对辊拨刷式藠头收获机设计与试验

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0828

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对藠头机械收获时根土分离效果差、损伤率高等问题，设计了一种对辊拨刷式藠头收获机，主要由挖掘铲、摆动筛、拨送辊、碎土辊、缓冲低铺栅等组成。提出了“对辊差速碎土+拨刷式输送分离”的藠头收获技术方案，即碎土辊与拨送辊配合，以较高的速度对土壤进行破碎，拨送辊不断向后拨送，完成对藠头根茎与土壤的分离；并对碎土辊旋转碎土与拨送辊低损拨送的作业机理进行分析，确定了影响藠头收获效果的主要因素及其取值范围。以机具前进速度、对辊转速差、碎土辊旋转半径为试验因素，以根土分离率、根茎损伤率为评价指标进行二次旋转正交组合试验，建立试验因素与评价指标的回归模型，分析试验因素对评价指标的影响。采用Design-Expert13.0软件进行优化分析，得出最佳的参数组合：在机具前进速度为0.38 m·s^-1，转速差为46.02 r·min^-1，碎土辊旋转半径为48.72 mm时，根土分离率为89.30%，根茎损伤率为1.73%，在相同条件下进行田间验证试验，根土分离率为88.5%，根茎损伤率为1.78%，机具满足藠头收获要求。该研究可为藠头机械化收获根土分离技术及装备研究提供参考。

关键词: 收获机, 藠头, 根茎类作物, 对辊拨刷, 根土分离

Abstract:

Aming at the problems of poor rhizome soil separation and high damage rate in mechanized harvesting of Allium chinense， a new type of Allium chinense harvester was designed， which was mainly composed of digging shovel， swinging sieve， nail roll， throwing roll， buffer laying device. This paper studied the working mechanism of “opposite roller crushing soil + squeeze-brushing separation” of the Allium chinense harvester， which was that the soil crushing roller cooperated with the feeding roller to crush the soil at a higher speed， and the feeding roller continuously pushed backward to complete the separation of the rhizome soil of the Allium chinense； the main factors affecting the harvesting effect of the Allium chinense were analyzed and their value range was determined. A quadratic rotation orthogonal combination experiment was conducted using the forward speed of the machine， the speed difference of the opposite roller， and the rotation radius of the soil crushing roller as experimental factors， and the rhizome soil separation rate and rhizome damage rate as evaluation indicators. This article established a regression model between experimental factors and evaluation indicators， analyzed the impact of experimental factors on evaluation indicators， and optimized working parameters. The results showed that at forward speed of 0.38 m·s^-1 and speed difference of 46.02 r·min^-1， When the rotation radius of the soil crushing roller was 48.72 mm， the rhizome soil separation rate was 89.30% and the rhizome damage rate was 1.73%. And verification tests were conducted under the same conditions， with rhizome soil separation rate of 88.5% and rhizome damage rate of 1.78%. The machinery meets the requirements for harvesting Allium chinense， and the results provided reference for the research of rhizome soil separation technology and equipment for mechanized harvesting of Allium chinense.

Key words: harvester, Allium chinense, rhizome crops, opposite roller extrusion, soil separation

中图分类号:

S22.57+9

柳亚峰, 方志超, 夏海峰, 曲永波, 吴明亮. 对辊拨刷式藠头收获机设计与试验[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(6): 72-81.

Yafeng LIU, Zhichao FANG, Haifeng XIA, Yongbo QU, Mingliang WU. Design and Experiment of a Opposite Roller Extrusion Type Allium chinense Harvester[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(6): 72-81.

