谷物联合收获机脱粒技术与装置发展现状

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0813

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

脱粒装置作为谷物联合收获机的核心工作部件之一，其性能的优劣直接影响机具作业质量。为解决我国谷物联合收获机脱粒装置损失较大而导致机收质量较低的问题，从谷物力学特性、谷物收获理论、脱粒装置零部件、脱粒装置结构参数与运动参数、谷物收获脱粒技术研究、脱粒装置的损失监测以及控制方法等方面进行综述，旨在改进设计出具有更高性能的脱粒装置。在试验研究过程中，需对现有装置进行详细的理论分析与计算，包括效率、功耗等，并通过计算模拟优化设计；分析不同类型装置的优缺点，根据作物特性选择合适的脱粒装置和元部件组合；设计并进行台架试验和小规模田间试验，验证改进设计的有效性；结合物联网、大数据和人工智能技术，开发智能化的脱粒装置，实时监测和自动控制，从而实现精准农业目标，为农业生产带来更高效益。

关键词: 谷物联合收获机, 脱粒装置, 脱粒技术, 研究现状

Abstract:

As one of the core working parts of the grain combine harvester， the performance of the threshing device directly affects the quality of the machine. In order to solve the problem of low harvest quality caused by the large loss of grain combine harvester threshing device in China， the mechanical properties of grain， grain harvesting theory， parts of threshing device， structural parameters and motion parameters of threshing device， research on grain harvesting threshing technology， loss monitoring and control methods of threshing device were reviewed， aiming to improve the design of threshing device with higher performance. In the process of experimental research， the following steps needed to be carried out： detailed theoretical analysis and calculation of the existing device， including efficiency， power consumption etc and optimization of the design through calculation simulation. The advantages and disadvantages of different types of devices should be analyzed to select the appropriate combination of threshing devices and components according to the characteristics of crops， and design and conduct bench tests and small-scale field trials to verify the effectiveness of the improved design， combined with the internet of things， big data and artificial intelligence technology， develop intelligent threshing devices， real-time monitoring and automatic control， so as to achieve the goal of precision agriculture and bring higher benefits to agricultural production.

Key words: grain combines, threshing units, threshing technology, research status

中图分类号:

S225.3

雷朝旭, 金诚谦, 李盼盼, 杨萧瑜, 赵紫皓, 吕璐璐. 谷物联合收获机脱粒技术与装置发展现状[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(5): 90-102.

Chaoxu LEI, Chengqian JIN, Panpan LI, Xiaoyu YANG, Zihao ZHAO, Lulu LYU. Development Status of Threshing Technology and Equipment of Grain Combine Harvester[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(5): 90-102.

图/表 8

图1 交叉切向脱粒滚筒上的脱粒元件

Fig. 1 Cross-tangential threshing elements on the threshing drum

图2 YT-5型压电陶瓷压电元件［34］注：1—敏感板；2—绝缘层；3—电极+；4—压电陶瓷；5—电极；6—保护层；7—信号线。

Fig. 2 YT-5 piezoelectric ceramic piezoelectric element［34］Note：1—Sensitive plate； 2—Insulation； 3—Electrode+； 4—Piezoelectric ceramics； 5—Electrode； 6—Protective layer； 7—Signal lines.

图3 全喂入式与半喂入式脱粒装置的类型样式［9，21］A：轴流滚筒式；B：切流滚筒式；C：钉齿滚筒式；D：纹杆滚筒式；E：双滚筒式；F：弓齿滚筒式

Fig. 3 Types of full feeding and half feeding threshing devices［9，21］A： Axial-flow drum type； B： Tangential-flow drum type； C： Spike-tooth drum type； D： Rasp-bar drum type； E： Double-drum type； F： Arc-tooth drum type

图4 几种纵轴流式脱粒滚筒［7，18，43］A：纹杆-杆齿组合式脱粒滚筒；B：闭式弓齿式脱粒滚筒；C：开式杆齿脱粒滚筒

Fig. 4 Several kinds of longitudinal axial flow threshing［7，18，43］A： Rasp-bar and spike-tooth combined threshing drum； B： Closed-type arc-tooth threshing drum； C： Open-type spike-tooth threshing drum

图5 几种筛体类型［1，7，9，14］A：栅格筛；B：编织筛；C：圆形冲孔筛；D：矩形冲孔筛；E：方形冲孔筛；F：组合式凹板筛

Fig. 5 Several sieve body types［1，7，9，14］A： Grid sieve； B： Woven sieve； C： Circular perforated sieve； D： Rectangular perforated sieve； E： Square perforated sieve； F： Combined concave sieve

图6 间隙可调式凹板筛［19］

Fig. 6 Recessed screen with adjustable clearance［19］

图7 不同联合收获机滚筒装置A：科乐收LEXION 8700-7600系列；B：爱科旗下梅西弗格森的MF IDEAL系列；C：约翰迪尔的X9系列；D：约翰迪尔C230；E：久保田WRH1200

Fig. 7 Different combine harvester drum devicesA： CLAAS LEXION 8700-7600 series； B： AGCO’s Massey Ferguson MF IDEAL series； C： John Deere X9 series； D： John Deere C230； E： Kubota WRH1200

图8 不同联合收获机凹板筛装置A：科乐收LEXION 8700-7600系列；B：约翰迪尔 R2 300系列；C：久保田WRH1200；D：洋马AG600A

Fig. 8 Different combine harvester concave plate screen devicesA： CLAAS LEXION 8700-7600 series； B： John Deere R2 300 series； C： Kubota WRH1200； D： Yanmar AG600A

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