微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀固沙对典型沙生植物叶片性状和生理特性的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0420

中国农业科技导报 ›› 2024, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (6): 170-182.DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0420

• 生物制造资源生态 • 上一篇

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀固沙对典型沙生植物叶片性状和生理特性的影响

赵鸿硕¹^,²^,³(), 曹红雨¹^,²^,³, 高广磊¹^,²^,³(), 孙哲⁴, 张英¹^,²^,³, 丁国栋¹^,²^,³

^1.北京林业大学水土保持学院，林业生态工程教育部工程研究中心，北京 100083
^2.宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地生态系统国家定位观测研究站，宁夏吴忠 751500
^3.北京林业大学，水土保持国家林业和草原局重点实验室，北京 100083
^4.电力规划总院有限公司，北京 100120

收稿日期:2023-05-31 接受日期:2023-09-28 出版日期:2024-06-15 发布日期:2024-06-12
通讯作者: 高广磊
作者简介:赵鸿硕 E-mail：zhaohongshuo@bjfu.edu.cn；
基金资助:
内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2022YFHH0131);中国能源建设股份有限公司重大科技项目(CEEC2022-ZDYF-03)

Effects of Sand Fixation Using Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation on Leaf Traits and Physiological Characteristics of Typical Psammophytes

Hongshuo ZHAO¹^,²^,³(), Hongyu CAO¹^,²^,³, Guanglei GAO¹^,²^,³(), Zhe SUN⁴, Ying ZHANG¹^,²^,³, Guodong DING¹^,²^,³

^1.Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education，College of Soil and Water Conservation，Beijing Forestry University，Beijing 100083，China
^2.Yanchi Ecology Research Station of the MU Us Desert，Ningxia Wuzhong 751500，China
^3.Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation，Beijing Forestry University，Beijing 100083，China
^4.China Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute，Beijing 100120，China

Received:2023-05-31 Accepted:2023-09-28 Online:2024-06-15 Published:2024-06-12
Contact: Guanglei GAO

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（microorganism induced carbonate precipitation，MICP）能够填充土壤孔隙，减少水分蒸发和增强风沙土的抗风蚀性，其防风固沙效果已得到证实，但其对沙生植物叶片性状和生长生理过程的影响尚不明确，为揭示微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀固沙对沙生植物叶性状和光合生理特征的影响，以沙蓬（Agriophyllum squarrosum）、斜茎黄芪（Astragalus laxmannii）、柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）、蒙古羊柴（Corethrodendron fruticosum）4种沙生植物为研究对象，开展室内盆栽试验，对比分析不同菌剂施用量（高、中、低）和固结层位置（下、中、上）处理下沙生植物的叶性状和生理特性。结果表明，①微生物诱导碳酸钙分布在风沙土颗粒间，且呈立方体形、菱形、球形和不定形等多种晶态，能够胶结风沙土颗粒。②菌剂处理显著提高了4种沙生植物土壤的有机质和碳酸钙含量；施加高水平菌剂时，固结层下处理组沙蓬和斜茎黄芪土壤的有机质和碳酸钙含量显著高于其他处理组；其中斜茎黄芪土壤有机质含量的增幅最大，为90.19%，柠条锦鸡儿土壤碳酸钙含量增幅最大，为41.47%。③高水平菌剂处理组沙蓬的比叶面积显著高于其他处理组，平均提高0.98%；低水平菌剂处理组沙蓬和斜茎黄芪的叶干物质含量显著高于其他处理组，分别平均提高34.11%和24.18%。固结层中处理组沙蓬、斜茎黄芪和柠条锦鸡儿的比叶面积显著低于其他处理组。④高水平菌剂处理组沙蓬、斜茎黄芪和柠条锦鸡儿的叶绿素含量显著高于其他处理组，分别平均提高9.01%、12.97%和31.77%；中水平菌剂处理组沙蓬、高水平菌剂处理组斜茎黄芪和柠条锦鸡儿的最大净光合速率显著高于其他处理组，分别平均提高55.70%、48.39%和13.24%。综上，施加菌剂能够提高土壤有机质和碳酸钙含量，为植物生长提供充足的养分，因此沙蓬、斜茎黄芪和柠条锦鸡儿的光合生理特性显著高于对照组，但植物叶性状对土壤有机质和碳酸钙含量响应不显著。微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀固沙对中水平菌剂处理沙蓬、高水平菌剂处理斜茎黄芪和柠条锦鸡儿的叶性状和光合生理特性有促进作用，但是对蒙古羊柴的叶性状和光合生理特性有抑制作用。以上研究结果为丰富完善微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀固沙技术提供理论依据和科学支撑。

