不同施肥处理对锥栗产量及果实品质的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0641

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究不同施肥配比对锥栗产量及果实品质的影响，以‘早香栗’盛产期大树为研究对象，选用复合肥（A）、尿素（B）、过磷酸钙（C）、硫酸钾（D）4种肥料，分别设置1.00 kg A（T1）、1.50 kg A（T2）、2.00 kg A（T3）、1.00 kg A+1.00 kg B（T4）、1.00 kg A+1.00 kg C（T5）、1.00 kg A+1.00 kg D（T6）、1.25 kg B+2.50 kg C+0.75 kg D（T7）、2.00 kg B+4.00 kg C+1.10 kg D（T8）共8种施肥组合，以不施肥作对照（CK），在浙江省庆元县锥栗园区开展施肥试验，并对施肥前后锥栗园区的土壤理化性质、树体生长、产量及果实品质性状进行测定和统计分析，综合评选出最佳施肥组合。结果表明，施肥处理能明显改善土壤板结现象，提升土壤理化性质的综合水平；8种施肥处理下土壤孔隙度为58.98%~65.31%，土壤含水率较CK提升21.73%~83.77%，且土壤有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均高于CK。施肥处理锥栗树体的生长及果实产量明显高于CK，其中，T4和T6处理的胸径较CK分别提高20.41%和24.49%；T8、T4和T6处理的单株产量较CK提升效果尤为显著，分别提高107.21%、76.52%和71.65%。施肥处理果实的淀粉、可溶性糖、钾及钙含量明显高于CK，其中，T6处理果实的淀粉含量较CK提高5.57%；T8处理的可溶性糖含量较CK提高47.09%；T7、T4和T6处理的钾含量较CK分别提高46.81%、49.13%和44.10%；T8和T7处理的钙含量较CK分别提高50.29%和22.13%。采用隶属函数值法计算不同施肥处理的锥栗产量及果实品质的综合得分，结果表明，T4（1.00 kg复合肥+1.00 kg尿素）和T6（1.00 kg复合肥+1.00 kg硫酸钾）处理对锥栗产量及果实品质的提升效果较好，综合表现优良。以上研究结果为锥栗科学施肥和高效生产提供了参考。

关键词: 锥栗, 施肥处理, 产量, 品质, 综合评价

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of different fertilization ratios on the yield and fruit quality of Castanea henryi， the large trees of ‘Zaoxiangli’ during their peak production period were as materials. 4 types of fertilizers were selected including compound fertilizer （A）， urea （B）， calcium superphosphate （C） and potassium sulfate （D）. 8 fertilization combinations were set up： 1.00 kg A （T1）， 1.50 kg A （T2）， 2.00 kg A （T3）， 1.00 kg A+1.00 kg B （T4）， 1.00 kg A+1.00 kg C （T5）， 1.00 kg A+1.00 kg D （T6）， 1.25 kg B+2.50 kg C+0.75 kg D （T7） and 2.00 kg B+4.00 kg C+1.10 kg D （T8）， with no fertilizer as a control （CK）. Fertilization experiments were conducted in the chestnut orchard of Qingyuan county of Zhejiang province， and the soil physicochemical properties， tree growth， yield and fruit quality were measured and analyzed before and after fertilization to determine the optimal fertilization combination. The results indicated that fertilization significantly improved soil compaction， enhanced the overall level of soil physicochemical properties. The soil porosity of fertilization treatments were 58.98%~65.31%， the moisture content increased by 21.73%~83.77% higher than CK， and the contents of organic matter， hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus， rapid-release potassium were higher than those of CK. The growth and yield of C. henryi under fertilization treatments were notably higher than those of CK. Compared to CK， T4 and T6 treatments increased trunk diameter by 20.41% and 24.49%， respectively， T8， T4 and T6 treatments increased yield per plant by 107.21%， 76.52% and 71.65%， respectively. The contents of starch， soluble sugar， potassium， calcium in fruits of fertilization treatments were significantly higher than those of CK， with T6 showing 5.57% increase in starch and T8 showing 47.09% increase in soluble sugars. Compared to CK， the potassium contents in T7， T4 and T6 treatments increased by 46.81%， 49.13% and 44.10%， respectively， the calcium contents in T8 and T7 treatments increased by 50.29% and 22.13%， respectively. Using the membership function value method， the comprehensive scores for yield and fruit quality， the results showed that T4 （1.00 kg compound fertilizer+1.00 kg urea） and T6 （1.00 kg compound fertilizer+1.00 kg potassium sulfate） treatments were the more effective combinations for improving yield and fruit quality. Above results provided a reference for future scientific fertilization and efficient production of chestnuts.

