Table of Content

15 May 2020, Volume 22 Issue 5

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Progress and Countermeasures of Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Origin Bacterial Pathogens in China

SUN Kangtai1, ZHANG Jianmin2, JIANG Dawei3, WANG Xiaolong4,GE Yiqiang1, DENG Xiaoming1*

2020, 22(5):  1-5.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0044

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Antimicrobial resistance has become a major threat to human health in the 21st century. It is generally believed that the animal breeding industry is one of the main sources of antimicrobial resistance, which cause resistant bacteria and genes to circulate through the entire chain of animals, food, environment, and humans and threaten human health. At present, the antimicrobial resistance is common in bacteria of animal origin, multi-drug resistant and even pan-drug resistant strains are constantly appearing, which has a huge impact on food safety and public health. This paper expounded the monitoring, development, prevention and control strategies of animal-derived bacterial resistance in China, to cover the guidance for research, prevention, control and policy making of antimicrobial resistance.

Genome Sequencing Application on Molecular Characterization Assessment of Transgenic Plant

MA Shuo1, JIAO Yue2, WANG Xujing1, ZHAI Yong2, WANG Zhixing1*

2020, 22(5):  6-14.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0824

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Molecular characterization is an important basis for selecting and identifying transgenic event, and also the main content which must be provided for safety assessment of transgenic plant. The development of DNA sequencing technology provides a new strategy for accurately analyzing the molecular characterization of transgenic plants. This paper reviewed the development and technical principle of DNA sequencing technology and the application of high-throughput sequencing in the analysis of molecular characterization. In addition, it described the requirements of European Union and Canada for sequencing data provided for the safety assessment of transgenic plant. Based on above,  adopt high-throughput sequencing data in the safety assessment of transgenic plant in China were proposed, which provided theoretical support for the application of high-throughput sequencing technology in the safety assessment of transgenic plant in China.

Construction and Comparative Analysis of SNP and SSR Fingerprints of 75 Wheat Cultivars in China

LIU Lihua§, LIU Yangna§, ZHANG Mingming, LI Hongbo, PANG Binshuang*, ZHAO Changping*

2020, 22(5):  15-23.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.1023

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This paper used Illumina 90K SNP chip and capillary high-throughput SSR detection technology to construct fingerprints of 75 wheat cultivars with 384 SNPs and 42 SSRs markers, and compared the characteristics of the two markers on genetic diversity, genetic similarity coefficient and identification ability. the results showed that: the genetic diversity index revealed by SNP markers was significantly lower than that by SSR markers, but it could also better reflect the genetic diversity among the varieties. The genetic similarity coefficient revealed by SNP markers was significantly higher than that of SSR markers, but it showed an extremely significant linear correlation between them. The ability of 384 SNP markers to identify isogenic lines was lower than 42 SSR markers, but after removing the isogenic lines, only 8 SNP or 4 SSR markers were needed to distinguish the remaining 74 wheat cultivars, which showed that the optimal locus combination had higher identification efficiency, and a few markers could be used in the preliminary identification of varieties, and the density of markers could be increased for very similar varieties. In this study, SSR and SNP markers were combined to construct fingerprint for the first time, and the consistency between the two markers was confirmed. The selection idea for marker quantity of molecular identification technology was proposed, which provided important reference for the establishment of DNA identification technology standard of wheat varieties.

Influences of Temperature and Soils Acidity on the Growth and Development of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Bailmer’

YANG Suoning1,2， ZHANG Li1*, LIU Chun2*， YUAN Suxia2， ZHANG Junyun3, ZHANG Gaitian2

2020, 22(5):  24-34.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0581

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Hydrangea macrophylla is one of the most popular pot flowers in the world. However, controling plant shape and flower color is a problem in its cultivation. It is important to explore the effects of environmental factors on the quality of pot Hydrangea. In this study, the effects of different temperature (21, 26 ℃) and soil pH (45, 55, 65）on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics and floral development of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Bailmer’ were researched. The results showed that ‘Bailmer’ could grow at both of 21 and 26 ℃ after treatment for 120 d, but the growth vigour was significantly different. The growth indexes at 26 ℃, such as plant height, leaf pairs, leaf length, and leaf width, were significantly higher than those at 21 ℃. While, the budding rate and the brightness level of flower color were much higher than 26 ℃. At both 21 and 26 ℃, pH 55 was best for plant growth and development according to the growth index, such as plant height, leaf length, and leaf width, the budding stage, flowering duration, inflorescence development and flower color. There was no significant differences in the fluorescence parameters among the treatments. It was concluded that, 21 ℃ was more benefit for flower development and ornamental morphogenesis, and 26 ℃ more suitable for vegetative growth of ‘Bailmer’. Moreover, the pH 55 was the most suitable to the growth of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Bailmer’.

