中国农业科技导报 ›› 2022, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (6): 90-105.DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0235
李炜1,2(
), 朱德利1,2(), 王青1,2, 曾绍华1,2
收稿日期:2021-03-22
接受日期:2021-06-19
出版日期:2022-06-15
发布日期:2022-06-21
通讯作者:
朱德利
作者简介:李炜 E-mail：574970565@qq.com；
基金资助:
Wei LI1,2(), Deli ZHU1,2(), Qing WANG1,2, Shaohua ZENG1,2
Received:2021-03-22
Accepted:2021-06-19
Online:2022-06-15
Published:2022-06-21
Contact:
Deli ZHU
摘要：
在农业生产数字化和智慧化阶段，需实时、全面、准确地了解作物生长状态和农田环境，并根据相关信息做出相应的分析、反馈、决策。针对这一问题，借鉴工业数字孪生系统的概念，将作物实际生长与模拟生长的同步、作物实时状态与作物实时管理策略之间的交互系统概括为作物数字孪生系统。在梳理国内外研究现状的基础上，指出作物数字孪生系统包含数据获取与传输、模型构建、可视化交互等阶段；其关键技术包括传感器技术、图像分割技术、建模技术以及可视化技术等。同时指出该领域的研究可以从作物基础数据、系统模型能力、多方协同交互等方面进行。监测生长状态和环境响应的作物数字孪生系统的相关研究对农业生产的智慧化和数字化有较大的现实意义，从理论和应用层面也有较大的价值。
中图分类号:
李炜, 朱德利, 王青, 曾绍华. 监测生长状态和环境响应的作物数字孪生系统研究综述[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(6): 90-105.
Wei LI, Deli ZHU, Qing WANG, Shaohua ZENG. Research Review on Crop Digital Twin System for Monitoring Growth Status and Environmental Response[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2022, 24(6): 90-105.
模型类型 Model type | 模型名称 Model name | 适用作物 Applicable crops | 模型过程 Model process | 特点 Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
多作物通用模型 Multi-crop general model | WOFOST | 禾谷类Cereals | 作物同化作用、呼吸作用、蒸腾作用、干物质分配、环境胁迫过程 Crop assimilation， respiration， transpiration， dry matter distribution， environmental stress process | WOFOST强调作物机理性，具有普适性 WOFOST emphasizes the mechanism of crops and has general applicability |
| CERES | 禾谷类Cereals | 作物生长、器官发育和产量形成、光合产物输送过程、环境胁迫过程 Crop growth， organ development and yield production， photosynthetic product transport process， environmental stress process | CERES强调实用性，不受地域、气候、土壤类型限制 CERES emphasizes practicality and is not restricted by region， climate， and soil type | |
| APSIM | 禾谷类、豆类 Cereals and beans | 光截获和利用、物候发育、干物质分配、水分和养分平衡机制以及土壤温度、残茬分解等 Light interception and utilization， phenological development， dry matter distribution， water and nutrient balance mechanism， soil temperature， stubble decomposition， etc. | ASPSIM是一个综合性模型，集成多个模型的优势，应用于其他学科领域 ASPSIM is a comprehensive model that integrates the advantages of multiple models and applies to other disciplines | |
单一作物模型 Single crop model | RCSODS | 水稻 Rice | 光截获和利用、物候发育、干物质分配、养分平衡过程等 Light interception and utilization， phenological development， dry matter distribution， nutrient balance process， etc. | RCSODS反映不同环境下作物生长、产量形成、效益等 RCSODS reflects crop growth， yield formation， benefits， etc. under different environments |
| WheatSM | 小麦 Wheat | 光截获和利用、物候发育、干物质分配、养分平衡、环境胁迫过程等 Light interception and utilization， phenological development， dry matter distribution， nutrient balance， environmental stress process， etc. | WheatSM在华北冬小麦区有较高的适 应性 WheatSM has high adaptability to winter wheat in North China |
表1 典型作物生长模拟模型比较
Table 1 Comparison of typical crop growth simulation models
模型类型 Model type | 模型名称 Model name | 适用作物 Applicable crops | 模型过程 Model process | 特点 Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
多作物通用模型 Multi-crop general model | WOFOST | 禾谷类Cereals | 作物同化作用、呼吸作用、蒸腾作用、干物质分配、环境胁迫过程 Crop assimilation， respiration， transpiration， dry matter distribution， environmental stress process | WOFOST强调作物机理性，具有普适性 WOFOST emphasizes the mechanism of crops and has general applicability |
