石灰对苹果园土壤改良和植株生长的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0815

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究石灰对提高苹果产量与品质的影响，在施用有机肥的基础上分别施用0（CK）、4 500、6 000和7 500 kg·hm^-2石灰，研究不同处理下土壤的理化性质及苹果的产量和品质。结果表明，施用石灰能较好地改善土壤理化性质，提高土壤养分离子的有效性，改善土壤养分供应状况。其中，施加7 500 kg·hm^-2石灰处理效果最好，土壤pH和土壤碱解氮含量较CK显著增加， 0—20和20—40 cm土层碱解氮含量分别提升100.8%和163.3%。施用石灰可明显提高苹果树叶片光合作用和荧光参数，在7 500 kg·hm^-2石灰处理后叶片净光合速率提高69.7%，最大荧光值、可变荧光值和PIabs分别提升8.6%、9.8%和14.7%。综上所述，在施用有机肥基础上配施石灰改良土壤，能够改善果树生长环境，促进苹果树对养分的吸收。

关键词: 苹果产区, 石灰, 有机肥, 土壤理化性质, 光合作用, 荧光参数

Abstract:

To study the effect of lime on improving the yield and quality of apples， different amounts of lime （4 500， 6 000 and 7 500 kg·hm^-2） were applied on the basis of the application of organic fertilizer， and no lime was as control （CK）. The physicochemical properties of soil and the yield and quality of apple under different treatments were studied. The results showed that the application of lime could improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil， and improve the effectiveness of the soil nutrient ions and the soil nutrient supply condition. Among treatments， the lime treatment of 7 500 kg·hm^-2 had the best effect， which the soil pH and the content of alkaline nitrogen in soil significantly increased and the alkaline nitrogen content increased by 100.8% and 163.3% in the 0—20 and 20—40 cm soil layers compared to the CK. Application of lime significantly improved the photosynthesis and fluorescence parameters of apple leaves. Moreover， the net photosynthetic rate increased by 69.7% after the application of lime 7 500 kg·hm^-2， and the maximum fluorescence value， variable fluorescence value and PIabs increased by 8.6%， 9.8% and 14.7%， respectively. To sum up， the application of lime on the basis of organic fertilizer could improve the growth environment of fruit trees and promote the nutrients absorption of apple trees.

Key words: apple production area, lime, organic fertilizer, soil physical and chemical properties, photosynthesis, fluorescence parameters

中图分类号:

S661.1

孟璐, 范敬文, 赛欣娱, 曾路生, 宋祥云, 崔德杰. 石灰对苹果园土壤改良和植株生长的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(4): 197-204.

Lu MENG, Jingwen FAN, Xinyu SAI, Lusheng ZENG, Xiangyun SONG, Dejie CUI. Effects of Lime on Soil Improvement and Plant Growth in Apple Orchards[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(4): 197-204.

图/表 8

表1 施加石灰后平度果园土壤理化性质

Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of orchard soil after lime application

处理 Treatment	土层 Soil layer/cm	pH	碱解氮含量 AN content/ （mg·kg^-1）	速效磷含量 AP content/ （mg·kg^-1）	速效钾含量 AK content/ （mg·kg^-1）	有机质含量 OM content/ （g·kg^-1）
CK	0—20	5.12±0.12 c	69.56±12.32 b	21.56±2.98 b	17.97±11.03 b	22.82±1.89 ab
CK	20—40	5.65±0.07 b	57.02±5.82 b	25.45±1.15 b	21.30±2.57 ab	12.01±0.09 b
T4500	0—20	5.65±0.04 b	97.76±3.49 ab	28.57±0.66 b	33.79±3.62 a	27.67±0.63 a
T4500	20—40	5.66±0.04 b	114.05±7.08 ab	36.22±1.34 ab	25.56±4.99 ab	13.31±0.53 b
T6000	0—20	6.31±0.11 a	137.32±21.36 a	32.18±3.67 ab	30.53±2.46 a	27.84±2.17 a
T6000	20—40	5.77±0.05 b	104.74±4.03 ab	36.35±1.08 ab	18.12±2.90 b	15.15±1.37 b
T7500	0—20	6.32±0.21 a	139.65±8.06 a	43.54±0.81 a	30.69±5.80 a	21.06±0.35 ab
T7500	20—40	6.01±0.07 a	150.12±29.69 a	46.11±3.04 a	27.36±2.76 ab	14.83±1.49 b

图1 不同处理土壤团聚体粒径分级

Fig. 1 Particle size classification of soil aggregates under different treatments

图2 不同处理土壤的平均重量直径、几何重量直径、分形维数注：不同小写字母表示同一指标不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 2 Mean weight diameter， geometric mean diameter and fractal dimension of soil under different treatmentsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments of same index at P<0.05 level.

图3 不同处理下土壤的阳离子含量注：同一离子不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 3 Contents of positive ions in soil under different treatmentsNote：Different lowercase letters of same ion indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

图4 不同处理下土壤的阴离子含量注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 4 Contents of anions in soil under different treatmentsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

表2 不同处理下叶片的荧光值

Table 2 Fluorescence values of leaves under different treatments

处理 Treatment	初始荧光值 F_o	最大荧光值 F_m	可变荧光值 F_v	最大量子产率 F_v / F_m	性能指数 PIabs
CK	4 153.00±393.95 b	19 399.33±1 323.66 b	15 246.33±930.67 b	0.79±0.01 a	11.84±2.48 b
T4500	4 651.00±161.36 ab	20 281.67±1 152.56 ab	15 630.67±1 088.74 b	0.77±0.01 a	12.88±0.17ab
T6000	4 974.33±32.67 a	20 171.67±611.49 ab	15 330.67±653.01 b	0.76±0.03 a	12.21±0.48 ab
T7500	4 316.00±173.25 ab	21 057.67±769.59 a	16 741.67±596.36 a	0.80±0.00 a	13.58±0.18 a

表3 不同处理下果树叶片的光合作用

Table 3 Photosynthesis of fruit tree leaves under different treatments

处理 Treatment	净光合速率 P_n/（μmol·m^-2·s^-1）	蒸腾速率 T_r/（mmol·m^-2·s^-1）	气孔导度 G_s/（mmol·m^-2·s^-1）	胞间CO₂浓度 C_i/（μmol·mol^-1）
CK	11.73±0.20 b	2.44±0.05 c	130.67±0.88 c	184.00±6.12 b
T4500	18.97±0.15 a	3.96±0.09 a	275.00±8.50 b	240.00±2.52 b
T6000	19.57±0.55 a	3.17±0.14 b	388.00±2.08 a	249.67±11.14 ab
T7500	19.90±0.12 a	3.38±0.10 b	384.00±7.23 a	272.33±6.84 a

图5 不同处理下叶片的氮、磷、钾含量注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 5 Contents of N， P and K in leaves under different treatmentsNote： Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

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