图/表 13

表1 对辊拨刷式藠头收获机主要参数

Table 1 Technical parameters of double roller extrusion type Allium chinense harvester

参数 Parameter	数值 Value
外形尺寸（长×宽×高） Shape size（length×width×high）/m	2.0×1.9×1.5
作业幅宽 Operating width/m	1.6
前进速度 Forward speed/（m·s^-1）	0.2~0.6
最大挖掘深度 Digging depth/m	0.3
生产率 Productivity/（hm²·h^-1）	1.152~3.456
整机质量 Total weight/kg	450
配套动力 Mating power/kW	50~70

图1 藠头收获机结构注：1—挖掘铲；2—摆动筛；3—摆动摇杆；4—可调连杆；5—三点悬挂架；6—机架；7—传动轴；8—限深调节轮；9—拨送辊；10—碎土辊；11—限深轮；12—集料栅。

Fig. 1 Structure of Allium chinense harvesterNote：1—Excavation shovel； 2—Swinging sieve； 3—Adjustable connecting rod； 4—Connecting rod； 5—Suspension bracket； 6—Body frame； 7—Transmission shaft； 8—Depth adjustment handwheel； 9—Feeding roller； 10—Crushing roller； 11—Depth wheel； 12—Laying grid.

图2 对辊拨刷分离示意图注：1—挖掘铲；2—摆动筛；3—藠头；4—土壤；5—碎土辊；6—拨送辊。

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of opposite roller extrusion separationNote：1—Excavation shovel； 2—Swinging sieve； 3—Allium chinense； 4—Soil； 5—Crushing roller； 6—Feeding roller.

图3 拨轮曲线

Fig. 3 Analysis of poking wheel curve

图4 拨轮结构

Fig. 4 Structure of poking wheel

图5 对辊端点运动轨迹

Fig. 5 Motion trajectory of point on opposite roller

图6 破碎土块力学分析

Fig. 6 Mechanical analysis of soil crushing process

表2 试验因素及水平

Table 2 Experimental factors and levels

水平 Level	因素 Factor
水平 Level	X₁：前进速度 Forward speed/（m·s^-1）	X₂：转速差 Rotation difference/（r·min^-1）	X₃：旋转半径 Rotation radius/mm
-1	0.2	40	40
0	0.4	60	50
1	0.6	80	60

表3 试验方案与结果

Table 3 Test scheme and results

试验号 Test number	X₁	X₂	X₃	Y₁/%	Y₂/%
1	1	0	1	88.0	2.90
2	0	1	-1	86.0	2.16
3	0	-1	-1	85.9	1.58
4	0	0	0	90.2	1.99
5	0	0	0	89.5	1.89
6	1	1	0	90.6	2.47
7	0	0	0	89.9	1.84
8	0	0	0	90.0	2.05
9	-1	1	0	89.1	2.43
10	0	-1	1	86.2	2.36
11	1	0	-1	86.2	2.29
12	0	1	1	89.1	2.63
13	0	0	0	90.5	2.10
14	-1	-1	0	88.1	1.61
15	-1	0	-1	85.7	1.91
16	-1	0	1	86.1	2.52
17	1	-1	0	89.3	2.19

表4 根土分离率方差分析及显著性检验

Table 4 Variance analysis for root-soil separation rate

来源 Source	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	均方 Mean square	F值 F value	P值 P value
模型 Model	53.68	9	5.96	52.16	<0.000 1^**
$X 1$	3.25	1	3.25	28.43	0.001 1^**
$X 2$	3.51	1	3.51	30.70	0.000 9^**
$X 3$	3.92	1	3.92	34.28	0.000 6^**
$X 1 X 2$	0.02	1	0.02	0.19	0.670 7
$X 1 X 3$	0.49	1	0.49	4.28	0.077 2
$X 2 X 3$	1.96	1	1.96	17.14	0.004 3^**
$X 12$	1.15	1	1.15	10.05	0.015 7^*
$X 22$	0.21	1	0.20	1.82	0.219 0
$X 32$	37.83	1	37.83	330.80	<0.000 1^**
残差 Residual	0.800 5	7	0.114 4
失拟 Lack of fit	0.252 5	3	0.084 2	0.614 4	0.640 9
误差 Error	0.548	4	0.137
总和 Sum	54.48	16