Key words: Castanea henryi, fertilization treatment, yield, quality, comprehensive evaluation

中图分类号:

S664.2

吴强, 吴聪连, 吴小云, 吴剑, 徐选美, 赖俊声, 胡伟云, 龚榜初, 江锡兵. 不同施肥处理对锥栗产量及果实品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(2): 228-237.

Qiang WU, Conglian WU, Xiaoyun WU, Jian WU, Xuanmei XU, Junsheng LAI, Weiyun HU, Bangchu GONG, Xibing JIANG. Effect of Different Fertilization Treatments on Yield and Fruit Quality of Castanea henryi[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(2): 228-237.

图/表 7

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处理 Treatment	施肥量/（kg·株^-1） Fertilization amount/（kg·plant^-1）	施肥时间 Fertilization time
T1	1.00 A	3月March
T2	1.50 A	3月March
T3	2.00 A	3月March
T4	1.00 A+1.00 B	3月March
T5	1.00 A+1.00 C	3月March
T6	1.00 A+1.00 D	A：3月；D：7月 A：March；D：July
T7	1.25 B+2.50 C+0.75 D	B、C：3月；D：7月 B， C：March；D：July
T8	2.00 B+4.00 C+1.10 D	B、C：3月；D：7月 B， C：March；D：July
CK	0.00	—

处理 Treatment	施肥量/（kg·株^-1） Fertilization amount/（kg·plant^-1）	施肥时间 Fertilization time
T1	1.00 A	3月March
T2	1.50 A	3月March
T3	2.00 A	3月March
T4	1.00 A+1.00 B	3月March
T5	1.00 A+1.00 C	3月March
T6	1.00 A+1.00 D	A：3月；D：7月 A：March；D：July
T7	1.25 B+2.50 C+0.75 D	B、C：3月；D：7月 B， C：March；D：July
T8	2.00 B+4.00 C+1.10 D	B、C：3月；D：7月 B， C：March；D：July
CK	0.00	—

