c | 30.97±0.84 c | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 46.09±1.32 a | 46.41±1.13 a | 46.09±0.75 a | 46.64±1.62 a | 46.08±1.37 a | |
西529 Xinong 529 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 9 828.40±253.42 b | 10 878.90±193.74 a | 10 839.00±85.49 a | 10 528.90±269.44 a | 9 276.40±301.94 c |
穗数 Spike No. /(104·hm-2) | 677.85±4.03 c | 758.1±14.91 b | 810.45±13.15 a | 785.70±6.74 ab | 774.30±35.89 ab | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 34.63±1.34 b | 37.33±0.83 a | 34.06±0.35 bc | 32.84±0.24 c | 30.03±0.85 d | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 41.87±0.26 a | 38.44±0.46 d | 39.27±0.48 c | 40.80±0.59 b | 39.89±0.47 c |
表5 2018—2019年不同播期下小麦的产量及产量构成
Table 5 Yield and yield component of wheat at different sowing date from 2018 to 2019
品种 Cultivar | 播期(冬前积温)Sowing date(m/d)(Accumulated temperature before winter/℃) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
产量性状 Yield characters | 10/05(616.3) | 10/20(390) | 11/05(186.9) | 11/15(107.7) | 11/25(62.9) | |
济麦22 Jimai 22 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 11 423.10±179.73 a | 11 359.90±298.29 a | 10 979.10±209.68 a | 10 227.00±197.57 b | 9 489.30±346.87 c |
p i k e N o . /(104·hm-2) 穗数 S | 804.75±26.17 bc | 799.95±18.12 bc | 918.75±17.74 a | 836.10±17.85 b | 774.30±6.09 c | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 34.01±0.80 a | 34.08±1.00 a | 29.87±0.34 b | 30.19±1.22 b | 30.03±0.87 b | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 41.77±0.51 a | 41.72±0.48 a | 40.01±0.41 b | 40.52±0.42 b | 39.89±0.28 b | |
周麦18 Zhoumai 18 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 12 685.60±259.23 a | 12 121.05±218.38 ab | 11 644.50±418.48 b | 11 465.40±359.15 b | 10 230.10±236.72 c |
p i k e N o . /(104·hm-2) 穗数 S | 690.60±19.75 b | 773.85±16.97 a | 824.40±11.23 a | 799.65±24.33 a | 716.55±20.49 b | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 39.88±1.46 a | 33.75±0.66 b | 30.58±0.78 c | 30.74±0.78 c | 30.97±0.84 c | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 46.09±1.32 a | 46.41±1.13 a | 46.09±0.75 a | 46.64±1.62 a | 46.08±1.37 a | |
西529 Xinong 529 | 产量 Yield/(kg·hm-2) | 9 828.40±253.42 b | 10 878.90±193.74 a | 10 839.00±85.49 a | 10 528.90±269.44 a | 9 276.40±301.94 c |
穗数 Spike No. /(104·hm-2) | 677.85±4.03 c | 758.1±14.91 b | 810.45±13.15 a | 785.70±6.74 ab | 774.30±35.89 ab | |
穗粒数 Grains No. per spike | 34.63±1.34 b | 37.33±0.83 a | 34.06±0.35 bc | 32.84±0.24 c | 30.03±0.85 d | |
千粒重 Thousand grains weight/g | 41.87±0.26 a | 38.44±0.46 d | 39.27±0.48 c | 40.80±0.59 b | 39.89±0.47 c |
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