| CERES | 禾谷类Cereals | 作物生长、器官发育和产量形成、光合产物输送过程、环境胁迫过程 Crop growth， organ development and yield production， photosynthetic product transport process， environmental stress process | CERES强调实用性，不受地域、气候、土壤类型限制 CERES emphasizes practicality and is not restricted by region， climate， and soil type | |
| APSIM | 禾谷类、豆类 Cereals and beans | 光截获和利用、物候发育、干物质分配、水分和养分平衡机制以及土壤温度、残茬分解等 Light interception and utilization， phenological development， dry matter distribution， water and nutrient balance mechanism， soil temperature， stubble decomposition， etc. | ASPSIM是一个综合性模型，集成多个模型的优势，应用于其他学科领域 ASPSIM is a comprehensive model that integrates the advantages of multiple models and applies to other disciplines | |
单一作物模型 Single crop model | RCSODS | 水稻 Rice | 光截获和利用、物候发育、干物质分配、养分平衡过程等 Light interception and utilization， phenological development， dry matter distribution， nutrient balance process， etc. | RCSODS反映不同环境下作物生长、产量形成、效益等 RCSODS reflects crop growth， yield formation， benefits， etc. under different environments |
| WheatSM | 小麦 Wheat | 光截获和利用、物候发育、干物质分配、养分平衡、环境胁迫过程等 Light interception and utilization， phenological development， dry matter distribution， nutrient balance， environmental stress process， etc. | WheatSM在华北冬小麦区有较高的适 应性 WheatSM has high adaptability to winter wheat in North China |
模拟类型 Type of model | 建模方法 Modeling method | 适用范围 Applicable scope | 采集图像 Image acquisition | 数据量 Data volume | 建模精度 Modeling accuracy | 建模速度 Modeling speed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
基于生长规则方法 Growth rule-based method | L-System 和AMAP方法 L-System and AMAP method | 生长较为规则的作物 Regularly growing crops | 无 No | ★★★ | ★ | ★★ |
NURBS曲面方法 NURBS surface method | 小麦、水稻叶片 Wheat and rice leaves | 有 Yes | ★★★ | ★★ | ★★★★ | |
基于仪器方法 Instrument-based method | 三维扫描仪 3D scanner | 中小型作物 Middle and small crops | 无 No | ★★★ | ★★★★ | ★★ |
基于图像方法 Image-based method | Kinect深度图重建 Kinect depth map reconstruction | 不限 No limit | 有Yes | ★★★★ | ★★★ | ★★★★ |
单幅图像 Single image | 不限 No limit | 有Yes | ★★ | ★★ | ★★★★★ | |
运动图像 Moving image | 不限 No limit | 有Yes | ★★★★ | ★★★ | ★★★★ | |
立体视觉 Stereo vision | 不限 No limit | 有Yes | ★★★ | ★★★ | ★★★★★ |
表2 虚拟作物建模方法比较
Table 2 Comparison of virtual crop modeling methods
模拟类型 Type of model | 建模方法 Modeling method | 适用范围 Applicable scope | 采集图像 Image acquisition | 数据量 Data volume | 建模精度 Modeling accuracy | 建模速度 Modeling speed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
基于生长规则方法 Growth rule-based method | L-System 和AMAP方法 L-System and AMAP method | 生长较为规则的作物 Regularly growing crops | 无 No | ★★★ | ★ | ★★ |
NURBS曲面方法 NURBS surface method | 小麦、水稻叶片 Wheat and rice leaves | 有 Yes | ★★★ | ★★ | ★★★★ | |
基于仪器方法 Instrument-based method | 三维扫描仪 3D scanner | 中小型作物 Middle and small crops | 无 No | ★★★ | ★★★★ | ★★ |
基于图像方法 Image-based method | Kinect深度图重建 Kinect depth map reconstruction | 不限 No limit | 有Yes | ★★★★ | ★★★ | ★★★★ |
单幅图像 Single image | 不限 No limit | 有Yes | ★★ | ★★ | ★★★★★ | |
运动图像 Moving image | 不限 No limit | 有Yes | ★★★★ | ★★★ | ★★★★ | |
立体视觉 Stereo vision | 不限 No limit | 有Yes | ★★★ | ★★★ | ★★★★★ |