Effects of Different Pulsed Light on Growth, Quality and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Lettuce

MOU Suntao1, WANG Jiaxuan1, XIN Xin1, YANG Zhenchao1*, WU Yongjun2

2020, 22(5):  35-41.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0071

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In order to study  the effects of different frequency duty ratio combinations on the photosynthesis of lettuce, this paper took lettuce as test material; screened 3 combined treatments (T1: 2 048 Hz+20%; T2: 512 Hz+40%; T3: 128 Hz+80%) of minimum frequency and duty cycle under the conditions of the same net photosynthetic rate with continuous light; and taking the continuous light as the control(CK) studied the effect of different pulsed light on growth, quality and photosynthetic characteristics of lettuce. The results showed that the overall effect of pulsed light supply mode on lettuce morphology, dry and fresh weights, photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were not significant, but the content of chlorophyll could be significantly increased by high frequency and low duty ratio pulsed light treatment(T1). Except the content of VC, the quality indexes of lettuce under pulsed light treatment were not worse than those with continuous light, and some indexes such as nitrate nitrogen, soluble total sugar and reducing sugar were even better. As a whole, the quality of lettuce under T1 was the best, indicating under the same net photosynthetic rate as same as continuous light, the feeding mode of pulsed light, would not affect the growth of lettuce, but improve the quality. Under low frequency and high duty ratio pulsed light the lettuce had a better quality, but in actual production suitable light source should be chosen combined with pulsed light energy consumption.

Study on Leaf Trait of  Poplar in Protection Forest at Ulan Buh Desert Oasis

HUANG Yaru1, MA Yingbin1, HAO Yuguang1*, ZHANG Jiaqi2, ZHANG Jianping1, LI Shuai1, MA Yuan1, ZHANG Ranhao1

2020, 22(5):  42-50.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0156

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Taking three poplar species(Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bge., two clones (93-8-6, 3-69) of  Populus deltoides ×Populus cathayana)  as the research object, this paper determined leaf traits of the three kinds of poplar, analyzed the correlation among leaf traits, such as leaf area, leaf dry matter content, etc., and explored the adaptability of three poplar species to Ulan Buh Desert. The results showed that: ① The rank of leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, leaf perimeter, leaf length and width ratio were Populus deltoides×Populus cathayana 93-8-6>Populus deltoides×Populus cathayana 3-69>Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bge., leaf factor was Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bge.>Populus deltoides×Populus cathayana 93-8-6> Populus deltoides×Populus cathayana 3-69. ② There were significant differences in specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content (P<0.05) among the three species. The specific leaf area of Populus deltoides×Populus cathayana 93-8-6, Populus deltoides×Populus cathayana 3-69 and Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bge. were 20.570±1.506, 17.562±2.827 and 13.347±0.824 m2·kg-1, respectively. The leaf dry matter content of three species were 220.748±4.493, 246.015±7.594 and 299.431±6.011 mg·g-1, respectively. ③ The specific leaf area was significantly and negatively related to the leaf dry matter content (P<0.05), which displayed an exponential function relationship (y=ae-bx). The dry leaf weight was significantly and positively related to the leaf area(P<0.05), which displayed a power function relationship (y=axb ). The dry leaf weight was significantly and negatively related to the specific leaf area(P<0.05), which displayed a linear function relationship (y=-ax+b). The adaptability to the infertility and drought was well reflected by specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content. Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bge. showed better adaptability to the infertility and drought environments in Ulan Buh Desert, so the proportion of Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bge. in the restoration of protection forest should be increased in Ulan Buh Desert Oasis.