处理 Treatment	土层 Soil layer/cm	含水率 Moisture content/%	土壤容重 Soil bulk density/（g·cm^-3）	土壤孔隙度 Soil porosity/%	有机质 Organic matter/ （g·kg^-1）	水解氮 Hydrolytic nitrogen/ （mg·kg^-1）	有效磷Available phosphorus/ （mg·kg^-1）	速效钾Available potassium/ （mg·kg^-1）	交换性钙Exchangeable calcium/ （mg·kg^-1）	交换性镁 Exchangeable magnesium/ （mg·kg^-1）
T1	0—30	19.85±1.22 c	1.01±0.22 a	59.73±2.05 bc	25.60±1.63 ab	107.00±4.08 a	167.00±2.45 e	166.00±1.63 b	125.00±3.27 c	55.80±1.82 a
T1	30—60	20.16±1.88 de	1.14±0.10 a	60.10±1.52 bcd	19.10±2.01 ab	65.10±1.81 c	115.00±6.53 b	186.00±1.11 a	58.20±1.00 d	32.50±0.78 a
T2	0—30	24.33±0.82 b	1.06±0.26 a	61.43±5.16 abc	27.80±3.27 a	107.00±1.63 a	133.00±1.73 g	92.00±2.45 g	67.30±4.13 f	14.00±2.83 e
T2	30—60	25.86±0.79 ab	1.26±0.11 a	60.92±2.16 bc	18.50±1.50 abc	57.50±3.93 d	32.70±1.82 e	87.00±2.66 f	63.60±2.69 c	5.37±1.89 ef
T3	0—30	26.98±3.07 ab	0.92±0.19 a	61.38±2.83 abc	24.1±3.34 abc	96.30±4.10 bc	356.00±1.02 a	182.00±2.50 a	126.00±2.42 c	17.90±0.89 d
T3	30—60	25.23±1.74 abc	1.09±0.13 a	60.95±0.90 bc	19.60±1.99 ab	56.60±2.22 de	252.00±0.85 a	131.00±3.06 b	69.10±3.80 b	15.80±1.01 c
T4	0—30	29.63±0.84 ab	1.02±0.16 a	62.47±1.71 abc	25.60±1.16 ab	107.60±2.12 a	119.00±1.80 h	144.00±1.66 d	111.00±1.76 d	27.70±1.07 c
T4	30—60	27.65±0.86 a	1.17±0.09 a	57.69±0.89 cd	16.40±0.56 bcd	34.40±1.37 f	15.70±1.27 f	123.00±1.08 c	67.80±1.79 bc	4.32±0.82 f
T5	0—30	19.72±0.94 c	1.10±0.25 a	64.88±1.92 ab	28.80±1.89 a	107.40±1.10 a	247.70±1.08 c	135.00±1.26 e	80.80±1.64 e	15.70±0.91 de
T5	30—60	22.19±1.95 cd	1.10±0.18 a	62.17±1.28 ab	13.60±0.83 d	80.70±1.17 a	60.90±1.60 d	82.00±1.57 g	64.90±1.05 c	8.80±0.76 d
T6	0—30	29.77±1.03 ab	0.97±0.26 a	65.31±1.24 a	26.00±1.37 ab	95.10±1.67 c	141.00±2.92 f	184.00±1.73 a	201.00±1.94 a	36.90±1.10 b
T6	30—60	24.19±2.65 abc	0.97±0.10 a	59.04±0.86 bcd	21.50±0.98 a	65.70±0.82 c	100.00±1.30 c	115.00±1.60 d	63.70±1.36 c	13.70±1.72 c
T7	0—30	24.23±1.03 b	1.11±0.18 a	59.09±1.89 c	22.00±1.67 bc	99.30±1.58 bc	236.00±1.61 d	107.00±1.80 f	135.00±1.65 b	17.60±1.91 d
T7	30—60	23.96±0.91 bc	1.14±0.25 a	57.23±1.64 d	14.60±1.89 d	65.10±0.84 c	4.21±0.79 g	113.00±0.71 d	73.30±0.70 a	20.20±1.29 b
T8	0—30	28.28±0.82 ab	0.97±0.30 a	63.22±0.79 abc	24.70±1.84 abc	101.00±2.65 b	264.00±1.64 b	156.00±1.06 c	85.10±0.72 e	34.30±2.03 b
T8	30—60	25.74±1.64 ab	0.94±0.26 a	64.15±0.26 a	13.90±2.46 d	71.60±1.34 b	5.94±0.83 g	95.30±1.13 e	75.50±0.86 a	7.71±0.84 de
CK	0—30	16.20±1.81 d	1.17±0.15 a	58.98±0.86 c	21.40±1.89 bc	85.30±0.89 d	57.20±0.99 i	40.30±0.86 i	59.30±1.34 g	14.00±1.29 e
CK	30—60	18.20±0.82 ef	1.24±0.16 a	57.86±1.94 cd	15.00±2.04 cd	52.80±1.26 e	33.80±1.37 e	37.50±1.00 h	63.90±1.97 c	10.30±0.69 d
施肥前Before fertilization	0—30	15.95±0.79 d	1.30±0.17 a	51.47±1.35 d	20.40±0.99 c	78.20±1.09 e	2.52±0.75 j	47.40±0.81 h	50.00±1.02 h	7.70±0.65 f
施肥前Before fertilization	30—60	16.64±0.83 f	1.25±0.19 a	54.03±0.84 e	21.90±1.38 a	71.00±1.34 b	1.96±0.29 g	38.90±0.99 h	56.70±1.11 d	7.63±1.37 de

