贵州乌蒙山区设施土壤重金属污染风险评估与来源解析

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0890

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为评价贵州乌蒙山区设施蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染程度和生态风险，选取研究区种植面积较大的4个设施蔬菜基地为研究对象，共采集144个大棚土样和68个露天土样，测定土壤pH及Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni含量，分析研究区设施菜地土壤重金属的污染程度和生态风险，并运用多元统计（简单相关分析和主成分分析）与剖面分异法综合分析研究区设施菜地耕层土壤重金属污染的主要来源。结果表明，研究区设施蔬菜种植会加速土壤酸化，与露天菜地土壤相比，设施菜地耕层土壤pH降低了0.24。研究区设施菜地与露天菜地耕作层土壤重度污染样点占比分别为53.57%与42.86%，中等以上生态风险样点占比分别为82.14%与57.14%，土壤Cd是研究区最主要的污染因子与生态风险因子。研究区设施菜地耕层土壤中As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni主要来源于成土母质风化，Cd、Hg、Zn主要来源于成土母质风化与农业投入品。综上所述，研究区设施菜地受重金属污染程度高于露天菜地，尤其应控制外源Cd、Hg、Zn的投入，并加强农产品重金属监测，为贵州乌蒙山区设施农产品安全生产提供了理论支撑。

关键词: 设施土壤, 重金属, 污染风险, 主成分分析

Abstract:

To evaluate the degree of heavy metal pollution and ecological risks in the soil of vegetable greenhouses in Wumeng mountain area of Guizhou province， 4 vegetable bases in Wumeng mountain area of Guizhou province was taken as the research object. 144 soil samples form greenhouse field and 68 soil samples from nearby open field were used to determined the pH and contents of Cd， Hg， As， Pb， Cr， Cu， Zn and Ni. The degree of soil heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in the study area were evaluated. Multivariate statistics and profile differentiation were used to comprehensively analyze the main sources of heavy metal pollution in the topsoil of greenhouse in the study area. The results showed that vegetables cultivation in greenhouse fields accelerated soil acidification. Soil pH in greenhouse decreased 0.24 compared with open field soil. In the study area， the percentage of heavily contaminated soil sample points in topsoil of the greenhouse and open field were 53.57% and 42.86%， respectively， and the percentage of sample points with medium or higher ecological risk were 82.14% and 57.14%， respectively. The Cd was the most important ecological risk factor in the study area. In topsoil of the greenhouse， the As， Pb， Cr， Cu and Ni were mainly derived from the weathering of parent materials， while the Cd， Hg and Zn were mainly derived from the weathering of parent materials and agricultural inputs. In conclusion， the degree of heavy metal contamination in the greenhouse was higher than that in the open field， so the input of exogenous Cd， Hg and Zn should be controlled and the monitoring of heavy metal in agricultural products should be strengthened in greenhouse fields of study area， which provided theoretical support for the safe production of agricultural products in the Wumeng mountains of Guizhou.

Key words: greenhouse soil, heavy metal, pollution risk, principal component analysis

中图分类号:

柴冠群, 刘桂华, 周玮, 张秀锦, 李龙品, 范成五. 贵州乌蒙山区设施土壤重金属污染风险评估与来源解析[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(8): 144-153.

Guanqun CHAI, Guihua LIU, Wei ZHOU, Xiujin ZHANG, Longpin LI, Chengwu FAN. Evaluation of Pollution Risk and Source Analysis of Heavy Metals in Greenhouse Soils in Wumeng Mountain Area， Guizhou Province[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2022, 24(8): 144-153.

