虾青素的生物合成与产业化应用

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1091

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

虾青素属于类胡萝卜素，具有较强的抗氧化活性及多种生物活性，因此被广泛应用于食品、化工、医疗等领域。虾青素存在立体异构和几何异构等多种异构体形式，不同异构体的生物活性存在差异，在商业化应用上也有不同。目前，商业化应用的虾青素主要来源于化学合成和微生物与雨生红球藻的提取物，但二者均存在一定的限制性因素。近年来，为了开辟新的虾青素生物合成途径，越来越多的研究报道了利用基因工程技术在植物中重构虾青素合成代谢途径合成虾青素。同时，通过提高虾青素的稳定性来拓展其应用范围，增强应用效果。对虾青素的特性、主要的生物合成途径及应用现状进行了综述，总结了有关虾青素合成的植物基因工程研究和活性递送系统的发展，并对虾青素的产业化应用进行了展望。

关键词: 虾青素, 生物合成, 产业应用, 递送系统

Abstract:

A staxanthin belongs to the carotenoids. It has strong antioxidant activity and a variety of biological activities. Therefore， astaxanthin is widely used in food， chemical， medical and other fields. Astaxanthin has stereoisomerism and geometric isomerism. The different isomers have different biological activities and commercial applications. Nowadays， astaxanthin for commercial application mainly comes from chemical synthesis and extracts from microorganisms and Haematococcus pluvialis， but both of the methods have certain limiting factors. In order to open up a new astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway， more and more studies have reported that astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway is reconstructed in plants by genetic engineering technology to synthesize astaxanthin in recent years. At the same time， the stability of astaxanthin was improved to expand its application scope and enhance the absorption effect. the characteristics， main biosynthetic pathways and applications of astaxanthin were overviewed， and the development of plant genetic engineering research and active delivery system related to astaxanthin synthesis were summarized. It is expected that the combination and transformation of research results could promote the industrial application of astaxanthin in the future.

Key words: astaxanthin, biosynthesis, industrial application, delivery system

中图分类号:

苗丽青, 马旭辉, 李素贞, 陈茹梅, 柳小庆. 虾青素的生物合成与产业化应用[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(3): 21-29.

Liqing MIAO, Xuhui MA, Suzhen LI, Rumei CHEN, Xiaoqing LIU. Biosynthesis and Industrial Application of Astaxanthin[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(3): 21-29.

图/表 4

图1 虾青素分子主要的立体异构体和几何异构体A：左旋（3S，3’S）立体异构体；B：右旋（3R，3’R）立体异构体；C：内消旋（3R，3’S）立体异构体；D：全反式结构几何异构体；E：13-顺式结构几何异构体；F：9-顺式结构几何异构体

Fig. 1 Main stereoisomers and geometric isomers of astaxanthin moleculesA： Stereoisomers of levoisomer （3S， 3’S）； B： Stereoisomers of dextroisomer （3R， 3’R）； C： Stereoisomers of mesomer （3R， 3’S）； D： Geometric isomer of all trans structures； E： Geometric isomer of 13-cis structures； F： Geometric isomer of 9-cis structures

图2 β-胡萝卜素合成虾青素的3条途径

Fig. 2 Three ways of synthesize astaxanthin from β-carotene

图3 高虾青素转基因玉米及其饲喂蛋鸡所产的鸡蛋A：饲喂普通饲料蛋鸡所产的鸡蛋；B：饲喂添加雨生红球藻藻粉饲料蛋鸡所产的鸡蛋；C：饲喂高虾青素玉米饲料蛋鸡所产的鸡蛋；D：白色玉米；E：黄色玉米；F高虾青素转基因玉米

Fig. 3 Astaxanthin corn and eggs from laying hensA： Eggs from hens fed with the common layer feed； B： Eggs from hens fed with the feed added Haematococcus pluvialis algae powder； C： Eggs from hens fed with high astaxanthin corn； D： White corn； E： Yellow corn； F： Transgenic maize with high level of astaxanthin

表 1 主要研究物种中的虾青素含量

Table 1 Contents of astaxanthin in main studied species

物种Species	基因来源Source of gene	年份Year	含量Content
红发夫酵母 Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous （Phaffia rhodozyma）	—	1999^［32］	约干物质量的0.5% About 0.5% of dry weight
红球藻Haematococcus pluvialis	—	1999^［33］ 2000^［34］	干物质量的4%~5% 4%~5% of dry weight
烟草Tobacco	Haematococcus pluvialis CrtO	2000^［35］	83.90 µg·g^-1 FW
马铃薯Potato	Pantoea ananatiscrtB Haematococcus pluvialis bkt1	2006^［36］	13.90 μg·g^-1 DW
烟草Tobacco	Marine bacterium Brevundimonas sp.， strain SD212 CrtW，CrtZ	2008^［37］	5.44 mg·g^-1 DW
胡萝卜Carrot	Haematococcus pluvialisBKT	2008^［38］	91.60 μg·g^-1 FW
拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana	ChlamydomonasreinhardtiiBKT	2011^［39］	2.07 mg·g^-1 DW
烟草Tobacco	ChlamydomonasreinhardtiiBKT	2012^［40］	1.60 mg·g^-1 DW
番茄Tomato	ChlamydomonasreinhardtiiBKT Haematococcus pluvialis BHY	2013^［41］	16.10 mg·g^-1 DW
玉米Maize	Zea maysPSY1 Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiBKT Brevundimonas sp. Strain SD212 （MBIC 03018） CrtZ	2016^［42］	16.77 μg·g^-1 DW
水稻Rice	Zea maysPSY1 Pantoea ananatisCrtI Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiBKT Haematococcus pluvialis BHY	2018^［43］	16.23 μg·g^-1 DW
玉米Maize	Zea maysPSY1 Pantoea ananatisCrtI Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiBKT Haematococcus pluvialis BHY	2021^［20］	47.76~111.82 mg·kg^-1 DW

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