Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology ›› 2023, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (3): 1-8.DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0712
• AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM • Next Articles
Guohui SHEN1(), Juan HAN1, Yanting GU1, Yanzhi GUO2(
)
Received:
2022-08-26
Accepted:
2022-11-07
Online:
2023-03-15
Published:
2023-05-22
Contact:
Yanzhi GUO
通讯作者:
郭燕枝
作者简介:
申国辉 E-mail:82101215560@caas.cn;
基金资助:
CLC Number:
Guohui SHEN, Juan HAN, Yanting GU, Yanzhi GUO. Current Status, Problems and Countermeasure of Raw Goat Milk Standard in China[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(3): 1-8.
申国辉, 韩娟, 古艳婷, 郭燕枝. 我国生羊乳标准现状、问题及对策建议[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(3): 1-8.
生乳国家标准 National standard for raw milk | 生乳涉及范围 Raw milk scope |
---|---|
GBN 33—1977[ | 生牛乳Raw cow milk |
GB/T 5408—1985[ | 生牛乳Raw cow milk |
GB 6914—1986[ | 生牛乳Raw cow milk |
GB 19301—2003[ | 生牛乳/生羊乳 Raw cow milk/raw goat milk |
GB 19301—2010[ | 生牛乳/生羊乳 Raw cow milk/raw goat milk |
Table 1 Scope of application of national standards for raw milk over the years
生乳国家标准 National standard for raw milk | 生乳涉及范围 Raw milk scope |
---|---|
GBN 33—1977[ | 生牛乳Raw cow milk |
GB/T 5408—1985[ | 生牛乳Raw cow milk |
GB 6914—1986[ | 生牛乳Raw cow milk |
GB 19301—2003[ | 生牛乳/生羊乳 Raw cow milk/raw goat milk |
GB 19301—2010[ | 生牛乳/生羊乳 Raw cow milk/raw goat milk |
标准Standard | 标准类型 Standard type | 发布单位 Issuing department | 实施/废止日期 Date of implementation/abolition(yyyy-mm-dd) |
---|---|---|---|
GB 19301—2010[ | 国家标准 National standard | 卫生部 Ministry of Public Health | 2010-06-01 |
NY/T 657—2021[ | 农业标准 Agricultural standard | 农业农村部 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs | 2021-11-01 |
DB61/T 425—2008[ | 地方标准 Local standard | 陕西省质量技术监督局 Quality and Technology Supervision Bureau,Shaanxi | 2008-02-27/2019-12-12 |
DB37/T 2812—2016[ | 地方标准 Local standard | 山东省质量技术监督局 Quality and Technology Supervision Bureau,Shandong | 2016-08-29/2021-06-22 |
Q/GSYS 0001 S—2021[ | 企业标准 Corporate standard | 甘肃元生农牧科技有限公司 Gansu Yuansheng Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Co. | 2021-01-08 |
T/IMAS 040—2022[ | 团体标准 Group standard | 内蒙古标准化协会 Inner Mongolia Associationfor Standardization | 2022-06-14 |
Table 2 Summary of domestic raw goat milk standards
标准Standard | 标准类型 Standard type | 发布单位 Issuing department | 实施/废止日期 Date of implementation/abolition(yyyy-mm-dd) |
---|---|---|---|
GB 19301—2010[ | 国家标准 National standard | 卫生部 Ministry of Public Health | 2010-06-01 |
