Soil Heavy Metals Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment in Main Production Area of Jinggang Honey Pomelo

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0805

Abstract

Abstract:

To investigate the pollution characteristics and risk of heavy metals in soil of Jinggang honey pomelo orchards， 18 representative soil samples were collected from Jinggang pomelo orchards in 4 main production areas of Ji’an City， Jiangxi Province. Soil physicochemical properties and heavy metals （Cd， Pb， As， Hg and Cr） content were determined. The pollution levels of soil heavy metals were evaluated by single factor pollution index， geoaccumulation index and Nemero comprehensive pollution index. The potential ecological risks of soil heavy metals were discussed in potential ecological risk index （RI）. The results showed that soil acidification was serious， the fertility was in the middle and lower levels， and the available nitrogen was lack in the study area. The average contents of Cd， Pb， As， Hg and Cr were 0.23， 63.81， 13.95， 0.10 and 167.28 mg·kg^-1in 0 to 20 cm soil， which were 2.30， 1.99， 1.35， 1.25 and 3.49 times of the background values， respectively. The average contents of Cd， Pb， As， Hg and Cr were 0.26， 62.40， 13.51， 0.10 and 167.87 mg·kg^-1in 20 to 40 cm soil， which were 2.60， 1.94， 1.31， 1.25 and 3.50 times of the background values， respectively. There was no significant difference in heavy metal content at different depths. Single factor and geoaccumulation index analysis showed that the accumulation of Cr， Pb and Cd in the soil of the study area was serious， and 11.11% of Cd was seriously polluted. With the standard value as the reference， the soil heavy metal pollution in the study area was mainly mild pollution， belonging to low ecological hazard degree. With the background value as the reference， the soil heavy metal pollution in the study area was mainly moderate and serious， belonging to medorate and strong hazard degrees. The correlation analysis showed that Cr had good homology with Pb and As. Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH and organic matter were the main environmental factors affecting the change of heavy metals in soil of pomelo orchards in Jinggang. Overall， the heavy metal pollution of soil in the study area was light， but there were some orchards exceeding the standard and the accumulation of Cd， Cr and Pb in soil. Fruit farmers and relevant departments should pay more attention and take effective measures to prevent their ecological risks.

Key words: Jinggang honey pomelo orchards, heavy metals, pollution characteristics, environmental factors, potential ecological risks

摘要：

为探明井冈蜜柚园土壤重金属污染特征及风险状况，采集江西省吉安市4个主产区18个具有代表性的井冈蜜柚园土壤样品，测定其土壤理化性质和重金属（Cd、Pb、As、Hg和Cr）含量，采用单因子、地累积和内梅罗综合污染指数（P_N ）评价其污染程度，并采用潜在生态风险指数（RI）评价其生态风险。结果表明，研究区土壤肥力呈中下水平，酸化严重，碱解氮较缺乏。0—20 cm土壤Cd、Pb、As、Hg和Cr平均含量为0.23、63.81、13.95、0.10和167.28 mg·kg^-1，为背景值的2.30、1.99、1.35、1.25和3.49倍；20—40 cm平均含量为0.26、62.40、13.51、0.10和167.87 mg·kg^-1，为背景值的2.60、1.94、1.31、1.25和3.50倍；不同深度重金属含量差异较小。单因子污染指数和地累积指数均表明研究区土壤Cr、Pb和Cd累积程度较为严重，其中Cd有11.11%的属于重度污染。以标准值为参比，研究区土壤重金属污染程度主要呈轻度污染，属低生态危害程度；以背景值为参比，研究区土壤主要为中、重度污染，属中等、强危害程度。相关性分析表明，土壤重金属Cr与Pb、As具有较好的同源性。冗余分析表明，土壤pH和有机质含量是影响井冈蜜柚土壤重金属变化的主要环境因子。总体上，研究区土壤重金属污染较轻，但部分果园存在土壤重金属超标和Cd、Cr和Pb的累积程度较严重的问题，果农和有关部门需引起重视，采取有效措施防范其生态风险。

关键词: 井冈蜜柚园, 重金属, 污染特征, 环境因子, 潜在生态风险

CLC Number:

X820.4

Xiaobing LIN, Binqiang WANG, Yanhong CHENG, Lijun ZHOU, Shangshu HUANG, Lin WU, Qianru HUANG, Shaolang HE. Soil Heavy Metals Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment in Main Production Area of Jinggang Honey Pomelo[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(3): 188-200.

