Table of Content

15 September 2018, Volume 20 Issue 9

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Analysis on the Spatial and Temporal Pattern of China's Grain Production and Its Influencing Factors

YANG Zonghui1, CAI Hongyi1, QIN Cheng2, LIU Heguang1

2018, 20(9):  1-11.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0130

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Grain issue is a major issue concerning the national economy and peoples livelihood. Along with economic development, the pattern of grain production in China has changed dramatically, causing potential impact on the balance of grain supply and demand and also food security. Based on provincial panel data of 31 administrative regions from 1997 to 2016, this paper analyzed the changes of grain production distribution in China from 2 dimensions of grain yield and sowing area, tested the spatial correlation of grain yield in each province and region by global Morans Ⅰ index, and analyzed the factors affecting the change of grain production pattern in various provinces of China by Space Dobbin Model (SDM). It was found that the focus of grain production in China had gradually moved northward, and there was a clear positive spatial auto-correlation between the grain output of various provinces and regions. The effective irrigation area, chemical fertilizer application quantity, ratio of grain sowing area to crop planting, and arable land per capita all exerted significant positive impact on the growth of grain production in China, among them the spatial spillover effect of effective irrigation area and per capita cultivated land area was significant. These factors had made the grain yield pattern changing in recent 20 years. Based on this, the paper suggested to improve the level of agricultural science and technology, perfect infrastructure construction of main grain producing areas, protect cultivated land, strengthen cooperation in coordinating grain supply and demand among provinces, so as to assure grain security.

Gene Editing Technology and Its Application in Crop Breeding and Safety Management

XUE Mande, LONG Yan, PEI Xinwu*

2018, 20(9):  12-22.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0802

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Gene editing technology is a powerful tool for studying gene functions and conducting directional gene modification. With the rapid development of CRISPR/Cas9 system in recent years, gene editing technology has played a critical role in crop breeding. This paper introduced the theory of ZNFs, TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 system and their research progress in crop breeding. The paper focused on related variants of CRISPR system and progress of this system in plant gene function research and crop breeding. Meanwhile, the paper introduced the mutant detection methods and regulatory attitudes towards gene editing crops in different countries and regions, especially the regulatory status of gene editing crops in US, EU and China. Before ending, the paper also analyzed the existing problems and development trends of gene editing crops, thus providing references for the research, safety management and commercial approval of gene editing crops in China.

Research Progress on Traceability System of Livestock and Poultry Products in China

HUANG Shenghai1, LU Junxian1, ZHANG Xiaoyan1, CHEN Dawei1, TANG Xiujun1, TANG Mengjun1, JIA Xiaoxu1, ZHOU Qian1, GAO Yushi1*, LI Baodong2

2018, 20(9):  23-31.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0535

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In order to speed up the studies, establishment and application of poultry products traceability system in our country, based on the construction history of livestock and poultry products traceability system, this paper analyzed this system from 3 parts including research process, livestock and poultry species and traceability technology. The paper also pointed out that the law and regulation, technical specification in this system were to be perfected; coordination between government departments needed to be strengthened; participation degree of enterprises and trust degree of public should be improved; and business models were to be established. There were difficulties in acquiring and sharing information of traceability technology, and the coverage of traceability technology studies was too narrow. Before ending, the paper put forward suggestions as follows: on the basis of perfecting traceability system and its standard technology system, emphasis should be made to strengthen enterprises responsibility, and their innovated developmental pattern; taking standardization as basis, top-level design for traceability technology and its development strategy should be conducted by constructing traceability model as study core.

Developmental Strategies for Technology & Equipment and Industry of Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting

LIU Wenke1,2, LIU Yifei1

2018, 20(9):  32-39.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0624

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Plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL) is the inevitably developmental trend and the advanced stage of protected horticulture worldwide. After more than ten years′ development, a lot of key and common technologies involved in PFAL have been resolved, laying sound technology, capital, talents and marketing bases for its industrialization. Nowadays, market segments and industry scale are increasing rapidly. This paper expounded the current situation and existing problems of technology & equipments and industry development of PFAL, summarized and analyzed the strategic focus of technological equipment research and development and industrial promotion in PFAL, prospected the future development of plant factory. Besides technologies & equipments of exterior protected construction, multilayer three-dimensional planting systems, fertigation systems, environmental control, nutritional quality improvement, intellectual management, more and more attentions should be paid on year-round production technological parameters depending on various plant species, geographic zone, area scales and so on. Moreover, input-output ratio list, assistant equipments and flow line equipments for year-round production, as well as plant spatio-temporal management during entire growth period should be developed in future for PFAL.