NY/T 657—2021[ | 农业标准 Agricultural standard | 农业农村部 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs | 2021-11-01 |
DB61/T 425—2008[ | 地方标准 Local standard | 陕西省质量技术监督局 Quality and Technology Supervision Bureau,Shaanxi | 2008-02-27/2019-12-12 |
DB37/T 2812—2016[ | 地方标准 Local standard | 山东省质量技术监督局 Quality and Technology Supervision Bureau,Shandong | 2016-08-29/2021-06-22 |
Q/GSYS 0001 S—2021[ | 企业标准 Corporate standard | 甘肃元生农牧科技有限公司 Gansu Yuansheng Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Co. | 2021-01-08 |
T/IMAS 040—2022[ | 团体标准 Group standard | 内蒙古标准化协会 Inner Mongolia Associationfor Standardization | 2022-06-14 |
标准 Standard | 色泽 Color | 滋味与气味 Taste & smell | 组织状态 Organizational status |
---|---|---|---|
GB 19301—2010[ | 呈乳白色或微黄色 Milky white or slightly yellow | 具有乳固有的香味,无异味 With the inherent flavor of milk, no odor | 呈均匀液体,无凝块、无沉淀、无正常视力可见异物 Uniform and consistent liquid, no clots, no precipitation, no foreign matter visible to normal vision |
NY/T 657—2021[ | 呈乳白色或微黄色 Milky white or slightly yellow | 具有乳固有的香味,无异味 With the inherent flavor of milk, no odor | 呈均匀液体,无凝块、无沉淀、无正常视力可见异物 Uniform and consistent liquid, no clots, no precipitation, no foreign matter visible to normal vision |
DB61/T 425—2008[ | 呈均匀乳白色 Uniform and creamy white color | 具有新鲜羊乳特有的滋味和气味,无其他异味 With the unique taste and smell of fresh goat milk, no other odor | 呈均匀胶态液体,无沉淀,无凝块,无肉眼可见杂质和其他异物 Uniform and consistent gelatinous liquid, no precipitation, no clots, no impurities and other foreign matter visible to the naked eye |
DB37/T 2812—2016[ | 呈乳白色或微黄色 Milky white or slightly yellow | 具有羊乳固有的香味,无异味 With the inherent flavor of goat milk, no odor | 呈均匀液体,无凝块、无沉淀、无正常视力可见的异物 Uniform and consistent liquid, no clots, no precipitation, no foreign matter visible to normal vision |
Q/GSYS 0001 S—2021[ | 呈乳白色或微黄色 Milky white or slightly yellow | 具有乳固有的香味,无异味 With the inherent flavor of milk, no odor | 呈均匀液体,无凝块、无沉淀、无正常视力可见异物 Uniform and consistent liquid, no clots, no precipitation, no foreign matter visible to normal vision |
T/IMAS 040—2022[ | 呈乳白色或微黄色 Milky white or slightly yellow | 具有山羊乳固有的香气,无异味 With the inherent aroma of goat milk, no odor | 呈均匀液体,无凝块、无沉淀、无正常视力可见异物 Uniform and consistent liquid, no clots, no precipitation, no foreign matter visible to normal vision |
Table 3 Sensory requirements for raw goat milk standards
标准 Standard | 色泽 Color | 滋味与气味 Taste & smell | 组织状态 Organizational status |
---|---|---|---|
GB 19301—2010[ | 呈乳白色或微黄色 Milky white or slightly yellow | 具有乳固有的香味,无异味 With the inherent flavor of milk, no odor | 呈均匀液体,无凝块、无沉淀、无正常视力可见异物 Uniform and consistent liquid, no clots, no precipitation, no foreign matter visible to normal vision |
