种植年限对设施葡萄园土壤盐渍化及微生物群落的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0953

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为揭示不同种植年限的设施葡萄园土壤盐渍化特征及其对微生物群落的影响，选取种植0（农田土壤）、1~5、6~10、10~15、>15 a的设施葡萄园进行调研取样，分析土壤含盐量、盐分离子、微生物量碳氮与微生物群落结构。结果表明，设施葡萄园土壤含盐量显著高于农田土壤，有明显的盐渍化趋势；种植年限的增加加剧了土壤盐渍化风险，表层土壤中仅农田土壤为轻度盐渍土，设施葡萄园土壤均为中度或重度盐渍土，含盐量在3.47~5.12 g·kg^-1。随种植年限的增加，各土层可溶性阴、阳离子以SO $42$ ^-和Na⁺的增加为主，并且表层土壤中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、SO $42$ ^-、Cl^-含量与含盐量之间均呈正相关，Cl^-、SO $42$ ^-与含盐量的相关性均达到显著水平；土壤微生物量碳、氮与含盐量呈正相关，其中含盐量与微生物量氮呈显著正相关，6~10 a的设施葡萄园土壤微生物量碳、氮含量最低，分别为108.49 和7.72 mg·kg^-1，比农田土壤降低55.66%和80.97%。不同种植年限土壤细菌群落中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）的相对丰度均随种植年限的增加呈下降趋势，由1~5 a的35.71%、23.46%分别降低到>15 a的31.60%、11.61%；厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的相对丰度随种植年限的增加表现出上升的趋势。Cl^-、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺含量与细菌Shannon指数呈显著负相关，相关系数在0.89~0.98。综上所述，随着种植年限的增加，设施葡萄园土壤盐渍化程度加重，土壤细菌多样性下降，真菌多样性上升。

关键词: 设施葡萄, 种植年限, 土壤盐渍化, 盐分离子, 微生物多样性

Abstract:

In order to reveal the soil salinization characteristics of facility vineyards with different planting years and their effects on microbial communities， facility vineyards planted for 0 （farmland soil）， 1~5， 6~10， 10~15 and >15 a were selected for investigation and sampling， and soil salt content， salt separators， microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen， and microbial community structure were analyzed. The results showed that the soil salt content of facility vineyard was significantly higher than that of farmland， and there was an obvious salinization trend. The increase of planting years aggravated the risk of soil salinization， and only the farmland soil was mildly saline， and the soil of the facility vineyard was moderately or severely saline， with a salt content of 3.47~5.12 g·kg^-1. With the increase of planting years， the soluble cations and anions in each soil layer mainly increased with Na⁺ and SO $42$ ^-， and the contents of Ca²⁺， Mg²⁺， K⁺， Na⁺， SO $42$ ^- and Cl^- in the surface soil showed a positive correlation with the salt content， and the correlation between Cl^-，SO $42$ ^- and the salt content reached a significant level. There was a positive correlation between soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content and salt content， and the relationship between salt content and microbial biomass nitrogen was significant， and the microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content was the lowest at facility vineyards planted for 6~10 a， which was 108.49 and 7.72 mg·kg^-1， respectively， which was 55.66% and 80.97% lower than that of farmland soil. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria in soil bacterial communities of different planting years decreased with the increase of planting years， from 35.71% and 23.46% of 1~5 a to 31.60% and 11.61% when planting years >15 a. The relative abundance of firmicutes showed an upward trend with the increase of planting years. Cl^-， Ca²⁺， K⁺ and Na⁺ were significant negatively correlated with the Shannon index of bacteria， and the correlation coefficient was between 0.89~0.98. In summary， with the increase of planting years， the degree of soil salinization increased， the soil bacterial diversity decreased， and the fungal diversity increased.

Key words: facility grape, planting years, soil salinization, salt ion, microbial diversity

中图分类号:

S156.4

齐潇雨, 郭艳杰, 柳鹭, 张子涛, 张丽娟, 吉艳芝. 种植年限对设施葡萄园土壤盐渍化及微生物群落的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(6): 218-228.

Xiaoyu QI, Yanjie GUO, Lu LIU, Zitao ZHANG, Lijuan ZHANG, Yanzhi JI. Effects of Planting Years on Soil Salinization and Microbial Community in Facility Vineyards[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(6): 218-228.