图/表 7

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土地利用方式Land use type	土层 Soil layer/cm	统计项 Statistical item	pH	Cd/ （mg·kg^-1）	Hg/ （mg·kg^-1）	As/ （mg·kg^-1）	Pb/ （mg·kg^-1）	Cr/ （mg·kg^-1）	Cu/ （mg·kg^-1）	Zn/ （mg·kg^-1）	Ni/ （mg·kg^-1）
设施菜地 Green house	0—20	平均 Mean	5.92	0.94	0.23	25.88	119.15	189.16	121.52	542.41	85.08
		标准差 Standard deviation	0.64	0.61	0.12	17.03	103.54	51.75	74.46	558.78	26.64
		最大值 Maximum	7.43	2.28	0.73	64.10	431.85	279.60	261.95	1 941.35	126.75
		最小值 Minimum	5.44	0.21	0.13	2.97	28.55	119.55	32.60	136.05	42.80
	20—40	平均 Mean	6.35	0.85	0.25	26.09	118.72	185.24	118.08	490.88	85.04
		标准差 Standard deviation	0.69	0.62	0.11	17.35	141.92	43.59	73.38	515.99	28.49
		最大值 Maximum	7.49	2.25	0.56	64.20	413.55	260.05	285.90	1 802.05	140.05
		最小值 Minimum	4.92	0.16	0.13	2.40	24.95	114.60	29.90	103.85	39.00
露天菜地 Open field	0—20	平均 Mean	6.16	0.81	0.22	21.51	142.83	200.04	108.58	551.76	87.54
		标准差 Standard deviation	0.92	0.71	0.11	20.89	187.45	47.11	76.57	679.14	31.13
		最大值 Maximum	7.45	1.84	0.36	53.00	472.20	265.65	254.10	1 728.90	127.10
		最小值 Minimum	5.19	0.17	0.10	3.23	28.80	134.05	34.95	110.00	43.95
	20—40	平均 Mean	6.37	0.80	0.30	28.06	158.06	186.22	112.34	589.97	84.32
		标准差 Standard deviation	0.89	0.51	0.14	21.79	172.52	51.37	94.78	571.84	33.35
		最大值 Maximum	7.37	1.41	0.47	53.80	393.60	246.10	250.75	1 224.65	122.35
		最小值 Minimum	5.01	0.23	0.10	2.86	25.80	133.80	27.55	128.30	46.75

土地利用方式Land use type	土层 Soil layer/cm	统计项 Statistical item	pH	Cd/ （mg·kg^-1）	Hg/ （mg·kg^-1）	As/ （mg·kg^-1）	Pb/ （mg·kg^-1）	Cr/ （mg·kg^-1）	Cu/ （mg·kg^-1）	Zn/ （mg·kg^-1）	Ni/ （mg·kg^-1）
设施菜地 Green house	0—20	平均 Mean	5.92	0.94	0.23	25.88	119.15	189.16	121.52	542.41	85.08
		标准差 Standard deviation	0.64	0.61	0.12	17.03	103.54	51.75	74.46	558.78	26.64
		最大值 Maximum	7.43	2.28	0.73	64.10	431.85	279.60	261.95	1 941.35	126.75
		最小值 Minimum	5.44	0.21	0.13	2.97	28.55	119.55	32.60	136.05	42.80
	20—40	平均 Mean	6.35	0.85	0.25	26.09	118.72	185.24	118.08	490.88	85.04
		标准差 Standard deviation	0.69	0.62	0.11	17.35	141.92	43.59	73.38	515.99	28.49
		最大值 Maximum	7.49	2.25	0.56	64.20	413.55	260.05	285.90	1 802.05	140.05
		最小值 Minimum	4.92	0.16	0.13	2.40	24.95	114.60	29.90	103.85	39.00
露天菜地 Open field	0—20	平均 Mean	6.16	0.81	0.22	21.51	142.83	200.04	108.58	551.76	87.54
		标准差 Standard deviation	0.92	0.71	0.11	20.89	187.45	47.11	76.57	679.14	31.13
		最大值 Maximum	7.45	1.84	0.36	53.00	472.20	265.65	254.10	1 728.90	127.10
		最小值 Minimum	5.19	0.17	0.10	3.23	28.80	134.05	34.95	110.00	43.95
	20—40	平均 Mean	6.37	0.80	0.30	28.06	158.06	186.22	112.34	589.97	84.32
		标准差 Standard deviation	0.89	0.51	0.14	21.79	172.52	51.37	94.78	571.84	33.35
		最大值 Maximum	7.37	1.41	0.47	53.80	393.60	246.10	250.75	1 224.65	122.35
		最小值 Minimum	5.01	0.23	0.10	2.86	25.80	133.80	27.55	128.30	46.75