NY/T 657—2021[ | 呈乳白色或微黄色 Milky white or slightly yellow | 具有乳固有的香味,无异味 With the inherent flavor of milk, no odor | 呈均匀液体,无凝块、无沉淀、无正常视力可见异物 Uniform and consistent liquid, no clots, no precipitation, no foreign matter visible to normal vision |
DB61/T 425—2008[ | 呈均匀乳白色 Uniform and creamy white color | 具有新鲜羊乳特有的滋味和气味,无其他异味 With the unique taste and smell of fresh goat milk, no other odor | 呈均匀胶态液体,无沉淀,无凝块,无肉眼可见杂质和其他异物 Uniform and consistent gelatinous liquid, no precipitation, no clots, no impurities and other foreign matter visible to the naked eye |
DB37/T 2812—2016[ | 呈乳白色或微黄色 Milky white or slightly yellow | 具有羊乳固有的香味,无异味 With the inherent flavor of goat milk, no odor | 呈均匀液体,无凝块、无沉淀、无正常视力可见的异物 Uniform and consistent liquid, no clots, no precipitation, no foreign matter visible to normal vision |
Q/GSYS 0001 S—2021[ | 呈乳白色或微黄色 Milky white or slightly yellow | 具有乳固有的香味,无异味 With the inherent flavor of milk, no odor | 呈均匀液体,无凝块、无沉淀、无正常视力可见异物 Uniform and consistent liquid, no clots, no precipitation, no foreign matter visible to normal vision |
T/IMAS 040—2022[ | 呈乳白色或微黄色 Milky white or slightly yellow | 具有山羊乳固有的香气,无异味 With the inherent aroma of goat milk, no odor | 呈均匀液体,无凝块、无沉淀、无正常视力可见异物 Uniform and consistent liquid, no clots, no precipitation, no foreign matter visible to normal vision |
指标 Index | GB 19301— 2010[ | NY/T 657— 2021[ | DB61/T 425— 2008[ | DB37/T 2812— 2016[ | Q/GSYS 0001 S— 2021[ | T/IMAS 040— 2022[ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
冰点Freezing pointa,b/℃ | -0.500~-0.560 | -0.500~-0.560 | — | -0.540~-0.510 | -0.500~-0.70 | -0.500~-0.560 |
相对密度(20 ℃/4 ℃) Relative density (20 ℃/4 ℃) | ≥1.027 | ≥1.027 | ≥1.027 | ≥1.027 | ≥1.027 | ≥1.027 |
蛋白质Protein/(g·100 g-1) | ≥2.80 | ≥2.95 | ≥2.80 | ≥2.80 | ≥5.0 | ≥3.20 |
脂肪Fat/(g·100 g-1) | ≥3.10 | ≥3.10 | ≥3.20 | ≥3.10 | ≥6.0 | ≥3.50 |
杂质度 Impurity degree/(mg·L-1) | ≤4.0 | ≤4.0 | ≤4.0 | ≤4.0 | ≤4.0 | ≤4.0 |
非脂乳固体 Non-fat milk solid/ (g·100 g-1) | ≥8.10 | ≥8.20 | ≥8.10 | ≥8.10 | ≥11.0 | ≥8.50 |
酸度Acidity/(°T) | ||||||
牛乳bCow milkb | 12~18 | 12~18 | — | — | — | — |
羊乳Goat milk | 6~13 | 6~13 | 6~13 | 6~13 | — | 6~13 |
体细胞 Somatic cell/(104·mL-1) | — | ≤40 | 一级≤40 Level 1≤40 | — | — | ≤120 |
二级≤60 Level 2≤60 | ||||||
菌落总数 Colonies number/ (104 cfu·mL-1) | ≤200 | ≤200 | 一级≤50 Level 1≤50 | ≤200 | ≤50 | ≤50 |
二级≤100 Level 2≤100 | ||||||
酒精试验(65°) Alcohol experiment (65°) | — | — | 阴性 Negative | — | — | — |
Table 4 Physical and chemical indicators of raw goat milk standards