Effects of Air Curing of Different Maturity on Enzymatic Browning and Quality of Cigar Tobacco Leaves

ZHAO Songchao1, TIAN Pei1, LIU Boyuan1, LI Yifan2, ZHAO Mingqin1*

2020, 22(5):  51-59.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0100

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In order to understand the effect of different maturity on quality of cigar tobacco leaves, this paper set up 3 maturity levels (still ripe, ripe and overripe) to studied the effects of different maturity on moisture content of cigar tobacco leaves, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, polyphenol content and chemical composition after air curing. The results showed that the moisture content of well-ripened cigar leaves was suitable for the life activities of tobacco leaves, while the over-ripened tobacco leaves would loss moisture content very fast. In the drying process, PPO activity of well-ripened tobacco leaves was better, that of still ripe tobacco leaves was higher, and that of overripe tobacco leaves was lower. The still ripe and overripe would go against the improvement of tobacco quality. During the drying process, the ripe tobacco leaves lost fewer contents of chlorogenic acid, rutin and chrysatropic acid, and there were more accumulation in phenols content. The chemical composition contents of reducing sugar and potassium, etc. were more harmonious in ripe tobacco leaves. Therefore, compared with still ripe and overripe tobacco leaves, harvesting ripe tobacco leaves could effectively improve the beneficial effect of enzymatic browning reaction on cigar tobacco leaves, avoid tobacco leaves blackening, and improve tobacco quality. The still ripe tobacco leaves took the second place.

Characterization of an Acidophilic Pectin Methylesterase from Bispora sp. MEY-1 and Its Application in Recycling of Food Processing By-products

WANG Zhiyun1,2, LUO Huiying2, YAO Bin2, XU Bo1*, TU Tao2*

2020, 22(5):  60-70.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0298

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Food processing by-products are rich in pectin substances and can be degraded into pectin oligosaccharides by pectinase. It is not only can effectively control the degree of polymerization and structure of pectin oligosaccharides, but also can achieve the reuse of waste resources of food processing by-products and create new economic benefits. In present research, a pectin methylesterase gene belonging to carbohydrate esterase (CE) family 8, Pme8A, was cloned from acidophilic fungus Bispora sp. MEY-1, and the efficient heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris GS115 were realized after ligated to the expression vector of pPIC9. Enzymatic characterization determination of PME8A showed that the temperature with maximum activity was 60 ℃, and more than 80% of the activity was retained at 55～80 ℃. Its optimal pH was 3.5, and more than 50% of the activity was retained at pH 2.5～5.0. It was an acidophilic rare pectin methylesterase from fungus resource. The demethylation of pectin crude extracts from apple pomace and orange peel treated with PME8A showed an obvious effection, and the activities of endo-polygalacturonase PG8fn from Achaetomium sp. Xz8 increased by 8.5 and 1 times, respectively, showing a good synergistic effect. It was demonstrated that pectin methylesterase PME8A could be used in the production of pectin oligosaccharides by food processing by-products, providing a new method for the extraction of pectin oligosaccharides.

Application of Ozone Technology and Ozone Plant Protection Devices in Agriculture

FAN Xin1, SHANG Delin1, LAN Yubin1, BAI Jingbo2, HAN Xin1*

2020, 22(5):  71-77.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0871

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With the development of pesticide substitution technology, ozone plant protection technology represented by ozone and ozone water has been widely used in modern ecological agriculture. On the basis of introducing the mechanism of ozone insecticidal and sterilization, this paper systematically expounded the application of ozone technology in soil fumigation, crop pest control, seed treatment, fruit and vegetable storage, pasture disinfection and deodorization, etc. Based on the introduction of ozone-related plant protection mechanicals research and application status such as ozone plant protection machinery, fixed ozone plant protection machinery, self-propelled ozone plant protection machinery and ozone plant protection aircraft, the application advantages and constraints of ozone technology in agriculture were analyzed. Finally,  this paper  forecasted its application and promotion prospects,  which was of guiding significance for further research and development of new ozone plant protection machinery and expanding of its application in agricultural production.