处理 Treatment	土层 Soil layer/cm	含水率 Moisture content/%	土壤容重 Soil bulk density/（g·cm^-3）	土壤孔隙度 Soil porosity/%	有机质 Organic matter/ （g·kg^-1）	水解氮 Hydrolytic nitrogen/ （mg·kg^-1）	有效磷Available phosphorus/ （mg·kg^-1）	速效钾Available potassium/ （mg·kg^-1）	交换性钙Exchangeable calcium/ （mg·kg^-1）	交换性镁 Exchangeable magnesium/ （mg·kg^-1）
T1	0—30	19.85±1.22 c	1.01±0.22 a	59.73±2.05 bc	25.60±1.63 ab	107.00±4.08 a	167.00±2.45 e	166.00±1.63 b	125.00±3.27 c	55.80±1.82 a
T1	30—60	20.16±1.88 de	1.14±0.10 a	60.10±1.52 bcd	19.10±2.01 ab	65.10±1.81 c	115.00±6.53 b	186.00±1.11 a	58.20±1.00 d	32.50±0.78 a
T2	0—30	24.33±0.82 b	1.06±0.26 a	61.43±5.16 abc	27.80±3.27 a	107.00±1.63 a	133.00±1.73 g	92.00±2.45 g	67.30±4.13 f	14.00±2.83 e
T2	30—60	25.86±0.79 ab	1.26±0.11 a	60.92±2.16 bc	18.50±1.50 abc	57.50±3.93 d	32.70±1.82 e	87.00±2.66 f	63.60±2.69 c	5.37±1.89 ef
T3	0—30	26.98±3.07 ab	0.92±0.19 a	61.38±2.83 abc	24.1±3.34 abc	96.30±4.10 bc	356.00±1.02 a	182.00±2.50 a	126.00±2.42 c	17.90±0.89 d
T3	30—60	25.23±1.74 abc	1.09±0.13 a	60.95±0.90 bc	19.60±1.99 ab	56.60±2.22 de	252.00±0.85 a	131.00±3.06 b	69.10±3.80 b	15.80±1.01 c
T4	0—30	29.63±0.84 ab	1.02±0.16 a	62.47±1.71 abc	25.60±1.16 ab	107.60±2.12 a	119.00±1.80 h	144.00±1.66 d	111.00±1.76 d	27.70±1.07 c
T4	30—60	27.65±0.86 a	1.17±0.09 a	57.69±0.89 cd	16.40±0.56 bcd	34.40±1.37 f	15.70±1.27 f	123.00±1.08 c	67.80±1.79 bc	4.32±0.82 f
T5	0—30	19.72±0.94 c	1.10±0.25 a	64.88±1.92 ab	28.80±1.89 a	107.40±1.10 a	247.70±1.08 c	135.00±1.26 e	80.80±1.64 e	15.70±0.91 de
T5	30—60	22.19±1.95 cd	1.10±0.18 a	62.17±1.28 ab	13.60±0.83 d	80.70±1.17 a	60.90±1.60 d	82.00±1.57 g	64.90±1.05 c	8.80±0.76 d
T6	0—30	29.77±1.03 ab	0.97±0.26 a	65.31±1.24 a	26.00±1.37 ab	95.10±1.67 c	141.00±2.92 f	184.00±1.73 a	201.00±1.94 a	36.90±1.10 b
T6	30—60	24.19±2.65 abc	0.97±0.10 a	59.04±0.86 bcd	21.50±0.98 a	65.70±0.82 c	100.00±1.30 c	115.00±1.60 d	63.70±1.36 c	13.70±1.72 c
T7	0—30	24.23±1.03 b	1.11±0.18 a	59.09±1.89 c	22.00±1.67 bc	99.30±1.58 bc	236.00±1.61 d	107.00±1.80 f	135.00±1.65 b	17.60±1.91 d
T7	30—60	23.96±0.91 bc	1.14±0.25 a	57.23±1.64 d	14.60±1.89 d	65.10±0.84 c	4.21±0.79 g	113.00±0.71 d	73.30±0.70 a	20.20±1.29 b
T8	0—30	28.28±0.82 ab	0.97±0.30 a	63.22±0.79 abc	24.70±1.84 abc	101.00±2.65 b	264.00±1.64 b	156.00±1.06 c	85.10±0.72 e	34.30±2.03 b
T8	30—60	25.74±1.64 ab	0.94±0.26 a	64.15±0.26 a	13.90±2.46 d	71.60±1.34 b	5.94±0.83 g	95.30±1.13 e	75.50±0.86 a	7.71±0.84 de
CK	0—30	16.20±1.81 d	1.17±0.15 a	58.98±0.86 c	21.40±1.89 bc	85.30±0.89 d	57.20±0.99 i	40.30±0.86 i	59.30±1.34 g	14.00±1.29 e
CK	30—60	18.20±0.82 ef	1.24±0.16 a	57.86±1.94 cd	15.00±2.04 cd	52.80±1.26 e	33.80±1.37 e	37.50±1.00 h	63.90±1.97 c	10.30±0.69 d
施肥前Before fertilization	0—30	15.95±0.79 d	1.30±0.17 a	51.47±1.35 d	20.40±0.99 c	78.20±1.09 e	2.52±0.75 j	47.40±0.81 h	50.00±1.02 h	7.70±0.65 f
施肥前Before fertilization	30—60	16.64±0.83 f	1.25±0.19 a	54.03±0.84 e	21.90±1.38 a	71.00±1.34 b	1.96±0.29 g	38.90±0.99 h	56.70±1.11 d	7.63±1.37 de

