不同氮素水平对夏玉米生理参数及产量品质的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0630

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

合理施用氮素可提高氮素利用效率，并最终影响玉米的产量和品质。为研究不同氮素水平对玉米生理参数及产量品质的影响，以‘先玉335’和‘京农科728’为试验材料，分别设N₁（150 kg·hm^-2）、N₂（210 kg·hm^-2）、N₃（270 kg·hm^-2）和N₄（330 kg·hm^-2）4种施氮水平，分析不同氮素水平对玉米生长、生理参数、产量和籽粒品质的影响。研究表明，2个玉米品种的株高、叶面积和地上部干重随着施氮量的增加而升高，而茎粗从N₁至N₃处理不断增大，到N₄处理降低，另外叶面积指数和叶片夹角同样表现为随着施氮量的增加而升高，京农科728的叶面积指数高于先玉335，且各个处理之间的差异未达到显著水平；叶绿素含量均表现出从吐丝期至灌浆期升高，到成熟期又降低的趋势，施氮量从N₁至N₃处理逐渐升高，到N₄处理又降低；可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量随着生育进程的推进而升高，且‘京农科728’略高于‘先玉335’，此外，可溶性蛋白在3个时期均随着施氮量的增加而不断升高，而可溶性糖含量从N₁至N₂处理升高，到N₃和N₄处理又降低；超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性随着施氮量的增加而呈现升高趋势，丙二醛含量呈现相反的变化趋势；2个品种均在N₂处理下的产量最高，施氮量超过210 kg·hm^-2产量却降低，因此，N₂（210 kg·hm^-2）处理为最佳的施氮量。由此可见，适量增加氮素可促进玉米干物质和碳水化合物的积累，并最终提高产量和品质，为河北省山前平原区减氮栽培提供了参考。

关键词: 玉米, 不同氮素水平, 生理参数, 产量品质

Abstract:

Reasonable application of nitrogen can improve nitrogen utilization efficiency， and ultimately affect yield and quality of maize. To study the effect of different nitrogen levels on physiological parameters and yield quality of maize， based on the test materials of ‘Xianyu 335’ and ‘Jingnongke 728’ in this study， 4 nitrogen treatments of N₁（150 kg·hm^-2）， N₂（210 kg·hm^-2）， N₃（270 kg·hm^-2）and N₄（330 kg·hm^-2） were set up to study the effects of different nitrogen levels on growth， physiological parameters， yield and grain quality of maize. The results showed that plant height， leaf area and above ground dry weight of two varieties increased with increasing of nitrogen application， while the stem diameter firsthy increased from N₁ to N₃ and then decreased at N₄ treatment. In addition， leaf area index（LAI） and leaf angle（MTA） similarly showed enlargement with increasing of nitrogen levels， the leaf area index of ‘Jingnongke 728’ was higher than that of ‘Xianyu 335’， and the difference between treatments did not reach the significant level. The chlorophyll contents increased from silking stage to filling stage and decreased at maturing stage， the nitrogen application increased gradually from N₁ to N₃ treatment and decreased at N₄ treatment， soluble protein and soluble sugar contents increased with fertility progression， and ‘Jingnongke 728’ was slightly higher than that of ‘Xianyu 335’. In addition，the contents of soluble protein increased with the increasing of nitrogen application in three stages， while soluble sugar contents increased from N₁ to N₂ treatment and decreased from N₃ to N₄ treatment. Superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD） activities increased with increasing of nitrogen application， while the malondialdehyde （MDA） content showed opposite trend. The yields of both varieties were the highest under N₂ treatment， but the yield was decreased at nitrogen application more than 210 kg·hm^-2 treatment. Therefore， the N₂（210 kg·hm^-2） treatment was the best nitrogen application treatment. It could be seen that appropriately increasing nitrogen can promote accumulation of dry matter and carbohydrates， and then finally improve yield and quality， which could provide practical reference for nitrogen reduction cultivation in the mountainous plain area of Hebei province.

Key words: maize, different nitrogen levels, physiological paramete, yield and quality

中图分类号:

S512.1

董伟欣, 李东晓, 张月辰. 不同氮素水平对夏玉米生理参数及产量品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(1): 142-152.

Weixin DONG, Dongxiao LI, Yuechen ZHANG. Effects of Different Nitrogen Levels on Physiological Parameters， Yield and Quality of Maize[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(1): 142-152.