关键词: 微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀, 沙生植物, 叶片性状, 生理特性

Abstract:

Microorganism induced carbonate precipitation （MICP） can fill soil pores， reduce water evaporation and enhance the wind erosion resistance of aeolian sandy soil. Its effect of wind prevention and sand fixation has been confirmed， but its impact on the leaf characteristics and growth physiological process of sandy plants is not clear. In order to reveal the effect of micro-organism-induced calcium carbonate precipitation and sand fixation on the leaf characteristics and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of desert plants， the indoor pot experiment was carried out with 4 kinds of desert plants， namely， Agriophyllum squarostrum， Astragalus laxmannii， Caragana korshinskii and Corethrodendron fruticosum as the research objects. The leaf characteristics and physiological characteristics of desert plants with high （H）， middle （M） and low （L） microbial agent levels and top （T）， centre （C） and bottom （B） of consolidation layer were compared and analyzed. The results were followed. ① Microorganism induced carbonate was distributed among the aeolian sand particles， and it was cubic， rhombic， spherical and amorphous， which could cement the aeolian sand particles. ② The microbial agent treatment significantly increased the soil organic matter and calcium carbonate contents of 4 types of sandy plants. When high level of microbial agents were applied， the soil organic matter and calcium carbonate contents of consolidation B layer treatment group were significantly higher than those of the other treatment groups. The organic matter content in the soil of A. laxmannii increased the most， reaching to 90.19%， while the calcium carbonate content in the soil of C. korshinskii increased the most， reaching to 41.47%. ③ The specific leaf area of A. squarostrum in high level microbial agent treatment group was significantly higher than those in other treatment groups， average increase of 0.98%； and the dry matter contents of A. squarostrum and A. laxmannii in low level microbial agent treatment group were significantly higher than those in other treatment groups， with an average increase of 34.11% and 24.18%， respectively. In the consolidation layer C treatment group， the specific leaf areas of A. squarostrum， A. laxmannii and C. korshinskii were significantly lower than those in the other treatment groups. ④ The content of chlorophyll in leaves of A. squarostrum， A. laxmannii and C. korshinskii under the high level microbial agent treatment group were significantly higher than those in the other treatment groups， with an average increase of 9.01%， 12.97%， and 31.77%， respectively； and the maximum net photosynthetic rates of the middle level microbial agent treatment group were significantly higher than those in the other treatment groups， with an average increase of 55.70%， 48.39% and 13.24%， respectively. In conclusion， the application of microbial agent could increase the contents of soil organic matter and calcium carbonate， provided sufficient nutrients for plant growth. Therefore， the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of A. membranaceus， A. obliquus， and C. caragana under the microbial agent treatment groups were significantly higher than those of control. However， the response of plant leaf traits to soil organic matter and calcium carbonate content was not significant. MICP could promote the leaf traits and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of A. squarostrum under the middle level microbial agent treatment and the high level treatment of A. laxmannii and C. korshinskii， but could inhibit the leaf traits and physiological characteristics of C. fruticosum. Above results provided theoretical basis and scientific support for enriching and improving the technology of microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation and sand fixation.

Key words: microbially induced carbonate precipitation, psammophytes, leaf traits, physiological characteristics

中图分类号:

S156.5

赵鸿硕, 曹红雨, 高广磊, 孙哲, 张英, 丁国栋. 微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀固沙对典型沙生植物叶片性状和生理特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(6): 170-182.

Hongshuo ZHAO, Hongyu CAO, Guanglei GAO, Zhe SUN, Ying ZHANG, Guodong DING. Effects of Sand Fixation Using Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation on Leaf Traits and Physiological Characteristics of Typical Psammophytes[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(6): 170-182.