处理 Treatment	树高 Tree height/m	胸径 Trunk diameter/cm	东西冠幅 East and west crown width/m	南北冠幅 North and south crown width/m	空苞率 Empty bud rate/%	单株产量 Yield per plant/kg
T1	5.70±0.38 abc	19.70±1.06 a	6.00±0.46 abc	6.30±0.86 a	10.30±1.05 ab	4.10±0.14 de
T2	5.20±0.26 bcd	15.90±0.69 b	5.60±0.25 bcd	5.20±0.87 a	11.90±1.57 a	3.93±0.29 de
T3	5.10±0.43 cd	16.20±1.96 ab	5.30±0.08 d	5.70±0.87 a	10.50±1.24 ab	4.42±0.53 cde
T4	5.90±0.77 ab	16.50±0.99 ab	5.40±0.51 bcd	5.80±0.63 a	10.50±0.84 ab	5.79±1.68 ab
T5	5.30±0.24 bcd	16.80±3.49 ab	5.20±0.27 d	5.90±0.38 a	9.60±1.77 bc	5.14±0.26 bcd
T6	6.10±0.39 a	17.50±1.27 ab	5.80±0.23 abcd	5.90±0.23 a	8.90±0.14 bc	5.63±0.29 abc
T7	5.90±0.25 ab	16.30±1.53 ab	6.30±0.18 a	6.00±0.14 a	8.40±1.74 bc	4.82±0.50 bcd
T8	5.30±0.19 bcd	16.70±1.44 ab	6.10±0.47 ab	6.20±0.32 a	7.90±0.14 c	6.79±0.98 a
CK	4.90±0.38 d	15.90±2.33 b	5.60±0.39 bcd	5.80±0.03 a	10.00±0.36 abc	3.28±0.12 e