图1 作物数字孪生系统一般构建过程
Fig.1 Generally construct process of crop digital twin systems
图2 实体作物与孪生作物映射
Fig.2 Mapping between physical crop and twin crop
图3 作物数字孪生实时数据获取
Fig.3 Crop digital twin real?time data acquisition
传感器名称 Sensor name | 具体类型 Specific type | 功能 Function |
|---|---|---|
环境传感器 Environmental sensor | 土壤含水量、养分传感器；水体含氧量、酸碱度传感器；温湿度、气体浓度传感器等 Soil water content and nutrient sensors； water oxygen content， pH sensors； temperature and humidity， gas concentration sensors， etc. | 监测作物生长环境如土壤、空气水域等关键要素，关注外部环境变化。 Monitor the key elements of the crop growth environment such as soil， air and water， and pay attention to changes in the external environment |
气象传感器 Weather sensor | 光照量、光照度传感器；紫外线、辐射量传感器；降雨量传感器等 Illumination， illuminance sensor； ultraviolet， radiation sensor； rainfall sensor， etc. | 监测作物为生长过程中常见的气象要素，有效预测气象环境 Monitoring crops is a common meteorological element in the growth process， effectively predicting the meteorological environment |
作物生长状态传感器 Crop growth status sensor | 作物茎流传感器，叶绿素传感器，激素类传感器等 Crop stem flow sensor， chlorophyll sensor， hormone sensor， etc. | 对作物生长过程中的生命数据进行检测，及时了解作物生长状态，有利于后期大数据分析 Detecting the life data during the growth of crops and understanding the growth status of crops in time is conducive to the later big data analysis |
表3 传感器具体类型和功能
Table 3 Sensor-specific types and functions
传感器名称 Sensor name | 具体类型 Specific type | 功能 Function |
|---|---|---|
环境传感器 Environmental sensor | 土壤含水量、养分传感器；水体含氧量、酸碱度传感器；温湿度、气体浓度传感器等 Soil water content and nutrient sensors； water oxygen content， pH sensors； temperature and humidity， gas concentration sensors， etc. | 监测作物生长环境如土壤、空气水域等关键要素，关注外部环境变化。 Monitor the key elements of the crop growth environment such as soil， air and water， and pay attention to changes in the external environment |
气象传感器 Weather sensor | 光照量、光照度传感器；紫外线、辐射量传感器；降雨量传感器等 Illumination， illuminance sensor； ultraviolet， radiation sensor； rainfall sensor， etc. | 监测作物为生长过程中常见的气象要素，有效预测气象环境 Monitoring crops is a common meteorological element in the growth process， effectively predicting the meteorological environment |
作物生长状态传感器 Crop growth status sensor | 作物茎流传感器，叶绿素传感器，激素类传感器等 Crop stem flow sensor， chlorophyll sensor， hormone sensor， etc. | 对作物生长过程中的生命数据进行检测，及时了解作物生长状态，有利于后期大数据分析 Detecting the life data during the growth of crops and understanding the growth status of crops in time is conducive to the later big data analysis |
图4 基于物联网实现的基本结构
Fig.4 Basic structure based on the implementation of the internet of things
图5 模型构建
Fig.5 Model construction
模型名称 Model name | 原理 Principle | 功能 Function |
|---|---|---|
阶段生长发育 模型 Stage growth model | 以作物生长发育为基础，通过模拟作物生理发育时间来精确划分发育阶段。由温度、水分、光周期和遗传参数等为限制条件，区分不同的生长发育阶段 Based on the growth and development of crops， the development stages are accurately divided by simulating the physiological development time of crops. Different growth and development stages are distinguished by temperature， moisture， photoperiod and genetic parameters as limiting conditions | 根据设置作物参数条件和作物生长状况，划分作物的生长发育阶段 Divide the growth and development stages of crops according to the set crop parameter conditions and crop growth conditions |