Comparative Analysis of FABP4 Genetic Characteristcs of Ovine Population from China and New Zealand

YAN Wei1, LIU Haixia1, ZHANG Li1, HAN Dayong1, ZHU Aiwen1, ZHAO Xuting1*, LUO Yuzhu2*

2018, 20(9):  40-48.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0808

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The adipocyte fatty-acid binding protein (A-FABP) plays an important role in fat deposition in livestock, but it is still not clear about the mechanism of genetic characters and specific function in Tibetan sheep. Studying FABP4 genovariation and their distribution in different sheep breeds with various production direction will reveal the unique characters of Tibetan sheep. This paper studied FABP4 variations and the linkage disequilibrium of SNPs across 2 regions (exon 2 and exon 3) using PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymerase) and sequencing technology in a total of 575 samples selected from 10 populations (Tibetan and NZ sheep). The results indicated that 8 SNPs and 14 haplotypes across 2 regions were identified and these SNPs across 2 regions were found to show weak linkage disequilibrium (D′=0.548，R2=0.119). Allelic A1 was showed to be preponderant (38.4%) and genotypic A1B1 was showed to be preponderant in exon 2-intron 2 region. Allelic B2 was showed to be preponderant (48.3%) and genotypic A2B2 showed to be preponderant in exon 3-intron 3 region. Allelic frequency in amplified regions were found to deviate Hardy-Weinberg (P<0.01) in NZ sheep, while which were found to conform to Hardy-Weinberg (P>0.05) in Tibetan sheep. Genotypic difference was not observed in Romney and Perendal breeds (P>0.05), but the remarkable genotypic difference was observed in Merino and Corriedal breeds (P<0.05). The higher heterozygosity and polymorphism information content (PIC) were found in NZ breeds, but the higher homozygosity and medium PIC were observed in Tibetan sheep. The cluster analysis indicated that Ola and Ganjia were found to be clustering together. These breeds (Corriedal and Merino) and the other 2 breeds (Romney and Perendal) were found to be clustering together, respectively. Big frequency differences of SNPs (c.246+37A>G and c.348+298T>C) were found between Tibetan and NZ sheep. And these SNPs might be used as molecular markers to improve the trait of intramuscular fat content in Tibetan sheep.

Effects of Bio-carbon on the Carbon Metabolism of Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Communities in Flue-cured Tobacco

HU Ruiwen1, LIU Yongjun2, ZHOU Qingming1, LIU Zhixuan1, LI Juan1*, SHAO Yan1, LIU Hui1

2018, 20(9):  49-56.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0061

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To explore the influence of different biochar dosages on the carbon metabolism of rhizospheric soil microorganism community of flue-cured tobacco, and clarify the appropriate biochar dosage, this study took Yunyan 87 as experimental material and established a contrast group(CK) with no application of biochar and 3 treatments with biochar doses as 3 000 kg/hm2（T1）, 3 750 kg/hm2（T2）, and 4 500 kg/hm2（T3）, respectively. The soil samples were collected during the fast growing period of flue-cured tobacco, and the functional diversity of rhizospheric soil microorganism community of flue-cured tobacco were analyzed by Biolog-ECO microplate technology. The results showed that: The biochar application could increase the AWCD value and various biodiversity indexes of soil microorganism, and significantly increase the utilization of carboxylic acids and polymer carbon source. T2 utilization of these 2 carbon resource categories were increased than that of the CK by 24.82% and 70.71%, respectively. The analysis of principal components indicated that carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and amino acids were the relevant carbon resources causing more differences in carbon metabolism features of soil microorganism. In conclusion, T2 showed the best capability in utilizing carbon resources, and the optimum biochar dosage was 3 750 kg/hm2.