指标 Index | GB 19301— 2010[ | NY/T 657— 2021[ | DB61/T 425— 2008[ | DB37/T 2812— 2016[ | Q/GSYS 0001 S— 2021[ | T/IMAS 040— 2022[ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
冰点Freezing pointa,b/℃ | -0.500~-0.560 | -0.500~-0.560 | — | -0.540~-0.510 | -0.500~-0.70 | -0.500~-0.560 |
相对密度(20 ℃/4 ℃) Relative density (20 ℃/4 ℃) | ≥1.027 | ≥1.027 | ≥1.027 | ≥1.027 | ≥1.027 | ≥1.027 |
蛋白质Protein/(g·100 g-1) | ≥2.80 | ≥2.95 | ≥2.80 | ≥2.80 | ≥5.0 | ≥3.20 |
脂肪Fat/(g·100 g-1) | ≥3.10 | ≥3.10 | ≥3.20 | ≥3.10 | ≥6.0 | ≥3.50 |
杂质度 Impurity degree/(mg·L-1) | ≤4.0 | ≤4.0 | ≤4.0 | ≤4.0 | ≤4.0 | ≤4.0 |
非脂乳固体 Non-fat milk solid/ (g·100 g-1) | ≥8.10 | ≥8.20 | ≥8.10 | ≥8.10 | ≥11.0 | ≥8.50 |
酸度Acidity/(°T) | ||||||
牛乳bCow milkb | 12~18 | 12~18 | — | — | — | — |
羊乳Goat milk | 6~13 | 6~13 | 6~13 | 6~13 | — | 6~13 |
体细胞 Somatic cell/(104·mL-1) | — | ≤40 | 一级≤40 Level 1≤40 | — | — | ≤120 |
二级≤60 Level 2≤60 | ||||||
菌落总数 Colonies number/ (104 cfu·mL-1) | ≤200 | ≤200 | 一级≤50 Level 1≤50 | ≤200 | ≤50 | ≤50 |
二级≤100 Level 2≤100 | ||||||
酒精试验(65°) Alcohol experiment (65°) | — | — | 阴性 Negative | — | — | — |
标准来源 Standard origin | 脂肪 Fat/(g·100 g-1) | 蛋白质 Protein/(g·100 g-1) | 菌落总数 Colonies number/(104 cfu·mL-1) | 体细胞数 Somatic cell/(104·mL-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
欧盟 European Union | ≥3.5 | ≥2.9 | 生牛乳≤10 Raw cow’s milk≤10 其他动物≤150 Other animals≤150 | ≤40 |
美国United States | ≥3.5 | ≥2.0 | ≤10 | ≤75 |
加拿大 Canada | - | - | ≤5 | 牛乳≤40 Cow’s milk≤40 羊乳≤150 Goat’s milk≤150 |
澳大利亚和新西兰 Australia and New Zealand | ≥3.0 | ≥3.5 | ≤2.5 | 生牛乳≤20 Raw cow’s milk≤20 其他动物生乳≤100 Raw milk of other animals≤100 |
俄罗斯 Russia | - | ≥2.8 | 最高≤10 Highest≤10 1等≤30 Level 1≤30 2等≤50 Level 2≤50 | 最高≤25 Highest≤25 1等≤40 Level 1≤40 2等≤75 Level 2≤75 |
日本 Japan | - | - | 牛羊乳≤400 Cow and goat milk≤400 | - |
Table 5 International raw milk quality and safety indicators limited requirements
标准来源 Standard origin | 脂肪 Fat/(g·100 g-1) | 蛋白质 Protein/(g·100 g-1) | 菌落总数 Colonies number/(104 cfu·mL-1) | 体细胞数 Somatic cell/(104·mL-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
欧盟 European Union | ≥3.5 | ≥2.9 | 生牛乳≤10 Raw cow’s milk≤10 其他动物≤150 Other animals≤150 | ≤40 |
美国United States | ≥3.5 | ≥2.0 | ≤10 | ≤75 |
加拿大 Canada | - | - | ≤5 | 牛乳≤40 Cow’s milk≤40 羊乳≤150 Goat’s milk≤150 |
澳大利亚和新西兰 Australia and New Zealand | ≥3.0 | ≥3.5 | ≤2.5 | 生牛乳≤20 Raw cow’s milk≤20 其他动物生乳≤100 Raw milk of other animals≤100 |
俄罗斯 Russia | - | ≥2.8 | 最高≤10 Highest≤10 1等≤30 Level 1≤30 2等≤50 Level 2≤50 | 最高≤25 Highest≤25 1等≤40 Level 1≤40 2等≤75 Level 2≤75 |
日本 Japan | - | - | 牛羊乳≤400 Cow and goat milk≤400 | - |
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