图/表 9

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物种 Species	指标 Index	土壤有机质SOM	CaCO₃	比叶面积SLA	叶干物质含量 LDMC	叶绿素Chl	表观量子效率 AQE	最大净光合速率 P_nmax	光饱和点 LSP	光补偿点 LCP	暗呼吸速率R_d
沙蓬 Agriophyllum squarrosum	F_A	56.722^**	4.497^*	8.981^**	33.056^**	26.627^**	0.067	85.477^**	8.068^**	2.502	4.390^*
	F_P	26.185^**	3.696^*	16.328^**	1.255	7.404^**	1.934	6.097^**	1.486	1.102	0.375
	F_A×P	60.589^**	2.723^*	5.717^**	6.747^**	18.316^**	3.629^*	5.440^**	7.950^**	0.684	1.847
斜茎黄芪 Astragalus laxmannii	F_A	235.105^**	46.306^**	3.942^*	8.066^**	4.082^*	682.761^**	26.192^**	1.081	0.735	1.153
	F_P	27.764^**	2.775	15.052^**	0.032	4.377^*	0.041	4.554^*	0.828	0.475	1.225
	F_A×P	47.714^**	8.025^**	2.842^*	1.283	0.407	1.006	8.119^**	1.734	1.352	0.194
柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii	F_A	78.430^**	93.108^**	2.697	0.295	7.266^**	3.415^*	1.411	2.288	3.069^*	5.569^**
	F_P	18.975^**	3.505^*	27.264^**	1.456	12.082^**	0.054	4.885^*	1.640	5.099^*	1.782
	F_A×P	37.335^**	6.595^**	7.154^**	2.344	5.803^**	0.013	6.237^**	1.545	2.770^*	0.694
蒙古羊柴 Corethrodendron fruticosum	F_A	50.673^**	17.879^**	20.995^**	7.381^**	4.962^**	32.300^**	79.186^**	3.428^*	4.370^*	1.040
	F_P	7.825^**	2.254	1.104	3.681^*	1.076	5.366^*	1.341	0.476	0.916	2.834
	F_A×P	11.095^**	1.681	2.116	4.820^**	0.641	2.539^*	3.611^*	2.028	1.889	2.106

物种 Species	指标 Index	土壤有机质SOM	CaCO₃	比叶面积SLA	叶干物质含量 LDMC	叶绿素Chl	表观量子效率 AQE	最大净光合速率 P_nmax	光饱和点 LSP	光补偿点 LCP	暗呼吸速率R_d
沙蓬 Agriophyllum squarrosum	F_A	56.722^**	4.497^*	8.981^**	33.056^**	26.627^**	0.067	85.477^**	8.068^**	2.502	4.390^*
	F_P	26.185^**	3.696^*	16.328^**	1.255	7.404^**	1.934	6.097^**	1.486	1.102	0.375
	F_A×P	60.589^**	2.723^*	5.717^**	6.747^**	18.316^**	3.629^*	5.440^**	7.950^**	0.684	1.847
斜茎黄芪 Astragalus laxmannii	F_A	235.105^**	46.306^**	3.942^*	8.066^**	4.082^*	682.761^**	26.192^**	1.081	0.735	1.153
	F_P	27.764^**	2.775	15.052^**	0.032	4.377^*	0.041	4.554^*	0.828	0.475	1.225
	F_A×P	47.714^**	8.025^**	2.842^*	1.283	0.407	1.006	8.119^**	1.734	1.352	0.194
柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii	F_A	78.430^**	93.108^**	2.697	0.295	7.266^**	3.415^*	1.411	2.288	3.069^*	5.569^**
	F_P	18.975^**	3.505^*	27.264^**	1.456	12.082^**	0.054	4.885^*	1.640	5.099^*	1.782
	F_A×P	37.335^**	6.595^**	7.154^**	2.344	5.803^**	0.013	6.237^**	1.545	2.770^*	0.694
蒙古羊柴 Corethrodendron fruticosum	F_A	50.673^**	17.879^**	20.995^**	7.381^**	4.962^**	32.300^**	79.186^**	3.428^*	4.370^*	1.040
	F_P	7.825^**	2.254	1.104	3.681^*	1.076	5.366^*	1.341	0.476	0.916	2.834
	F_A×P	11.095^**	1.681	2.116	4.820^**	0.641	2.539^*	3.611^*	2.028	1.889	2.106