Studies on Enzymatic Properties of Ferulic Acid Esterase FAE-2515 from Thermoascus crustaceus JCM12803

LUO Yan1, TU Tao2, YAO Bin2, LUO Huiying2*, XU Bo1*

2018, 20(9):  57-64.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0825

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Ferulic acid esterase is widely used in food, pharmacy and paper-making industries, etc. It is of great importance to excavate feruloyl esterase suitably applied in industrialization. This study cloned a ferulic acid esterase gene FAE-2515 from thermophilic fingi Thermoascus crustaceus JCM12803. According to gene sequence analysis, FAE-2515 was 1 581 bp in length, code 526 amino acids and one terminator. Its theoretical molecular weight was 57 kDa, isoelectric point was 5.08. After successfully heterologous expression of Pichia pastoris of FAE-2515 and measuring enzyme in recombinant proteins, the ratio of living was (53.653±3.451) U/mg, and Kcat/Km value was 1.423. The optimum pH was 6.0 and optimum temperature was 55℃. Enzyme activity could still maintain 60% after 60℃ treatment for 1 h. Thermal stability was more stable than that of the reported similar enzymes. The enzyme activity was the highest in the methyl feruate, and there was little enzymatic activity in the base of 4-nitrobenzene palmitate. Metallic ion K+, Ca2+, Na+ had significant facilitation on this enzyme; while Fe3+, Zn2+ had slight inhibition on it. Moreover, Mn2+, Cu2+ had obvious inhibition effect on feruloyl esterase. In conclusion, FAE-2515 possessed certain advantages in paper-making industry and livestock feed preparation industry.

Fermentation Optimization of Anti-aflatoxigenic Bioactive Metabolites Produced by a Deep-sea Bacillus circulus Strain

WANG Qi, YAN Peisheng*, ZHOU Ying, GAO Xiujun, WANG Kai, JIA Wenwen

2018, 20(9):  65-71.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0058

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In order to develop effective deep-sea microbial pesticide against aflatoxin contamination, this study optimized the fermentation medium composition and fermentation conditions of a deep-sea Bacillus circulus, showing significant inhibition activity against aflatoxin synthesis by uniform design based on starch-casein medium. The optimum scheme was consisted of 7.675 g/L starch, 0.787 g/L casein, 2.257 g/L yeast extract, 57.91% seawater, 4.15 pH, 1.02% strain inoculation amount, 20.51℃ culture temperature, and 3.28 d culture time. Compared with the original scheme, the cost of fermentation medium was reduced by 42.76%, fermentation temperature was reduced from 28℃ to 20.51℃, and culturing time was reduced from 6 d to 3.28 d. The optimized scheme established in this study had obvious practicability and maneuverability.

Research Statue and Development Trendency on Leaf Vegetable Harvesting Technology and Equipment

JIN Yue, XIAO Hongru*, XIAO Suwei, XU Meng, DING Wenqin, LIU Dong

2018, 20(9):  72-78.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0662

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With the rapid development of leaf vegetable industry, there is an increasing shortage of rural labor force, so the mechanization of leaf vegetable production is inevitably a development tendency in the near future. This paper introduced the current research statue of leaf vegetable harvesting technology and equipments at home and abroad. Based on the leaf vegetable production situation in China, it also analyzed the existing problems about leaf vegetable harvest mechanization in China, and pointed out future research emphasis and orientation in this area, including the R & D on technology and equipments of leaf vegetable order harvesting and root harvesting, commonality improvement of harvesting equipments, development of intelligent harvesting system, strengthening normalization of planting agronomy, combination of machinery and agronomy.

Climatic Adaptablity Division for Capsicum annuum in Guizhou Province Based on GIS

CHEN Fang1, GU Xiaoping1*, MENG Pinghong2, HU Jiamin1, YU Fei1, LI Guilian2, DAI Yunchang3

2018, 20(9):  79-85.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0578

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Pepper is a vegetable and condiment in daily life, and also raw material for medicinal and chemical industry. It has the function of invigorating stomach, helping digestion and lowering blood sugar. It is of important guiding significance to study the climatic suitability of Capsicum annuum for producing high quality and high yield pepper and rational distribution of its production. Based on the climate data of 84 meteorological stations in Guizhou province, this paper selected the average temperature, sunshine hours, precipitation and other climatic factors from July to August as Capsicum annuum planting suitable climate zone index, constructed space distribution model of each climate index regional planning on Guizhou province Capsicum annuum planting climatic suitability by ArcGIS spatial analysis. The results showed that the most suitable planting area for Capsicum annuum in Guizhou Province mainly concentrated in Zunyi Region, Tongren Region and the central part of Guizhou province. And the suitable areas were mainly distributed in central and southern parts of Guizhou province. The next suitable planting areas were mainly distributed in west, southwest and east parts of Guizhou Province. The unaptitude areas were mainly concentrated in southwest and southern parts of Guizhou province. According to the zoning results, various parts of Guizhou province could fully utilize the local climatic resources, reasonably adjust the industrial structure, improve the climate suitability index of capsicum annuum, and provide scientific guidance for chili planting and production.

