微生物菌剂对设施番茄主要病害及土壤微生物群落的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0877

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究微生物菌剂对番茄产量、病害发生率、土壤理化性质及微生物群落结构的影响，以不加微生物菌剂为对照（CK），设置在番茄定植后1~3个月分别施用1（T1）、2（T2）、3次（T3）枯草芽孢杆菌，分析不同施用次数处理下番茄植株的发病率、产量及土壤的理化性质和微生物群落结构。结果表明，与CK相比，T1、T2、T3处理的产量分别显著提高16.60%、39.58%、29.43%，且显著降低了设施番茄灰霉病、叶霉病、晚疫病的发病率。Alpha多样性指数显示，T1、T2和T3处理土壤细菌的Chao指数和Shannon指数显著增加，而土壤真菌的Chao指数和Shannon指数均显著降低，说明添加微生物菌剂提高了土壤细菌群落的多样性和丰富度，降低了真菌群落的多样性和丰富度。随着微生物菌剂使用次数的增加，提高了土壤细菌群落中放线菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、厚壁菌门、髌骨细菌门以及真菌群落中被孢菌门、担子菌门、壶菌门、油壶菌门和Calcarisporiellomycota的相对丰度，降低了土壤细菌群落中绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门以及真菌群落中子囊菌门的相对丰度。冗余分析（redundancy analysis，RDA）表明，土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量与细菌群落结构的相关性较大，而土壤pH、电导率及有机质、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量与真菌群落结构的相关性较大。综上所述，施用微生物菌剂可显著降低番茄病害发生率，提高番茄产量，改善土壤中微生物群落结构，调节土壤微生物群落朝着健康的方向发展。

关键词: 番茄, 微生物菌剂, 微生物群落, 土壤理化性质

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of microbial agent on tomato yield， disease incidence， soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure， no microbial agent was as control （CK）， and Bacillus subtilis was applied with 1 （T1）， 2 （T2） and 3 （T3） times in 1~3 months after tomato transplanting. The incidence and yield of tomato plants and soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure under different treatments were determined. The results showed that， compared with CK， the yield of T1， T2 and T3 treatments significantly increased by 16.60%， 39.58% and 29.43%， and the incidence of gray mold， leaf mold and late blight significantly reduced. Alpha diversity indices showed that Chao and Shannon indices of soil bacteria significantly increased in T1， T2 and T3 treatments； Chao and Shannon indices of soil fungi significantly decreased in T1， T2 and T3 treatments， which indicated that the addition of microbial agent increased the diversity and richness of bacterial communities and decreased the diversity and richness of fungal communities. In addition， the relative abundance of Actinobacteria， Bacteroidetes， Gemmatimonadetes， Firmicutes， Patescibacteria in bacterial and Mortierellomycota， Basidiomycota， Chytridiomycota， Olpidiomycota and Calcarisporiellomycota in fungi were increased with the increase of the number of microbial agents， while the relative abundance of Chloroflexi， Acidobacteria in bacterial and Ascomycota in fungi were decreased. Redundancy analysis （RDA） showed that the soil organic matter， total nitrogen， alkaline nitrogen， effective phosphorus， and fast-acting potassium were more correlated with bacterial community structure， and soil organic matter content， total potassium， effective phosphorus， fast-acting potassium， pH， and electrical conductivity were more correlated with fungal communities. In conclusion， the applications of microbial agent could significantly reduce the incidence of diseases， increase the yield of tomatoes in facilities， improve the microbial community structure in the soil， and regulate the soil microbial community toward healthy direction.

Key words: tomato, microbial agent, microbial communities, physical and chemical properties of soil

中图分类号:

S182

王子凡, 李燕, 张庆银, 王丹丹, 师建华, 耿晓彬, 田东良, 钟增明, 赵晓明, 齐连芬. 微生物菌剂对设施番茄主要病害及土壤微生物群落的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(6): 102-112.

Zifan WANG, Yan LI, Qingyin ZHANG, Dandan WANG, Jianhua SHI, Xiaobin GENG, Dongliang TIAN, Zengming ZHONG, Xiaoming ZHAO, Lianfen QI. Effect of Microbicides on Main Diseases and Soil Microbial Communities of Tomatoes in Facilities[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(6): 102-112.