重金属 Heavy metal	土地利用方式 Land use type	占比Proportion/%
重金属 Heavy metal	土地利用方式 Land use type	清洁 Clean	尚清洁 Approaching pollution	轻度污染 Slight pollution	中度污染 Medium pollution	重度污染 Heavy pollution
Cd	设施菜地 Green house	3.57	10.72	7.14	17.86	60.71
Cd	露天菜地Open field	28.57	0.00	28.57	0.00	42.86
Hg	设施菜地 Green house	28.57	28.57	32.14	3.58	7.14
Hg	露天菜地 Open field	42.86	14.28	42.86	0.00	0.00
As	设施菜地 Green house	46.43	3.57	46.43	3.57	0.00
As	露天菜地 Open field	57.14	0.00	42.86	0.00	0.00
Pb	设施菜地 Green house	28.57	42.86	0.00	0.00	28.57
Pb	露天菜地 Open field	57.14	0.00	14.29	0.00	28.57
Cr	设施菜地 Green house	0.00	35.71	64.29	0.00	0.00
Cr	露天菜地 Open field	0.00	42.86	57.14	0.00	0.00
Cu	设施菜地 Green house	7.14	35.72	17.86	28.57	10.71
Cu	露天菜地 Open field	14.29	57.14	0.00	14.28	14.29
Zn	设施菜地 Green house	25.00	17.86	28.57	0.00	28.57
Zn	露天菜地 Open field	42.86	28.57	0.00	0.00	28.57
Ni	设施菜地 Green house	0.00	0.00	57.15	35.71	7.14
Ni	露天菜地 Open field	0.00	0.00	42.86	57.14	0.00
N	设施菜地 Green house	0.00	0.00	21.43	25.00	53.57
N	露天菜地 Open field	0.00	0.00	42.86	14.28	42.86

重金属 Heavy metal	土地利用方式 Land use type	占比Proportion/%
重金属 Heavy metal	土地利用方式 Land use type	清洁 Clean	尚清洁 Approaching pollution	轻度污染 Slight pollution	中度污染 Medium pollution	重度污染 Heavy pollution
Cd	设施菜地 Green house	3.57	10.72	7.14	17.86	60.71
Cd	露天菜地Open field	28.57	0.00	28.57	0.00	42.86
Hg	设施菜地 Green house	28.57	28.57	32.14	3.58	7.14
Hg	露天菜地 Open field	42.86	14.28	42.86	0.00	0.00
As	设施菜地 Green house	46.43	3.57	46.43	3.57	0.00
As	露天菜地 Open field	57.14	0.00	42.86	0.00	0.00
Pb	设施菜地 Green house	28.57	42.86	0.00	0.00	28.57
Pb	露天菜地 Open field	57.14	0.00	14.29	0.00	28.57
Cr	设施菜地 Green house	0.00	35.71	64.29	0.00	0.00
Cr	露天菜地 Open field	0.00	42.86	57.14	0.00	0.00
Cu	设施菜地 Green house	7.14	35.72	17.86	28.57	10.71
Cu	露天菜地 Open field	14.29	57.14	0.00	14.28	14.29
Zn	设施菜地 Green house	25.00	17.86	28.57	0.00	28.57
Zn	露天菜地 Open field	42.86	28.57	0.00	0.00	28.57
Ni	设施菜地 Green house	0.00	0.00	57.15	35.71	7.14
Ni	露天菜地 Open field	0.00	0.00	42.86	57.14	0.00
N	设施菜地 Green house	0.00	0.00	21.43	25.00	53.57
N	露天菜地 Open field	0.00	0.00	42.86	14.28	42.86

重金属 Heavy metal	土地利用方式 Land use type	占比Proportion/%
重金属 Heavy metal	土地利用方式 Land use type	轻微风险 Slight risk	中等风险 Medium risk	较强风险 Relatively strong risk	很强风险 Strong risk	极强风险 Extremely strong risk
Cd	设施菜地 Green house	17.85	17.86	42.86	21.43	0.00
Cd	露天菜地 Open field	57.14	0.00	28.57	14.29	0.00
Hg	设施菜地 Green house	57.15	32.14	7.14	3.57	0.00
Hg	露天菜地 Open field	57.14	42.86	0.00	0.00	0.00
As	设施菜地 Green house	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
As	露天菜地 Open field	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Pb	设施菜地 Green house	89.29	10.71	0.00	0.00	0.00
Pb	露天菜地 Open field	85.71	14.29	0.00	0.00	0.00
Cr	设施菜地 Green house	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Cr	露天菜地 Open field	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Cu	设施菜地 Green house	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Cu	露天菜地 Open field	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Zn	设施菜地 Green house	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Zn	露天菜地 Open field	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Ni	设施菜地 Green house	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Ni	露天菜地 Open field	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
RI	设施菜地 Green house	17.86	50.00	32.14	0.00	0.00
RI	露天菜地 Open field	42.86	28.57	28.57	0.00	0.00