Spatial Distribution of Main Root Biomass of Farmland Shelterbelt

ZHAO Yingming1,2,3, LEI Yuancai4, YANG Wenbin1*, HAO Yuguang2,3, HUANG Yaru2,3, DONG Xue2,3, MA Yingbin2,3, LIU Yuting2,3

2018, 20(9):  86-94.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0694

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The aim of this paper was to provide a reference for calculating the main root biomass and its spatial distribution law of the oasis farmland in the arid area and even the 3 northern shelterbelts. According to the selection of 2 lines-20 a-shelterbelt of Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bunge. in Dengkou, Ulan Buh Desert, Inner Mongolia, and based on the forest belt parameters, the root biomass of different soil layers were measured according to the size and depth of fixed soils. SPSS 18.0 statistical software was used to establish growth model to simulate the variation of main root biomass of different soil layers with diameter at breast height (DBH). And then 11 specific gravity model of the main root biomass were obtained by investigation and analysis in different soil layers. It was found that 87.11%~100% of the main root biomass distributed in 0~0.5 m and 0.5~1.0 m soil layer. And the biomass distribution ratio of the main root in 0~1.5 m soil layer was basically constant throughout the whole growing period and increased with the growth of DBH, only 1.5~2.0 m soil layer increased first and then decreased. When the average DBH reached 0.228 5 m and 0.363 0 m, there was the main root biomass distribution in 1.0~1.5 m and 1.5~2.0 m soil layer. According to the growth rate of 0.02 m DBH every year, after 11~18 a the vertical root system of poplar could grow down to 1.0~2.0 m soil layer. The spatial distribution structure and regularity of the main root biomass were as following: the main root biomass was mainly distributed in 0~1.5 m soil layer, accounting for over 97% of the main root biomass. As DBH reached a certain value, main root distributed in 1.5~2.0 m soil layer, and its biomass spatial distribution presented a near soil surface distribution potential. The reasons could be the desert monsoon climate + soil drought + low groundwater level, which caused the plant habitat drought, and plant root system streching to rich water resources. This was an adaptability evolution of plant to drought climate, and agricultural irrigation environment.

Correlation of Typical Shrub Community Diversity and Soil Nutrient in Northeast Ulanbuh Desert

HUANG Yaru1,2, XIN Zhiming1,2*, GEGEN Batu1,2, LI Xinle1,2, LUO Fengmin1,2, XU Jun1,2, LIU Fang1,2, HAO Yuguang1,2, YAO Bin3

2018, 20(9):  95-105.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0478

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Using field survey and sampling methods, this paper selected 4 species diversity measuring indexes, and analyzed the typical shrub community diversity, soil nutrient characteristics, and the correlation among them in northeastern Ulanbuh Desert. The results showed that evenness index (E) of Ceratoides latens (J. F. Gmel.) Reveal et Holmgren community, Sarcozygium xanthoxylon Bunge community, Tetraena mongolica Maxim. community and Artemisia ordosica community were greater than that of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. community, and significant difference was found in all with Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. community. The richness index (R) of Tetraena mongolica Maxim. was the highest. Shannon-Wiener diversity index H and Simpson diversity index (D) was consistent with D variation. Tetraena mongolica Maxim. community>Ceratoides latens (J. F. Gmel.) Reveal et Holmgren community>Sarcozygium xanthoxylon Bunge community>Artemisia ordosica community>Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. community. The key factors limitting the diversity of Ceratoides latens (J. F. Gmel.) Reveal et Holmgren community were the soil contents of total potassium, available potassium, available nitrogen, and organic matter. The key factors limitting the diversity of Sarcozygium xanthoxylon Bunge community were the contents of soil available phosphorus, available nitrogen, and organic matter. The key factors limitting the diversity of Tetraena mongolica Maxim. community were the contents of soil total salt, available phosphorus, available potassium, available nitrogen, organic matter. The key factors limitting the diversity of Artemisia ordosica community were the contents of available phosphorus, available nitrogen, organic matter. The key factors limitting the diversity of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. community were the contents of soil total salt content, available phosphorus, and organic matter. The richness index （R） was mainly affected by the contents of soil available phosphorus, and organic matter. The evenness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and Simpson diversity index (D) were mainly affected by the content of soil organic matter.