图/表 10

图1 施用不同量微生物菌剂下的番茄果实产量及可溶性固形物含量注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 1 Fruit yield and fruit brix of tomatoes under different amounts of microbicides applicationNote： Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

表1 施用不同量微生物菌剂下的番茄病害发病率 (%)

Table 1 Incidence of tomato diseases with the application of different microbicides

处理Treatment	发病率 Incidence
处理Treatment	晚疫病 Late blight	灰霉病 Botrytis cinerea	叶霉病 Leaf mildew
CK	36.67±0.06 a	33.33±0.15 a	16.67±0.06 a
T1	10.00±0.01 b	10.00±0.00 b	0.00±0.00 b
T2	3.33±0.06 b	3.33±0.06 b	0.00±0.00 b
T3	16.67±0.06 b	16.67±0.06 b	6.67±0.06 b

表2 施用不同量微生物菌剂下的土壤理化性质

Table 2 Physicochemical properties of soils with different amounts of microbicides

处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter/ （g·kg^-1）	全氮 Total nitrogen/ （g·kg^-1）	全磷 Total phosphorus/（g·kg^-1）	全钾 Total potassium/ （g·kg^-1）	碱解氮 Alkali solution nitrogen/ （mg·kg^-1）	有效磷 Available phosphorus/（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾 Available potassium/（mg·kg^-1）	pH	电导率 EC/ （mS·cm^-1）
CK	20.67±0.87 b	1.60±0.15 b	0.88±0.09 a	19.08±0.96 a	166.42±1.10 a	107.36±0.97 a	353.60±3.21 a	7.65±0.86 a	3.50±0.25 b
T1	28.91±1.60 a	1.36±0.04 b	0.73±0.12 a	18.51±0.95 a	112.11±2.15 c	57.87±1.35 c	121.39±3.00 d	8.23±1.10 a	0.40±0.16 c
T2	28.85±1.51 a	1.98±0.24 a	0.90±0.20 a	18.53±1.20 a	148.77±2.23 b	61.58±1.30 b	319.53±6.85 b	8.52±1.10 a	4.99±0.53 a
T3	18.59±0.72 b	1.34±0.12 b	0.81±0.09 a	18.48±0.35 a	76.88±1.50 d	42.41±0.80 d	185.41±4.97 c	7.81±1.09 a	2.85±0.37 b

图2 施用不同量微生物菌剂下的土壤细菌和真菌的OTU分布

Fig. 2 OTU distribution of soil bacterium and fungus under the application of different amounts of microbicides

表3 不同量微生物菌剂下土壤中细菌和真菌α多样性

Table 3 Bacterial and fungal α diversity in soil under different amounts of microbicides application

处理 Treatment	细菌Bacterium			真菌 Fungus
处理 Treatment	Chao指数 Chao index	Shannon指数 Shannon index	Simpson指数 Simpson index	Chao指数 Chao index	Shannon指数 Shannon index	Simpson指数 Simpson index
CK	312.51±23.56 c	3.85±0.19 b	0.77±0.04 b	4 481.30±152.19 a	11.12±0.04 a	1.00±0.00 a
T1	456.78±40.59 b	5.35±0.46 a	0.90±0.04 a	3 812.38±223.53 b	10.37±0.27 c	1.00±0.00 a
T2	485.15±66.63 b	5.23±0.72 a	0.88±0.07 ab	3 935.45±416.59 b	10.70±0.07 b	1.00±0.00 a
T3	738.50±37.67 a	6.02±0.83 a	0.91±0.09 a	3 318.33±104.99 c	10.35±0.05 c	1.00±0.00 a

图3 不同处理土壤的细菌在门水平上的群落结构

Fig. 3 Community structure of bacterium in soils at the phylum level under different treatments

图4 不同处理土壤细菌在属水平的群落结构

Fig. 4 Community structure of bacterium in soils at the genus level under different treatments

图5 不同处理土壤真菌在门水平的群落结构

Fig. 5 Community structure of fungus in soils at the phylum level under different treatments

图6 不同处理土壤真菌在属水平的群落结构

Fig. 6 Community structure of fungus in soils at the genus level under different treatments

图7 土壤环境因子与微生物群落组成的RDA分析注：TN—全氮含量；TK—全钾含量；TP—全磷含量；AN—碱解氮；OP—有效磷；AK—速效钾；OM—有机质；EC—电导率。

Fig. 7 RDA analysis of soil environmental factors and microbial community compositionNote： TN—Total nitrogen content； TK—Total potassium content； TK—Total potassium content； TP—Total phosphorus content； AN—Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen； OP—Available phosphorus； AK—Available potassium； OM—Organic matter； EC—Electric conductivity.

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