物种 Species	处理 Treatment		表观量子效率 AQE	最大净光合速率P_nmax/ （μmol·m^-2·s^-1）	光饱和点 LSP/ （μmol·m^-2·s^-1）	光补偿点 LCP/ （μmol·m^-2·s^-1）	暗呼吸速率 R_d/（μmol·m^-2·s^-1）	决定系数 R²
沙蓬 Agriophyllum squarrosum	CK	B	0.042 αβa	11.62 βa	1 162.28 γa	63.13 αa	2.28 αa	0.992
		C	0.036 αba	11.46 γa	1 161.86 βa	61.73 αa	2.22 αa	0.991
		T	0.041 αa	11.54 γa	1 155.81 βa	62.93 αβa	2.21 αβa	0.992
	L	B	0.051 αa	10.85 βa	1 609.89 αa	41.03 αa	1.77 αa	0.990
		C	0.025 βb	10.98 γa	1 219.24 βb	39.52 βa	0.96 βb	0.997
		T	0.035 αβab	9.99 γa	1 305.60 αβb	41.93 βa	1.36 βab	0.997
	M	B	0.033 βa	17.06 αb	1 184.21 γa	44.78 αa	1.43 αa	0.992
		C	0.048 αa	16.45 αb	1 545.55 αa	59.08 αβa	2.42 αa	0.998
		T	0.033 αβa	21.23 αa	1 506.53 αa	85.63 αa	2.70 αa	0.996
	H	B	0.038 αβa	16.36 αa	1 467.69 βa	64.25 αa	2.05 αa	0.991
		C	0.038 αβa	13.84 βa	1 236.61 βa	57.35 αβa	2.06 αa	0.999
		T	0.028 βa	17.18 βa	1 430.02 αa	70.41 αβa	1.88 αβa	0.997
斜茎黄芪 Astragalus laxmannii	CK	B	0.033 αa	11.75 βa	1 474.40 αa	45.81 αβa	1.41 αa	0.999
		C	0.033 αa	12.35 βa	1 456.57 αβa	44.67 αa	1.39 αa	0.992
		T	0.035 αa	11.23 γa	1 459.10 αa	43.93 αa	1.43 αa	0.996
	L	B	0.030 βa	9.85 βb	1 427.10 αa	62.55 αa	1.53 αa	0.997
		C	0.038 βa	14.92 αa	1 607.01 αa	56.70 αa	1.81 αa	0.998
		T	0.057 βa	15.56 βa	1 326.04 αa	39.50 αa	2.00 αa	0.997
	M	B	0.043 βa	11.48 βa	1 414.63 αa	32.75 βa	1.31 αa	0.996
		C	0.032 βa	10.20 βa	1 371.24 αβa	57.11 αa	1.69 αa	0.996
		T	0.037 βa	11.80 γa	1 323.44 αa	51.63 αa	1.78 αa	0.999
	H	B	0.039 βa	20.31 αa	1 504.00 αa	46.13 αβa	1.76 αa	0.997
		C	0.037 βa	13.02 αβb	1 343.88 βb	51.39 αa	1.77 αa	0.995
		T	0.033 βa	18.48 αa	1 475.26 αab	62.87 αa	1.89 αa	0.996
柠条锦鸡儿Caragana korshinskii	CK	B	0.035 αa	9.36 αβa	1 433.48 αa	82.32 αa	2.12 αa	0.990
		C	0.034 αa	9.43 βa	1 445.71 αa	81.71 αβa	2.17 αa	0.998
		T	0.034 αa	8.57 αa	1 435.846 αa	79.88 αa	2.03 αa	0.994
	L	B	0.024 αa	6.26 βb	1 145.02 αa	51.07 αa	1.10 αa	0.995
		C	0.031 αa	12.76 αa	1 341.10 αa	53.48 βa	1.48 αβa	0.999
		T	0.033 αa	10.77 αa	1 435.52 αa	31.16 βa	0.93 βa	0.994
	M	B	0.018 αa	9.09 αβa	1 314.52 αa	100.03 αa	1.68 αa	0.990
		C	0.024 αa	12.13 αa	1 607.39 αa	44.03 βb	0.90 βa	0.997
		T	0.022 αa	12.08 αa	1 278.94 αa	23.31 βb	0.48 βa	0.989
	H	B	0.029 αab	11.21 αa	1 305.68 αa	67.75 αa	2.07 αa	0.992
		C	0.023 αb	6.37 γb	1 339.84 αa	119.96 αa	2.25 αa	0.990
		T	0.041 αa	12.85 αa	968.37 βb	33.81 βa	1.36 βa	0.996
蒙古羊柴Corethrodendron fruticosum	CK	B	0.049 αa	24.10 αa	1 250.73 αa	32.55 βa	1.53 αa	0.996
		C	0.045 αa	23.38 αa	1 280.05 αa	32.63 βa	1.43 αa	0.992
		T	0.044 αa	22.94 αa	1 265.46 γa	33.61 βa	1.47 αβa	0.995
	L	B	0.018 βa	9.15 αa	1 416.87 αa	103.06 αa	1.72 αa	0.997
		C	0.020 γa	12.77 γa	1 452.36 αa	88.36 αa	1.73 αa	0.990
		T	0.020 γa	12.32 γa	1 363.30 βa	61.05 αβa	1.22 βa	0.997
	M	B	0.040 αa	18.18 βa	1 318.29 αa	49.33 αβa	1.81 αab	0.998
		C	0.020 γb	13.59 βγb	1 436.83 αa	56.18 αβa	1.09 αb	0.986
		T	0.029 βγab	14.82 γab	1 401.00 βa	118.09 αa	3.14 αa	0.990
	H	B	0.036 αa	19.81 βa	1 323.05 αb	39.66 βa	1.41 αa	0.996
		C	0.027 βa	16.48 βb	1 346.72 αb	57.09 αβa	1.55 αa	0.991
		T	0.034 βa	19.97 βa	1 548.12 αa	78.29 αβa	2.56 αβa	0.995