Design and Simulation Test of Laminatedtype Meshing Arc Gear Fertilizer Device

DUN Guoqiang1，YU Chunling1，GUO Yanling1*，YANG Yongzhen1，YE Jin1，JI Wenyi2，LIU Yuxuan1

2020, 22(5):  78-85.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0675

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In order to achieve stable and adjustable fertilizer discharge, a cascade mesh circular arc gear fertilizer device was designed to improve the uniformity of discharge. By distributing structure design and theoretical analysis, length and speed of the fertilizer wheel were the main factors that affected the flow of folding plate mesh circular arc gear fertilizater device. This paper designed simulation test to research the change rule of of the amount of the fertilizer discharge with the influence factors and verified the results by bench test.The test results showed that the fitting slope of the variation curve of fertilizer discharge was selected to represent the fertilizer discharge flow. It was found that the amount of fertilizer discharge was regulated and there was a linear relationship between the discharge and the length of working groove and the rotation speed of the fertilizer discharging wheel. The linear fitting results showed that the correction determination coefficients were 0994 and 0990, respectively. The relative error between the test value and the simulation value was small, and the simulation test results were reliable. The coefficient of variation decreased by 65% on average compared with the outer trough wheeled fertilizer exhauster, which indicated the uniformity of fertilizer discharge was greatly improved. These reaults provided reference for innovative designing and theoretical research of fertilizer discharge device.

Prediction of Chlorophyll Content of Rape Leaves with Hyperspectral Imaging Technology

YANG Jing, LIAO Guiping*, LIU Fan, GUAN Chunyun

2020, 22(5):  86-96.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0667

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Chlorophyll is an important factor in crop growth, which can be used to real time monitor the crop growth. Taking conventional higholeic acid rape variety as material, this paper conducted field experiment to study the spectral response of rape leaves at seedling stage and bolting stage under different cultivation measures. And then, it calculated the correlation between the first derivative of reflectance spectrum and its reflection spectrum with SPAD value, selected sensitive bands of rape leaves combining with the stepwise regression and computed the spectral index. The estimation model of chlorophyll content was established by linear regression and neural network. The results showed that the accuracy of the neural network chlorophyll estimation model constructed by spectral index showed relatively high level, and the model constructed by the spectral indices of seedling stage had the highest precision. The coefficient of determination R2 was 0807 0, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was 1131 5. The model accuracy constructed by the first order derivative spectral indices of the bolting stage was the highest. The coefficient of determination R2 was 0873 2, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was 1322 3. Inversion of rape chlorophyll by constructing BP neural network model was better during the seedling and bolting stage. Above results provided a theoretical reference for monitoring the chlorophyll content of rapeseed in a wide range by hyperspectral technology.

Research on Extracting Tree Ring Information From Python by Electric Growth Cone

CHANG Chen1, WANG Xiulan1*, FENG Zhongke1, SUN Sufen2, ZHANG Lang3,4, Ma Wenyuan1

2020, 22(5):  97-105.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0501

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To obtain information on tree age and tree rings quickly and accurately, a method for the rapid determination of tree ring width and tree age was developed using the Python image library (PIL). In this method, the electric growth cone was added to the power group on the basis of the traditional growth cone. The tree core was obtained by replacing human force with electric power, and the core was scanned by scanner with the binary and coordinate information extraction method in PIL to extract and analyze the image information of the tree ring. According to the number of pixels between each point, the width of each ring was calculated using a distance formula. The reported method was simple, inexpensive and highly precise. Tree ring information was obtained by using only an electric growth cone scanner and a computer, which was suitable for the rapid determination of tree core annual rings in the absence of external conditions in a professional instrument environment. The applicability range of the electric growth cone was analyzed experimentally. The sampling results of the electric growth cone were not different from those of traditional manual drilling (Lintab), but the former method was twice as fast as the latter method. The BISA% was 023%, the RMSE% was 187%, and the basic ring information demands were satisfied. The degree of integration was high enough to obtain information about the rings.