林小兵, 王斌强, 成艳红, 周利军, 黄尚书, 武琳, 黄欠如, 何绍浪. 井冈蜜柚主产区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(3): 188-200.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1 Criteria of pollution grade of soil heavy metals

单因子指数 Single factor pollution index		内梅罗综合指数 Nemero comprehensive pollution index		地质累积指数 Geoaccumulation index			潜在生态危害指数 Potential ecological risk index
P_i	污染程度 Pollution degree	P_N	污染程度 Pollution degree	I_geo	级数 Series	污染程度 Pollution degree	E_i	RI	潜在生态风险程度 Potential ecological risk
P_i ≤1	无 None	P_N≤0.7	清洁 Clean	I_geo≤0	0	无 None	E_i ≤40	RI≤150	轻微 Slight
1<P_i ≤2	轻微 Slight	0.7<P_N≤1	警戒线 Warning line	0<I_geo≤1	1	无~中度 None~moderate	40<E_i ≤80	150<RI≤300	中等 Medorate
2<P_i ≤3	轻度 Mild	1<P_N≤2	轻度 Mild	1<I_geo≤2	2	中度 Moderate	80<E_i ≤160	300<RI≤600	强 Strong
3<P_i ≤5	中度 Moderate	2<P_N≤3	中度 Moderate	2<I_geo≤3	3	中~强度 Moderate~strong	160<E_i ≤320	RI>600	很强 Very strong
P_i >5	重度 Serious	P_N>3	重度 Serious	3<I_geo≤4	4	强度 Strong	E_i >320		极强 Extremt strong
				4<I_geo≤5	5	强~极强 Strong~extremt strong
				I_geo>5	6	极强 Extremt strong

Table 2 Soil physicochemical properties in study area

土层 Soil layer/cm	项目 Item	pH	有机质 OM/（g·kg^-1）	阳离子交换量ECE/（cmol·kg^-1）	有效磷 AP/（mg·kg^-1）	碱解氮 AN/（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾 AK/（mg·kg^-1）
0—20	范围 Range	4.18~5.47	2.97~40.30	4.41~12.40	8.45~151.59	24.15~156.29	85.65~405.57
	中位值 Median	4.49	24.50	8.03	59.10	81.20	202.95
	平均值 Mean value	4.63	23.64	8.45	65.23	80.36	211.90
	标准差 Standard deviation	0.33	9.93	1.97	42.77	38.89	100.34
	变异系数 CV/%	7.12	41.99	23.37	65.56	48.40	47.35
20—40	范围 Range	4.15~5.84	1.16~41.24	4.29~12.25	2.61~216.33	12.02~253.15	53.01~432.94
	中位值 Median	4.61	18.66	7.82	34.48	33.04	129.38
	平均值 Mean value	4.71	19.02	7.81	49.15	54.14	142.25
	标准差 Standard deviation	0.41	10.52	2.09	50.69	59.05	100.45
	变异系数 CV/%	8.70	55.32	26.75	103.15	109.11	70.62

Table 3 Statistical characteristics of soil heavy metals contents in the study area

土层 Soil layer/cm	重金属含量 Heavy metal content/（mg·kg^-1）
土层 Soil layer/cm	项目Item	Cd	Pb	As	Hg	Cr
0—20	范围Range	0.08~0.79	45.79~83.45	2.69~28.28	0.01~0.18	100.41~224.84
	中位值Median	0.16	68.67	15.22	0.10	178.63
	平均值Mean	0.23	63.81	13.95	0.10	167.28
	标准差 Standard deviation	0.19	11.32	6.55	0.05	45.72
	变异系数CV/%	82.32	17.76	46.96	52.59	27.33
20—40	范围Range	0.04~1.42	33.13~94.62	2.54~27.90	0.01~0.21	96.47~244.46
	中位值Median	0.17	59.76	15.1	0.10	174.96
	平均值Mean	0.26	62.40	13.51	0.10	167.87
	标准差 Standard deviation	0.33	14.16	6.40	0.05	47.46
	变异系数CV/%	127.73	22.69	47.37	56.33	28.27
背景值Background value		0.10	32.10	10.30	0.08	48.00
标准值Standard value		0.30	70.00	40.00	1.30	150.00