Influence of Increasing Humic Acid and Reducing Chemical Fertilizer on Rice Quality in Saline-alkali Soil

HE Chen, ZHENG Guiping*, ZHAO Haicheng, CHEN Liqiang, LI Hongyu, LV Yandong

2018, 20(9):  106-112.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0228

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Based on the problem of poor soil quality in saline-alkali soil and low rice quality, this paper studied the effect of increasing humic acid and reducing chemical fertilizer on rice quality. The results showed that increasing humic acid could significantly increase the brown rice rate and polished rice rate, reduce amylose content of rice, and had not significant effect on head rice rate and protein content. The A2 (15.84 g/pot) level of humic acid could significantly improve the taste score of Kenjing 7, and obviously improve the taste quality. The decremental chemical fertilization had markedly improved the taste quality of Kenjing 7, B4 (decrease 30%) fertilization level had the highest taste score, and had not significant effect on processing quality and nutritional quality; but increased the chalky grain rate and chalkiness, leading to reduce the appearance quality of rice. The combination of humic acid (15.84 g/pot) and reducing chemical fertilization (decrease 30%) significantly improved the taste quality of Kenjing 7, but decreased the appearance quality of rice.

Effects of Ammonium Nitrate Solution on Yield, Quality and Nutrient Uptake in Maize

ZHANG Yunhong1, YAO Jian1*, BAO Dejun1, HE Ailing1, LUO Xiaosheng1, DU Jun1, YANG Zhanping1, DU Baochi2

2018, 20(9):  113-121.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0563

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This paper studied the effects of applying ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) in summer maize (Zea may L.) by taking a field experiment. The results showed that compared with urea, applying UAN at the same nitrogen amount could increase the yield of summer maize, which mainly attributed to the increase of kernels per ear. The yield of UAN treatment of 80% optimized nitrogen amount was decreased, but was still higher than urea treatment of optimized nitrogen amount. The output and net income of summer maize of UAN treatment at the same or 80% nitrogen amounts were higher than those of urea treatment, and the contents of crude protein and starch were also improved. Nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen production efficiency were also higher than those of urea treatment. However, compared with urea, applying UAN at the same nitrogen amount had the likelihood of nitrate leaching, but the rate of nitrate leaching under UAN treatment at reducing nitrogen amount was decreased. Applying UAN at the same nitrogen amount could also raise water use efficiency of grain kernel and above ground part in summer maize, but those of the reducing application of UAN were decreased to varying degrees. In conclusion, the effect of applying UAN was better than that of urea in summer maize, according to comprehensive consideration of yield, economic benefit, nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency.

Influence of Addition Amount of Straw on Nano-tin Oxide Product Prepared by SHS Method

LIU Nian, NIU Wenjuan, NIU Zhiyou, LIU Jing*

2018, 20(9):  122-130.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0250

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Owing to the status of low utilization rate and severe waste of crop straw resources in our country, this paper introduced crop straw powder for the first time to nano-tin oxide prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis system (SHS). Taking fixed proportion of Mg, Al, Sn, CuO, Fe3O4, SnO2 and CaF2 to compose a basic synthesis system with certain quantum as research objective, this paper characterized nano-tin oxide products by a laser particle analyzer and atomic absorption spectrophotometer; analyzed the nano-tin oxide effective percent conversion, grain size and changing law of component when the straw addition quantity varied from 0~40%（weight ratio）by common function fitting and mathematical modeling; deduced the formation process of nano-tin oxide products under condition of adding crop straw; and obtained mechanism affecting nano-tin oxide by straw addition quantity. Thus, the feasibility of using crop straw powder for SHS of nano-tin oxide was proved. Results showed that appropriate crop straw addition quantity could be varified from 0~28.57%, and 28.57% could obtain the best effect, increasing the effective conversion rate by 19.87%. But if over this range, nano-tin oxide would contain Cu impurity. Within effective range, the relationship of straw addition quantity with effective nano-tin oxide conversion rate and Sn content of nano-tin oxide products could be described by a quadratic polynomial with determination coefficients of 0.997 95 and 0.999 97. The standard residual were less than 0.000 12 and 0.000 00, and the effective conversion rate of nano-tin oxide and Sn content would increase along with the increasing of straw addition quantity. But, there was no simple function relationship between straw addition mass ratio and mean grain size of nano-tin oxide, meaning it was impossible to control the partical size of nano-tin oxide only by adjusting straw addition quantity.