Colonization Dynamics of Trichoderma hamatum in Pepper Rhizosphere and Its Biological Control Against Pepper Phytophthora Blight

ZHAO Xingli1, TAO Gang2,3*, LOU Xuan4, GU Jingang5*

2020, 22(5):  106-114.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0520

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Trichoderma spp. is an important biocontrol fungus resource widely distributed in nature. The colonization ability of biocontrol bacteria in host rhizosphere and its tissues is an important index to evaluate its potential of biocontrol against plant diseases. In this study, a fungiplant interaction system including Trichoderma hamatum labeled with green fluorescence protein (GFP), pepper plant and pepper Phytophthora blight fungi (Phytophthora capsici) were built. The inoculation with conidium solution of T. hamatum was carried by pouring into pepper root. Combined dualculture assay and pot experiment in greenhouse, the colonization ability of T. hamatum in pepper plants and rhizosphere soil, and its biological control against P. capsici was investigated. The results showed that T. hamatum could be colonized in root, stem, and leaf of pepper and its rhizosphere soil. In the rhizosphere soil of pepper, T. hamatum showed a dynamic colonization process. The colonization of T. hamatum increased slowly from 1 to 25 d after inoculation, and reached the highest value (700×107 conidia·g-1) gradually at 33 d after inoculation, then decreased gradually, showing a dynamic process of increasing first and then decreasing. It was revealed that T. hamatum has biological control effect on pepper Phytophthora Blight during the colonization process of T. hamatum in pepper plant and rhizosphere, the control effect is 5333%. In conclusion, T. hamatum could effectively prevent the occurrence of pepper Phytophthora Blight in field, as a beneficial fungus in microorganism of pepper rhizosphere. The present research provided a theoretical basis and effective way for the biological control of pepper Phytophthora Blight.

Identification and Biological Characteristics of the Pathogen (Fusarium equiseti) Causing Shoot Blight of Atractylodes chinensis

WEN Xiaolei1,2, QI Huixia1*, SUN Weiming1, LIU Yijian1, FENG Lina1, MENG Tongyao2, HAN Zhiling1, CAO Jia1, WANG Junfeng1

2020, 22(5):  115-121.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0391

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In recent years, with the expansion of the cultivation area of Atractylodes chinensis, the disease damage caused by pathogen has become more and more severe. To investigate the pathogen causing shoot blight of Atractylodes chinensis and its biological characteristics, the pathogen was identified based on the Koch’s postulates, morphological characteristics, molecular biological technology, and the optimum growth rate of mycelium were determined. The results showed that the aerial hyphae was villous to cotton-like, white to pink initially and turned camel color later, with sickle and curved conidia, significantly enlarged central cells, tapered apical spores, mostly had 3~7 compartmentals, spherical chlamydospores, chainlike or monogenic hyphae or spore. The pathogen ITS sequence shared 100% identity with that of Fusarium equiseti in GenBank (MK621018), and the pathogen was confirmed as Fusarium equiseti (GenBank accession No. MH290363). The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25~30 ℃, the mycelial  grew at pH 4~11, and the optimum pH  was 8~11. Oat and corn flour culture medium were the most suitable for mycelial growth; light conditions had great influence on the mycelium growth, and full light accelerated mycelial growth. The highest utilization rate of carbon-source starch, glucose and nitrogen-sourced yeast leaching powder was highest, and the diameter of the colony was about 7 cm when cultured for 7 d. The utilization rate of starch, glucose and yeast extract powder was the highest, and the diameter of the colony was about 7 cm when cultured 7 d.

Analysis of Drug Resistance and the Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Sheep from Korla Region of Xinjiang

LIU Yingyu§, ZHU Mingyue§, SU Xiaoyue*, XU Lan, LIU Junfei, ZHENG Xiaofeng, ZHANG Yan, ZHENG Xiaoqin

2020, 22(5):  122-128.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0053

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In order to understand the distribution of the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and its virulence genes from sheep in Korla region of Xinjiang,  the isolation and identification of STEC on 282 samples from sheep farms, slaughterhouses and markets in Korla region of Xinjiang were carried out, and the coding of virulence genesand the drug resistance of STEC strain to 17 common antibiotics was detected. The results showed that: 72 strains of STEC were detected in mutton production of 282 samples with 25.5% of detection rate. The number of virulence genes stx1+stx2, stx1, stx2, rfbE, eae and hly in 72 STEC strains were 22, 45, 2, 0, 4, 51, respectively. Among them, there were more non-O157 STEC in the sheep farm and the detection rate was 37.3%. stx1 gene was Shiga toxin mainly and the detection rate reached 65.2%. Drug resistance was dominated from β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycoside antibiotics and macrolide antibiotics in the 72 STEC strains. The STEC strain had severe multiple drug resistance and could be resistant to nine antibiotics. Multiple drug resistance was mainly resistance to one and two antibiotics.  This research showed that there were a large number of non-O157 STEC strains in sheep farms in the mutton production process, and the drug resistance was more serious, it was necessary to prevent source pollution.