图/表 8

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指标 Index	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	吐丝期 Vomiting stage	灌浆期 Filling stage	成熟期 Maturing stage
株高 Plant height/cm	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	250.60±5.73 b	286.20±23.40 b	290.10±21.29 a
		N₂	251.00±7.04 ab	298.60±15.76 b	299.60±7.09 a
		N₃	258.00±10.32 ab	302.40±8.41 ab	303.60±12.20 a
		N₄	266.60±8.47 a	305.20±16.35 a	311.50±5.32 a

指标 Index	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	吐丝期 Vomiting stage	灌浆期 Filling stage	成熟期 Maturing stage
株高 Plant height/cm	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	250.60±5.73 b	286.20±23.40 b	290.10±21.29 a
		N₂	251.00±7.04 ab	298.60±15.76 b	299.60±7.09 a
		N₃	258.00±10.32 ab	302.40±8.41 ab	303.60±12.20 a
		N₄	266.60±8.47 a	305.20±16.35 a	311.50±5.32 a

指标 Index	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	吐丝期 Vomiting stage	灌浆期 Filling stage	成熟期 Maturing stage
株高 Plant height/cm	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	239.80±14.06 b	254.70±13.94 a	255.20±8.56 a
		N₂	250.80±3.70 a	257.54±10.28 a	259.80±8.58 a
		N₃	252.80±7.85 a	260.00±8.00 a	261.20±11.61 a
		N₄	254.20±3.77 a	265.80±21.53 a	265.90±6.58 a
茎粗 Stem diameter/cm	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	6.02±0.23 b	6.02±0.54 c	7.85±0.68 a
		N₂	6.96±0.35 a	7.09±0.25 ab	8.09±0.55 a
		N₃	7.15±0.40 a	7.42±0.67 a	8.14±0.70 a
		N₄	6.82±0.46 a	6.83±0.23 b	8.03±0.15 a
	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	4.36±2.28 a	5.88±2.78 b	6.75±3.88 a
		N₂	4.47±2.20 a	6.72±3.65 ab	7.37±3.82 a
		N₃	4.83±2.32 a	7.28±4.50 a	7.41±3.43 a
		N₄	4.48±2.11 a	7.13±2.25 a	7.29±3.11 a
叶面积 Leaf area/cm²	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	521.33±23.04 a	531.72±34.23 b	612.62±47.73 a
		N₂	537.33±25.38 a	545.38±37.23 ab	618.53±93.86 a
		N₃	556.14±33.54 a	570.54±40.45 a	625.14±13.86 a
		N₄	602.80±42.87 a	616.03±64.76 a	636.46±33.55 a
	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	515.40±28.37 a	519.72±29.36 b	532.42±52.77 b
		N₂	521.93±20.21 a	547.77±43.41 ab	569.40±30.49 a
		N₃	527.05±39.49 a	573.83±17.83 a	582.23±50.41 a
		N₄	539.63±51.22 a	591.74±25.09 a	615.38±58.37 a
地上部干重 Dry weight above ground/g	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	140.00±17.32 a	170.00±26.46 c	366.67±57.74 b
		N₂	153.33±15.28 a	216.67±55.08 bc	440.00±26.46 b
		N₃	160.00±17.32 a	263.33±15.28 ab	450.00±88.88 b
		N₄	183.33±35.12 a	303.33±32.15 a	590.00±55.68 a
	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	140.00±20.00 a	213.33±20.82 a	406.67±49.33 b
		N₂	150.00±10.00 a	236.67±25.17 a	423.33±81.45 b
		N₃	153.33±5.77 a	240.00±17.32 a	446.67±41.63 b
		N₄	163.33±15.28 a	243.33±47.26 a	470.00±30.00 a