Fig. 1 Single factor pollution index based on background value for soil heavy metals in the study area

Fig. 2 Single factor pollution index based on standard value for soil heavy metals in the study area

Fig. 3 Comparison of geoaccumulation indexes for soil heavy metal in the study area

Fig. 4 Potential ecological risk index based on background value for soil heavy metals in the study area

Fig. 5 Potential ecological risk index based on standard value for soil heavy metals in the study area

Table 4 Overall evaluated for soil heavy metals in the study area

土层 Soil layer/cm	标准 Standard	P_N	$P ¯$ $N$	样品比例 Sample proportion/%
土层 Soil layer/cm	标准 Standard	P_N	$P ¯$ $N$	清洁Clean P_N≤0.7	警戒线Warning line 0.7<P_N≤1	轻度污染Mild 1<P_N≤2	中度污染Moderate 2<P_N≤3	重度污染Serious P_N>3
0—20	背景值 Background value	2.15～5.86	3.29	0.00	0.00	0.00	33.33	66.67
0—20	标准值 Standard value	0.70～1.96	1.06	0.00	33.33	66.67	0.00	0.00
20—40	背景值 Background value	1.68～10.32	3.51	0.00	0.00	11.11	27.78	61.11
20—40	标准值 Standard value	0.55～3.44	1.13	11.11	33.33	50.00	0.00	5.56

Table 4 Overall evaluated for soil heavy metals in the study area

土层 Soil layer/cm	标准 Standard	P_N	$P ¯$ $N$	样品比例 Sample proportion/%
土层 Soil layer/cm	标准 Standard	P_N	$P ¯$ $N$	清洁Clean P_N≤0.7	警戒线Warning line 0.7<P_N≤1	轻度污染Mild 1<P_N≤2	中度污染Moderate 2<P_N≤3	重度污染Serious P_N>3
0—20	背景值 Background value	2.15～5.86	3.29	0.00	0.00	0.00	33.33	66.67
0—20	标准值 Standard value	0.70～1.96	1.06	0.00	33.33	66.67	0.00	0.00
20—40	背景值 Background value	1.68～10.32	3.51	0.00	0.00	11.11	27.78	61.11
20—40	标准值 Standard value	0.55～3.44	1.13	11.11	33.33	50.00	0.00	5.56

Table 5 Potential ecological risk index of soil heavy metals in the study area

土层 Soil layer/cm	标准 Standard	RI	$R ¯$ I	样品比例 Sample proportion/%
土层 Soil layer/cm	标准 Standard	RI	$R ¯$ I	轻微 Slight RI≤150	中等危害Medorate 150<RI≤300	强危害Strong 300<RI≤600	很强危害Very strong RI>600
0—20	背景值 Background value	154.22～321.67	238.04	0.00	88.89	11.11	0.00
0—20	标准值 Standard value	50.24～114.41	77.53	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
20—40	背景值 Background value	138.92～487.34	242.02	5.56	77.78	16.67	0.00
20—40	标准值 Standard value	46.43～167.54	78.77	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 5 Potential ecological risk index of soil heavy metals in the study area

土层 Soil layer/cm	标准 Standard	RI	$R ¯$ I	样品比例 Sample proportion/%
土层 Soil layer/cm	标准 Standard	RI	$R ¯$ I	轻微 Slight RI≤150	中等危害Medorate 150<RI≤300	强危害Strong 300<RI≤600	很强危害Very strong RI>600
0—20	背景值 Background value	154.22～321.67	238.04	0.00	88.89	11.11	0.00
0—20	标准值 Standard value	50.24～114.41	77.53	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
20—40	背景值 Background value	138.92～487.34	242.02	5.56	77.78	16.67	0.00
20—40	标准值 Standard value	46.43～167.54	78.77	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Fig. 6 Correlation analysis of soil heavy metals in the study areaNote： *，** and *** indicate significant correlations at P<0.05， P<0.01 and P<0.001 levels， respectively.

Fig. 7 Redundancy analysis （RDA） between soil environmental factors and soil heavy metals

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