Application and Research of Constructed Wetlands in Rural Wastewater Treatment

LIN Hui, JIANG Zhongqun, MAO Jianhua*

2020, 22(5):  129-136.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0164

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Rural wastewater treatment is a necessary measure to implement the strategy of rural revitalization. Because of simple maintenance, low operating cost and so forth, constructed wetlands (CW) have been widely used in rural wastewater treatment around the world. In recent years, many related national and local standards have been issued in China, providing references for the design and implementation of constructed wetlands. But in some specific aspects such as the pretreatment techniques, treatment goals, sizing methods and winter operations, standardized practices are yet to be achieved. This review focused on constructed wetlands in rural wastewater treatment, covering the development history, application progress, treatment process and sizing calculation, and prospected its future research direction, to provide reference and suggestions for further application and research.

Impact of Phosphorus and Sulfur Combined ApplicatIon on Selenium Uptake and Translocation in Winter Wheat

ZHANG Shengnan1, NIE Zhaojun1*, ZHAO Peng1, LI Jinfeng1, LI Yongge2, LIU Hongen1*, QIN Xiaoming1, QIN Shiyu1

2020, 22(5):  137-144.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0344

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In order to explore the effects of phosphorus(P) and sulfur(S) combined application on wheat yield, selenium uptake and translocation, and to provide some theoretical basis  for the production of selenium-rich wheat or the rational regulation of wheat selenium content, this paper conducted potted experiment to determine the yield and selenium content of each part of the plant at the maturity stage of wheat with different P and S levels. The results showed that: the yield of winter wheat was significantly increased by the combination application of S and P. The yield of winter wheat was the highest under S0.1P0.4 treatment. Besides glume, each part of the winter wheat had high selenium content under S0P0 treatment. Whether S was applied or not, P application could significantly reduce the selenium content of each part of the winter wheat, increase wheat plant selenium accumulation, promote the selenium migration of stem leaf to glume of winter wheat, and reduce the selenium migration coefficient of root to stem  leaf and glume to grain, and also reduce the selenium distribution of the grains. The application of sulfur alone would reduce the selenium accumulation of the plant, promote the migration of winter wheat roots to stem  leaf, stem leaf to glume, reduce the selenium migration coefficient of the glume to grain, and low sulfur treatment could increase the selenium distribution of wheat grains, but the high sulfur treatment could reduce the selenium distribution of the grains. S0P0.2 treatment could significantly increase winter wheat yield and grain selenium accumulation, while high concentration of P and S combined application would reduce winter wheat grain selenium accumulation. Selenium distribution of grains were relatively large in S0.1P0 and S0.1P0.2treatment, the proportion were 45.3% and 44.8%, respectively. Therefore, the reasonable combined application of S and P could significantly increase the yield of wheat, and the most significant increase was under the treatment of low sulfur (S0.1) and high phosphorus (P0.4). Low sulfur (S0.1) and low phosphorus (P0.2) treatment could increase the accumulation of selenium in plants more effectively and enhance the accumulation of selenium in grains.

Effects of Newtype Urea on Yield, Nutrient Absorption and Utilization of Winter Wheat