Effect of Paclobutrazol on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Tobacco in Floating Seedling System

XU Jingnian1, WANG Wenjie2, ZHANG Lin1, TANG Jingxiang1, LAN Yanna2, REN Sihai1*

2018, 20(9):  131-137.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0577

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In the conditions of floating seedling system, this paper studied the seedling quality changes of tobacco with spraying paclobutrazol in the period of three and a primary leaves in South Anhui. The results showed that: ① Spraying paclobutrazol had significant affection on the agronomic traits, root activity, chlorophyll content, NR activity, matters of anti-adversity and MDA content of tobacco seedlings, the effect was related to different concentration. ② Compared with CK, after sprayed paclobutrazol with 100 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg, the height of stem decreased by 45.25% and 52.94%, the dry weight of stem and leaf decreased by 37.02% and 39.45%, the diameter increased by 19.42% and 27.30%, dry weight of root increased by 19.53% and 28.62%, root activity increased by 10.59% and 14.32%, the SPAD content of chlorophyll increased by 18.12% and 27.68%, the NR activity increased by 54.51% and 73.17%, the soluble sugar content increased by 24.66% and 40.54%, the soluble protein content increased by 24.26% and 28.82%, the free proline content increased by 8.47% and 10.77%, the MDA content decreased by 7.54% and 8.70%, seedling characteristics was improved and the effect was better.

Influence of Rotten Straw on Physical and Chemical Properties and Enzyme Acitivity of Soil

JIA Guotao, YANG Yongfeng, YANG Xinling*, WANG Baolin, LIU Chao, WANG Genfa, SHEN Hongtao, ZHANG Shuwei, LIU Xiangzhen, ZHAO Sensen

2018, 20(9):  138-145.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0119

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In order to explore the influence of rotten straw on soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activity, this paper studied the effects of rotten straw with different gradients on volume-weight, moisture content, available nutrient and enzyme activity of tobacco-planting soil by field experiments. The results showed that: ① Rotten straw had remarkable effects on decreasing soil volume-weight and increasing soil moisture content. At 30 d after transplanting, soil volume-weight of T3 treatment reached the lowest value of 1.07 g/cm3, 13.01% lower than that of the contrast. ② With the increasing of rotten straw dosage, the supply of alkali-hydrolysable, available phosphorus, available potassium in tobacco-planting soil were significantly increased. Among them, the effects of T2 and T3 were espcially better than that of the contrast. ③ Rotten straw could improve the activities of urease, cellulase, sucrase, catalase of tobacco-planting soil. At 45 d, the soil urease activity reached the maximum value, and the urease activities of T2 and T3 increased by 26.29% and 21.86% than that of the contrast, respectively. At 30 d, cellulase activity reached the maximum value, the cellulase activities of T2 and T3 increased by 132.67% and 111.83% than that of the contrast, respectively. At 60 d, the soil sucrase activity reached the maximum value, and soil sucrase activity of T3 increased by 29.23% than that of the contrast. At 45 d, the soil catalase activity reached the maximum value, and soil catalase activity of T3 increased by 25.71% than that of the contrast. Taken together, applying rotten straw was helpful for improving physical and chemical properties, increasing soil fertility and strengthening enzyme activity of tobacco-planted soil. T3 (11 250 kg/hm2) clould be used as a reference quantity of rotten straw in tobacco-growing areas of Henan province.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Enhanced Extraction of Fucoxanthin from Sargassum horneri

LI Hongyan, LIU Tianhong, JIANG Xiaodong, WANG Ying*, LI Dapeng, LI Xiao, SUN Yuanqin, JI Lei

2018, 20(9):  146-153.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0820

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This paper studied the technology of fucoxanthin extraction from Sargassum horneri assisted by ultrasonic. The content of fucoxanthin was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Single factor experiments were conducted to investigate the factors affecting extraction rate of fucoxanthin, including solvent, ethyl alcohol concentration, ultrasound time, solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction times. The optimized technology was obtained by orthogonal test. The optimum extraction technology included 90% ethanol concentration, 18 min ultrasound time, solid-liquid ratio 1 g∶5 mL, extraction temperature 45℃ and extract time twice. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of fucoxanthin was 0.292 5 mg/g FW (1.460 3 mg/g DW). The fucoxanthin content in fresh Sargassum horneri was very rich. The extraction rate of fucoxanthin with ethyl alcohol assisted by ultrasonic was high, and the method was easy and simple to handle.