器官生成与建成模型 Organ generation and modeling | 器官产出与建成时间与阶段生长发育过程息息相关，而器官生成的数量和大小与生物量分配和利用有密切关系 Organ output is closely related to the completion time and stage growth and development process， and the number and size of organ production are closely related to the distribution and utilization of biomass | 模拟不同器官的生成与建成的发生时间和生理过程 Simulate the formation and construction of different organs， simulate their occurrence time and physiological processes |
光合作用与物质积累模型 Photosynthesis used in material accumulation model | 采用高斯积分法分层计算冠层在不同叶层反射与吸收所积累的光合有效辐射，综合考虑太阳高度角与反射率的影响以及时序变化引起群体间消光系数变化，同时考虑温度、水分、CO2含量、生理年龄和氮素等因素，再通过加权计算不同时间点冠层同化速率 The Gaussian integration method is used to calculate the photosynthetic active radiation accumulated by the reflection and absorption of the canopy in different leaf layers， taking into account the influence of solar altitude and reflectivity and the change in extinction coefficient between populations caused by changes in time series， while taking into account temperature， moisture， and CO2 factors such as content， physiological age and nitrogen are weighted to calculate the rate of canopy assimilation at different time points | 计算作物在呼吸和物质转化过程中的消耗量，得出物质积累量，以模拟光合作用 Calculate the consumption of crops in the process of respiration and material transformation， and obtain the amount of material accumulation to simulate photosynthesis |
生物量分配模型 Biomass allocation model | 生物量是经过光合作用后计算产生的有机物量，其分配量决定了作物器官的产量和品质的形成 Biomass is the amount of organic matter calculated after photosynthesis， and its distribution determines the yield and quality of crop organs | 以生物量为输入变量，结合作物生长动态参数模拟器官生成与预测 Using biomass as input variable， combined with crop growth dynamic parameters to simulate organ generation and prediction |
水分、氮素平衡模型 Water and nitrogen balance model | 水分平衡根据土壤水分收支平衡原理，将土壤水分状况、作物对水分吸收特性建模，氮素因子间接影响作物光合和生长 Water balance is based on the principle of soil water budget balance， modeling soil water status and crop water absorption characteristics，nitrogen factors indirectly affect crop photosynthesis and growth | 根据天气数据和实际输入，计算根对水分的吸收值以及模拟土壤中有机质的氮素矿化和固定、氮素损失和作物吸收过程 According to weather data and actual input， calculate root water absorption value and simulate nitrogen mineralization and fixation of organic matter in soil， nitrogen loss and crop absorption process |
气象仿真模型 Weather simulation model | 为满足孪生作物在生长过程中对气象数据的体现，采用随机天气仿真技术对每日气象数据的气象仿真随机模型进行研究 In order to satisfy the embodiment of the meteorological data of the twin crops during the growth process， the random weather simulation technology is adopted to study the meteorological simulation random model of the daily meteorological data | 模拟作物在随机天气下生长状况及极端环境对作物生长发育的影响 Simulate crop growth conditions under random weather， simulate the impact of extreme environments on crop growth and development |
表4 作物生长模拟子模型功能
Table 4 Crop growth simulation sub?model functionality
模型名称 Model name | 原理 Principle | 功能 Function |
|---|---|---|
阶段生长发育 模型 Stage growth model | 以作物生长发育为基础，通过模拟作物生理发育时间来精确划分发育阶段。由温度、水分、光周期和遗传参数等为限制条件，区分不同的生长发育阶段 Based on the growth and development of crops， the development stages are accurately divided by simulating the physiological development time of crops. Different growth and development stages are distinguished by temperature， moisture， photoperiod and genetic parameters as limiting conditions | 根据设置作物参数条件和作物生长状况，划分作物的生长发育阶段 Divide the growth and development stages of crops according to the set crop parameter conditions and crop growth conditions |