YIN Huanli1, YUE Yanjun2, CHANG Feng1, WANG Haibiao1, MIAO Yuhong1, WANG Yilun1*

2020, 22(5):  145-152.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0959

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In order to reveal the application effect of new type urea in winter wheat planting, field experiment was conducted and 8 treatments including the application with common urea (Urea), controlled release urea (LCUrea), alginic acid urea (HUrea), density network urea (NUrea), Mn urea (MnUrea), single basal fertilization of controlled release urea(LCUrea1), common urea and equal amount of Mn to treatment MnUrea (Urea+Mn) and no nitrogen fertilizer (CK) were set up, the effects of different nitrate treatments on yield, leaf SPAD value, photosynthetic physiological characteristics, nitrogen absorption and utilization of winter wheat were investigated. Compared with common urea, the leaf SPAD values at jointing stage were increased by 1500% and 1300%, respectively, in LCUrea and HUrea treatments. At filling stage, the net photosynthetic rate of LCUrea and HUrea treatments were increased by 3304% and 2076% than that in Urea treatment, respectively; and their stomatal conductance were significantly increased by 2609% and 2174%, respectively; their nitrogen accumulation amount were increased by 1439% and 1236%, respectively; their nitrogen use efficiency were increased by 4575% and 3902%, respectively. The grain yield of LCUrea and HUrea treatments were increased than that of Urea treatment by 1449% and 1333%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in grain yield between NUrea, Mnurea and Urea treatments. Additionally, treatments of LCUrea and HUrea could effectively increase the number of panicles, and improve the photosynthetic physiological characteristics, promote nitrogen uptake and utilization, increase yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat. Therefore, the application of controlled release urea and alginic acid urea could be widely used in tidal soil area of North Henan.

Influences of MilletPeanut Intercropping on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Millet

WANG Yuyun, WANG Hongfu*, LI Zhi, DUAN Hongkai, HUANG Shanshan

2020, 22(5):  153-165.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0878

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In order to study the effects of different intercropping patterns on the growth and yield of millet, this paper selected Nongda 8 and Jinhua 10 as experimental materials for field experiment, and five treatments were set, including millet monoculture (T1), millet peanut 2:4 (T2), millet peanut 3:3 (T3), millet peanut 4:2 (T4) and peanut monoculture (T5). The results showed that: ① Compared with monoculture, the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and SPAD value of millet leaves under different treatments increased to different degrees, and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration decreased. ② For chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, the actual photochemical efficiency, electron transfer rate, quenching coefficient of photochemical fluorescence, and potential photochemical activity of PSⅡ in intercropping millet leaves were all significantly improved compared with that in monocropping, while the maximum quantum yield of PSⅡ did not change significantly. ③ For the yield index, the intercropped millet yield was improved compared with the single crop, and the peanut was shaded by the high niche, which caused the peanut to have poor ventilation and light transmission, inhibiting the growth and development of the peanut, making it at a disadvantage, but the intercropping treatment was overall. There was still a significant intercropping advantage, with T2 treatment being the best. The above results provided a theoretical basis for intercropping of millet and high yield and stability.

Effects of Different Fertilization Methods on the Absorption, Accumulation and Distribution of Ca and Zn in Peanut

WANG Fei1, WANG Jianguo2, LI Lin1*, LIU Dengwang1*, WAN Shubo2, ZHANG Hao1

2020, 22(5):  166-173.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0812

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In order to explore the improvement of Ca and Zn nutrition of peanut plants in southern paddy soil by different fertilization modes, the large seed variety Xianghua 2008 and southern paddy soil were used as research objects,this paper set 7 different fertilization modes (T1: No fertilizer; T2: Compound fertilizer 750 kg·hm-2; T3: Compound fertilizer 375 kg·hm-2; T4: Compound fertilizer 375 kg·hm-2+ rhizobium; T5:Compound fertilizer 375 kg·hm-2+ rhizobium + calcium fertilizer ; T6: Compound fertilizer 375 kg·hm-2+ rhizobium + zinc fertilizer; T7:Compound fertilizer 375  kg·hm-2+ rhizobium + calcium fertilizer + zinc fertilizer), and used ridge and film cultivation to study the effects of different fertilization modes on Ca and Zn content, accumulation and pod distribution coefficient of peanut organs. The results showed that: the single application of calcium fertilizer and zinc fertilizer significantly increased the Ca and Zn content in peanut roots, stalks, leaves, gynophores, and pods, up to 53.42% and 41.57%, respectively; With the simultaneous application of calcium and zinc fertilizers, except for the reduction of the corresponding Ca and Zn content, accumulation, and pod distribution coefficient of some organs, the rest of the organs were improved compared to those without calcium fertilizer and zinc fertilizer. The maximum Ca and Zn accumulation increased by 48.66% and 49.55%, respectively, the Ca and Zn distribution coefficient of pods reached 0.080 and 0.180, respectively, and the differences between treatments were significant. There was a synergistic absorption relationship between Ca and Zn accumulation and distribution coefficient between the calcium treatment and the zinc treatment. It had accelerated the enrichment of Ca and Zn to the pods, expanded the "storage capacity", and increased the utilization of fertilizers. It laid the foundation for high yield of peanut and provided theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency cultivation of peanut in paddy soil in the south.