物种 Species	处理 Treatment		表观量子效率 AQE	最大净光合速率P_nmax/ （μmol·m^-2·s^-1）	光饱和点 LSP/ （μmol·m^-2·s^-1）	光补偿点 LCP/ （μmol·m^-2·s^-1）	暗呼吸速率 R_d/（μmol·m^-2·s^-1）	决定系数 R²
沙蓬 Agriophyllum squarrosum	CK	B	0.042 αβa	11.62 βa	1 162.28 γa	63.13 αa	2.28 αa	0.992
		C	0.036 αba	11.46 γa	1 161.86 βa	61.73 αa	2.22 αa	0.991
		T	0.041 αa	11.54 γa	1 155.81 βa	62.93 αβa	2.21 αβa	0.992
	L	B	0.051 αa	10.85 βa	1 609.89 αa	41.03 αa	1.77 αa	0.990
		C	0.025 βb	10.98 γa	1 219.24 βb	39.52 βa	0.96 βb	0.997
		T	0.035 αβab	9.99 γa	1 305.60 αβb	41.93 βa	1.36 βab	0.997
	M	B	0.033 βa	17.06 αb	1 184.21 γa	44.78 αa	1.43 αa	0.992
		C	0.048 αa	16.45 αb	1 545.55 αa	59.08 αβa	2.42 αa	0.998
		T	0.033 αβa	21.23 αa	1 506.53 αa	85.63 αa	2.70 αa	0.996
	H	B	0.038 αβa	16.36 αa	1 467.69 βa	64.25 αa	2.05 αa	0.991
		C	0.038 αβa	13.84 βa	1 236.61 βa	57.35 αβa	2.06 αa	0.999
		T	0.028 βa	17.18 βa	1 430.02 αa	70.41 αβa	1.88 αβa	0.997
斜茎黄芪 Astragalus laxmannii	CK	B	0.033 αa	11.75 βa	1 474.40 αa	45.81 αβa	1.41 αa	0.999
		C	0.033 αa	12.35 βa	1 456.57 αβa	44.67 αa	1.39 αa	0.992
		T	0.035 αa	11.23 γa	1 459.10 αa	43.93 αa	1.43 αa	0.996
	L	B	0.030 βa	9.85 βb	1 427.10 αa	62.55 αa	1.53 αa	0.997
		C	0.038 βa	14.92 αa	1 607.01 αa	56.70 αa	1.81 αa	0.998
		T	0.057 βa	15.56 βa	1 326.04 αa	39.50 αa	2.00 αa	0.997
	M	B	0.043 βa	11.48 βa	1 414.63 αa	32.75 βa	1.31 αa	0.996
		C	0.032 βa	10.20 βa	1 371.24 αβa	57.11 αa	1.69 αa	0.996
		T	0.037 βa	11.80 γa	1 323.44 αa	51.63 αa	1.78 αa	0.999
	H	B	0.039 βa	20.31 αa	1 504.00 αa	46.13 αβa	1.76 αa	0.997
		C	0.037 βa	13.02 αβb	1 343.88 βb	51.39 αa	1.77 αa	0.995