表4 根土分离率方差分析及显著性检验

Table 4 Variance analysis for root-soil separation rate

来源 Source	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	均方 Mean square	F值 F value	P值 P value
模型 Model	53.68	9	5.96	52.16	<0.000 1^**
$X 1$	3.25	1	3.25	28.43	0.001 1^**
$X 2$	3.51	1	3.51	30.70	0.000 9^**
$X 3$	3.92	1	3.92	34.28	0.000 6^**
$X 1 X 2$	0.02	1	0.02	0.19	0.670 7
$X 1 X 3$	0.49	1	0.49	4.28	0.077 2
$X 2 X 3$	1.96	1	1.96	17.14	0.004 3^**
$X 12$	1.15	1	1.15	10.05	0.015 7^*
$X 22$	0.21	1	0.20	1.82	0.219 0
$X 32$	37.83	1	37.83	330.80	<0.000 1^**
残差 Residual	0.800 5	7	0.114 4
失拟 Lack of fit	0.252 5	3	0.084 2	0.614 4	0.640 9
误差 Error	0.548	4	0.137
总和 Sum	54.48	16

表5 根茎损伤率方差分析

Table 5 Variance analysis for damage rate of rhizome

来源 Source	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	均方 Mean square	F值 F value	P值 P value
模型 Model	1.990 0	9	0.220 7	97.00	0.000 1^**
$X 1$	0.238 0	1	0.238 0	29.08	0.001^**
$X 2$	0.475 3	1	0.475 3	58.07	0.000 1^**
$X 3$	0.762 6	1	0.762 6	93.17	<0.000 1^**
$X 1 X 2$	0.072 9	1	0.072 9	8.91	0.020 4^*
$X 1 X 3$	0	1	0	0	1.000 0
$X 2 X 3$	0.024 0	1	0.024 0	2.94	0.130 4
$X 12$	0.188 8	1	0.188 8	23.07	0.002 0^**
$X 22$	0.000 5	1	0.000 5	0.06	0.814 4
$X 32$	0.202 4	1	0.202 4	24.73	0.001 6^**
残差Residual	0.057 3	7	0.008 2
失拟Lack of fit	0.010 4	3	0.003 5	0.294 8	0.828 3
误差Error	0.046 9	4	0.011 7
总和Sum	2.040 0	16

表5 根茎损伤率方差分析

Table 5 Variance analysis for damage rate of rhizome

来源 Source	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	均方 Mean square	F值 F value	P值 P value
模型 Model	1.990 0	9	0.220 7	97.00	0.000 1^**
$X 1$	0.238 0	1	0.238 0	29.08	0.001^**
$X 2$	0.475 3	1	0.475 3	58.07	0.000 1^**
$X 3$	0.762 6	1	0.762 6	93.17	<0.000 1^**
$X 1 X 2$	0.072 9	1	0.072 9	8.91	0.020 4^*
$X 1 X 3$	0	1	0	0	1.000 0
$X 2 X 3$	0.024 0	1	0.024 0	2.94	0.130 4
$X 12$	0.188 8	1	0.188 8	23.07	0.002 0^**
$X 22$	0.000 5	1	0.000 5	0.06	0.814 4
$X 32$	0.202 4	1	0.202 4	24.73	0.001 6^**
残差Residual	0.057 3	7	0.008 2
失拟Lack of fit	0.010 4	3	0.003 5	0.294 8	0.828 3
误差Error	0.046 9	4	0.011 7
总和Sum	2.040 0	16

图7 试验因素交互作用对指标影响的响应面

Fig. 7 Response surface of influence of test factors on index

表6 模型预测值与验证试验结果对比

Table.6 Comparison of model prediction and validation test results

试验号 Test number	Y₁：根土分离率 Rhizome soil separation rate/%	Y₂：根茎损伤率 Rhizome damage rate/%
1	88.9	1.81
2	87.9	1.73
3	89.6	1.87
4	88.5	1.78
5	87.7	1.71
平均值 Average value	88.5	1.78
预测值 Prediction value	89.3	1.73
相对误差 Relative error	0.89	2.89

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