Influences of Different Ca/P Ratios and Concentrations on Growth Characteristics of Lolium multiflorum

XU Yanhong, ZUO Yicai, XI Yi*, XU Zhongdan, LI Bin

2020, 22(5):  174-180.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0167

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In order to reveal the adaptation mechanism of Lolium multiflorum Lamk in response to different calcium and phosphorus environments, three different calcium-phosphorus ratios, including 1∶1, 2∶1, 5∶1, and two calcium-phosphorus concentrations at each calcium-phosphorus ratio (Ca/P ratio) were carried out. The variations of morphological and physiological indexes of L. multiflorum under different treatments were analyzed.  The comprehensive evaluation method of membership function was used to screen the suitable Ca/P ratio and their concentrations for the growth of L. multiflorum. The results showed that: ① with the increase of Ca2+, P concentrations under 1∶1 of Ca/P ratio, the plant height, leaf width, contents of photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and proline (Pro) content of L. multiflorum decreased, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased. ② With the increase of Ca2+, P concentrations under 2∶1 of Ca/P ratio, the plant height and leaf width decreased in various degrees, carotenoid and Pro content increased, however the photosynthetic pigments contents, MDA content and SOD activity had no significant changes. ③ With the increase of Ca2+, P concentrations under 5∶1 of Ca/P ratio, plant height, leaf width and photosynthetic pigment content increased, MDA content decreased, while there is no significant changes in Pro content and SOD activity. ④ With the increase of Ca2+ concentrations under the the same P concentration, contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, SOD activity decreased. ⑤ According to the comprehensive evaluation of membership function, the suitable concentrations of Ca and P for the growth of L. multiflorum were 50 and 10 mg·kg-1, respectively. The present research provided a theoretical basis for the cultivation of L. multiflorum and its mechanism responding to calcium and phosphorus.

Effects of Biochar on Soil Nitrogen Leaching in Acid Red Loam of Tea Garden

LIU Cenwei, YE Jing, LI Yanchun, LIN Yi, WANG Yixiang*

2020, 22(5):  181-186.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0182

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Soil erosion in mountain tea garden becomes serious in Fujian Province, and cultivation at high slope of tea garden causes fertilizer nutrient loss, as well as soil acidification. To find out the impacts of biochar on the changes of soil nutrient leaching of acid red loam soil of tea garden, this study estimated the losses of nutrient in the laboratory by leaching soil column simulation, 5 treatments were set up, including CK(C0N0), 2% biochar with convention fertilizer (C1N1), 5% biochar with convention fertilizer (C2N1), double the amount of fertilizer without biochar (C0N2), regular fertilizing with 2% biochar(C1N1) and regular fertilizing with 5% biochar(C2N1). The results showed that, under conventional fertilization, the volume of leachate decreased significantly with the increase of biochar applied, in addition, TN, NO-3-N and NH+4-N  significantly decreased. The leaching time showed that, the treatments with 2% and 5% biochar detected NO-3-N and NH+4-N later than the treatments without biochar, moreover, the peak of NO-3-N concentrations appeared earlier than NH+4-N. Compared to the treatment with conventional fertilization but without biochar (C0N1), using biochar (C1N1and C2N1) significantly increased soil pH and NO-3-N concentration reduced by 60% and 77%, respectively, NH+4-N concentration reduced by 40% and 39%, respectively. In terms of different nitrogen forms, C1N1和C2N1 detected NO-3-N was earlier than NH+4-N, which indicated the holding capacity of biochar to NH+4-N was better than that of NO-3-N. In conclusion, adding biochar to acid red soil for reducing nitrogen loss and improving soil nutrient content would be significance. These results provided the basis for soil improvement of acid red loam soil in tea garden.