器官生成与建成模型 Organ generation and modeling | 器官产出与建成时间与阶段生长发育过程息息相关，而器官生成的数量和大小与生物量分配和利用有密切关系 Organ output is closely related to the completion time and stage growth and development process， and the number and size of organ production are closely related to the distribution and utilization of biomass | 模拟不同器官的生成与建成的发生时间和生理过程 Simulate the formation and construction of different organs， simulate their occurrence time and physiological processes |
光合作用与物质积累模型 Photosynthesis used in material accumulation model | 采用高斯积分法分层计算冠层在不同叶层反射与吸收所积累的光合有效辐射，综合考虑太阳高度角与反射率的影响以及时序变化引起群体间消光系数变化，同时考虑温度、水分、CO2含量、生理年龄和氮素等因素，再通过加权计算不同时间点冠层同化速率 The Gaussian integration method is used to calculate the photosynthetic active radiation accumulated by the reflection and absorption of the canopy in different leaf layers， taking into account the influence of solar altitude and reflectivity and the change in extinction coefficient between populations caused by changes in time series， while taking into account temperature， moisture， and CO2 factors such as content， physiological age and nitrogen are weighted to calculate the rate of canopy assimilation at different time points | 计算作物在呼吸和物质转化过程中的消耗量，得出物质积累量，以模拟光合作用 Calculate the consumption of crops in the process of respiration and material transformation， and obtain the amount of material accumulation to simulate photosynthesis |
生物量分配模型 Biomass allocation model | 生物量是经过光合作用后计算产生的有机物量，其分配量决定了作物器官的产量和品质的形成 Biomass is the amount of organic matter calculated after photosynthesis， and its distribution determines the yield and quality of crop organs | 以生物量为输入变量，结合作物生长动态参数模拟器官生成与预测 Using biomass as input variable， combined with crop growth dynamic parameters to simulate organ generation and prediction |
水分、氮素平衡模型 Water and nitrogen balance model | 水分平衡根据土壤水分收支平衡原理，将土壤水分状况、作物对水分吸收特性建模，氮素因子间接影响作物光合和生长 Water balance is based on the principle of soil water budget balance， modeling soil water status and crop water absorption characteristics，nitrogen factors indirectly affect crop photosynthesis and growth | 根据天气数据和实际输入，计算根对水分的吸收值以及模拟土壤中有机质的氮素矿化和固定、氮素损失和作物吸收过程 According to weather data and actual input， calculate root water absorption value and simulate nitrogen mineralization and fixation of organic matter in soil， nitrogen loss and crop absorption process |
气象仿真模型 Weather simulation model | 为满足孪生作物在生长过程中对气象数据的体现，采用随机天气仿真技术对每日气象数据的气象仿真随机模型进行研究 In order to satisfy the embodiment of the meteorological data of the twin crops during the growth process， the random weather simulation technology is adopted to study the meteorological simulation random model of the daily meteorological data | 模拟作物在随机天气下生长状况及极端环境对作物生长发育的影响 Simulate crop growth conditions under random weather， simulate the impact of extreme environments on crop growth and development |
图6 作物可视化及交互过程
Fig.6 Crop visualization and interaction process
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