		T	0.033 βa	18.48 αa	1 475.26 αab	62.87 αa	1.89 αa	0.996
柠条锦鸡儿Caragana korshinskii	CK	B	0.035 αa	9.36 αβa	1 433.48 αa	82.32 αa	2.12 αa	0.990
		C	0.034 αa	9.43 βa	1 445.71 αa	81.71 αβa	2.17 αa	0.998
		T	0.034 αa	8.57 αa	1 435.846 αa	79.88 αa	2.03 αa	0.994
	L	B	0.024 αa	6.26 βb	1 145.02 αa	51.07 αa	1.10 αa	0.995
		C	0.031 αa	12.76 αa	1 341.10 αa	53.48 βa	1.48 αβa	0.999
		T	0.033 αa	10.77 αa	1 435.52 αa	31.16 βa	0.93 βa	0.994
	M	B	0.018 αa	9.09 αβa	1 314.52 αa	100.03 αa	1.68 αa	0.990
		C	0.024 αa	12.13 αa	1 607.39 αa	44.03 βb	0.90 βa	0.997
		T	0.022 αa	12.08 αa	1 278.94 αa	23.31 βb	0.48 βa	0.989
	H	B	0.029 αab	11.21 αa	1 305.68 αa	67.75 αa	2.07 αa	0.992
		C	0.023 αb	6.37 γb	1 339.84 αa	119.96 αa	2.25 αa	0.990
		T	0.041 αa	12.85 αa	968.37 βb	33.81 βa	1.36 βa	0.996
蒙古羊柴Corethrodendron fruticosum	CK	B	0.049 αa	24.10 αa	1 250.73 αa	32.55 βa	1.53 αa	0.996
		C	0.045 αa	23.38 αa	1 280.05 αa	32.63 βa	1.43 αa	0.992
		T	0.044 αa	22.94 αa	1 265.46 γa	33.61 βa	1.47 αβa	0.995
	L	B	0.018 βa	9.15 αa	1 416.87 αa	103.06 αa	1.72 αa	0.997
		C	0.020 γa	12.77 γa	1 452.36 αa	88.36 αa	1.73 αa	0.990
		T	0.020 γa	12.32 γa	1 363.30 βa	61.05 αβa	1.22 βa	0.997
	M	B	0.040 αa	18.18 βa	1 318.29 αa	49.33 αβa	1.81 αab	0.998
		C	0.020 γb	13.59 βγb	1 436.83 αa	56.18 αβa	1.09 αb	0.986
		T	0.029 βγab	14.82 γab	1 401.00 βa	118.09 αa	3.14 αa	0.990
	H	B	0.036 αa	19.81 βa	1 323.05 αb	39.66 βa	1.41 αa	0.996
		C	0.027 βa	16.48 βb	1 346.72 αb	57.09 αβa	1.55 αa	0.991
		T	0.034 βa	19.97 βa	1 548.12 αa	78.29 αβa	2.56 αβa	0.995

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