图/表 10

表1 研究区土壤基本理化性质

Table 1 Basic physicochemical properties of soil in the study area

土层深度 Soil depth/cm	土壤质地 Soil exture	有机质 Soil organic matter/（g·kg^-1）	有效磷 Available phosphorous/ （mg·kg^-1）	速效钾 Available potassium/ （mg·kg^-1）	pH	容重 Bulk density/ （g·cm^-3）
0—20	壤质砂土 Loamy sand	13.07~29.20	189.46~205.13	367.42~422.70	6.45~7.70	1.02~1.34
20—40		6.55~22.42	116.35~124.49	396.54~414.60	6.92~8.20	1.13~1.42
40—60		4.45~9.54	94.72~120.44	279.15~301.30	7.04~8.46	1.00~1.19
60—80		2.00~3.74	33.24~41.38	222.00~254.32	6.79~8.54	1.04~1.15
80—100		0.83~5.77	23.25~47.54	197.91~220.60	7.38~8.61	1.08~1.21

表2 不同种植年限葡萄园化肥纯养分投入量

Table 2 Fertilizer net nutrient input in vineyards with different planting years

种植年限 Planting years/a	养分投入量 Nutrient input/（kg·hm^-2）
种植年限 Planting years/a	氮 N	五氧化二磷 P₂O₅	氧化钾 K₂O
0	426.26±47.85	305.47±24.61	72.30±8.83
0~5	663.47±352.40	521.53±289.16	661.41±305.12
6~10	590.53±335.43	453.21±136.45	669.00±324.09
11~15	400.48±161.60	370.99±113.27	483.99±76.67
>15	415.63±193.56	287.25±96.30	414.13±194.82

表3 土壤盐渍化分级标准

Table 3 Grading standard of soil salinization

指标

Index

盐渍化等级

Salinization grade

非盐渍土

Non-saline soil

轻度盐渍土

Lightly saline soil

中度盐渍土

Moderately saline soil

重度盐渍土

Heavy saline soil

盐土

Salt soil

含盐量

Salt content/（g·kg^-1）

电导率

EC/（mS·cm^-1）

图1 不同种植年限设施葡萄园0—100 cm土层电导率与含盐量注：不同小写字母表示同一土层不同种植年限间含盐量在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 1 Soil EC and salinity content of soil layer from 0 to 100 cm in vineyards with different planting yearsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different planting years of the same soil layer in salt content at P<0.05 level.

图2 不同种植年限阳离子在0—100 cm土层的分布注：不同小写字母表示同一土层不同种植年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 2 Distribution of cations in soil layer from 0 to 100 cm with different planting yearsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different planting years of the same soil layer at P<0.05 level.

图3 不同种植年限阴离子在0—100 cm土层的分布注：不同小写字母表示同一土层不同种植年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 3 Distribution of anions in soil layer from 0 to 100 cm with different planting yearsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different planting years of the same soil layer at P<0.05 level.

图4 0—20 cm土层微生物量碳、氮含量注：不同小写字母表示不同种植年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 4 Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen from 0 to 100 cm soil layerNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different planting years at P<0.05 level.

图5 0—20 cm土层菌群门水平组成A：细菌； B：真菌

Fig. 5 Phylum horizontal composition of microflora in 0—20 cm soil layerA： Bacteria； B：Fungi

表4 不同种植年限设施葡萄园土壤细菌、真菌群落多样性指数

Table 4 Community diversity index of bacteria and fungi in vineyard soils with different planting years

菌种 Species	种植年限 Planting year/a	Observed species指数 Observed species index	Chao 1指数 Chao 1index	Shannon指数 Shannon index
细菌 Bacteria	0	4 527.90±65.1 a	5 214.12±34.2 a	11.08±0.14 a
	1~5	4 318.43±125.64 a	5 002.38±172.53 a	10.93±0.47 a
	6~10	4 111.63±172.43 a	4 985.93±189.20 a	10.82±0.36 a
	11~15	4 402.13±116.32 a	5 047.89±174.35 a	10.93±0.24 a
	>15	3 902.30±126.12 a	4 694.06±194.67 a	10.84±0.24 a
真菌 Fungi	0	285.35±24.45 b	283.07±19.61 b	5.01±0.01 a
	1~5	269.6±10.29 b	272.28±10.27 b	5.11±0.32 a
	6~10	477.08±26.44 a	485.31±31.35 a	5.48±0.23 a
	11~15	467.03±31.28 a	469.96±29.67 a	5.57±0.38 a
	>15	476.95±0.45 a	488.46±0.96 a	5.73±0.46 a

图6 0—20 cm土层种植年限、次生盐渍化与微生物的相关关系注：*表示在P<0.05水平显著相关。

Fig. 6 Relationship between planting years， secondary salinization and the microbes in 0—20 cm soil layerNote：* indicates significant correlation at P<0.05 level.

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