指标 Index	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	吐丝期 Vomiting stage	灌浆期 Filling stage	成熟期 Maturing stage
株高 Plant height/cm	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	239.80±14.06 b	254.70±13.94 a	255.20±8.56 a
		N₂	250.80±3.70 a	257.54±10.28 a	259.80±8.58 a
		N₃	252.80±7.85 a	260.00±8.00 a	261.20±11.61 a
		N₄	254.20±3.77 a	265.80±21.53 a	265.90±6.58 a
茎粗 Stem diameter/cm	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	6.02±0.23 b	6.02±0.54 c	7.85±0.68 a
		N₂	6.96±0.35 a	7.09±0.25 ab	8.09±0.55 a
		N₃	7.15±0.40 a	7.42±0.67 a	8.14±0.70 a
		N₄	6.82±0.46 a	6.83±0.23 b	8.03±0.15 a
	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	4.36±2.28 a	5.88±2.78 b	6.75±3.88 a
		N₂	4.47±2.20 a	6.72±3.65 ab	7.37±3.82 a
		N₃	4.83±2.32 a	7.28±4.50 a	7.41±3.43 a
		N₄	4.48±2.11 a	7.13±2.25 a	7.29±3.11 a
叶面积 Leaf area/cm²	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	521.33±23.04 a	531.72±34.23 b	612.62±47.73 a
		N₂	537.33±25.38 a	545.38±37.23 ab	618.53±93.86 a
		N₃	556.14±33.54 a	570.54±40.45 a	625.14±13.86 a
		N₄	602.80±42.87 a	616.03±64.76 a	636.46±33.55 a
	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	515.40±28.37 a	519.72±29.36 b	532.42±52.77 b
		N₂	521.93±20.21 a	547.77±43.41 ab	569.40±30.49 a
		N₃	527.05±39.49 a	573.83±17.83 a	582.23±50.41 a
		N₄	539.63±51.22 a	591.74±25.09 a	615.38±58.37 a
地上部干重 Dry weight above ground/g	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	140.00±17.32 a	170.00±26.46 c	366.67±57.74 b
		N₂	153.33±15.28 a	216.67±55.08 bc	440.00±26.46 b
		N₃	160.00±17.32 a	263.33±15.28 ab	450.00±88.88 b
		N₄	183.33±35.12 a	303.33±32.15 a	590.00±55.68 a
	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	140.00±20.00 a	213.33±20.82 a	406.67±49.33 b
		N₂	150.00±10.00 a	236.67±25.17 a	423.33±81.45 b
		N₃	153.33±5.77 a	240.00±17.32 a	446.67±41.63 b
		N₄	163.33±15.28 a	243.33±47.26 a	470.00±30.00 a

指标 Index	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	吐丝期 Vomiting stage	灌浆期 Filling stage	成熟期 Maturing stage
SOD活性 SOD activity/（U·g^-1 FW）	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	227.01±54.15 a	231.23±32.15 b	218.93±36.74 b
		N₂	252.66±21.57 a	340.09±33.80 a	258.84±19.41 ab
		N₃	267.39±26.49 a	352.92±27.13 a	285.92±19.14 a
		N₄	297.80±92.92 a	365.75±10.69 a	293.53±40.88 a
	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	287.35±21.16 b	399.49±17.41 b	199.92±30.87 b
		N₂	361.95±37.29 a	443.68±38.75 ab	261.22±20.21 ab
		N₃	374.78±26.91 a	473.62±48.54 ab	272.15±19.49 ab
		N₄	375.73±19.77 a	489.29±31.75 a	294.48±26.91 a
POD活性 POD activity/ （△470·g^-1·min^-1 FW）	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	97.92±2.57 a	111.75±5.22 b	118.17±5.55 b
		N₂	98.33±8.75 a	113.75±0.66 b	127.75±5.20 a
		N₃	104.00±4.18 a	117.42±1.01 ab	129.50±6.97 a
		N₄	104.00±5.41 a	121.42±3.76 a	130.00±4.36 a
	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	105.21±3.88 a	106.58±2.63c	115.58±7.97 a
		N₂	107.45±4.33 a	108.42±1.81 bc	116.75±1.29 a
		N₃	110.58±4.51 a	112.08±1.66 ab	117.83±5.79 a
		N₄	111.67±3.76 a	114.42±3.83 a	119.67±9.17 a
MDA含量 MDA Content/ （µmol·g^-1 FW）	先玉335 Xianyu 335	N₁	18.09±1.46 a	19.27±4.28 a	23.91±2.29 a
		N₂	16.86±2.45 a	17.21±2.35 a	23.55±2.41 a
		N₃	14.89±1.05 a	16.51±1.39 a	22.65±3.46 a
		N₄	13.98±1.83 a	16.02±4.08 a	22.57±3.97 a
	京农科728 Jingnongke 728	N₁	16.14±2.50 a	20.55±2.61 a	21.42±1.56 a
		N₂	15.62±2.01 a	19.72±5.68 a	20.65±3.31 a
		N₃	15.50±0.42 a	17.44±1.03 a	19.24±1.43 a
		N₄	10.82±3.31 b	17.05±1.68 a	19.08±1.38 a