发育高温对烟粉虱及其优势寄生蜂适合度和同步性的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0021

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为揭示气候变暖背景下温度升高对农业害虫-天敌系统的作用规律，研究不同程度高温条件对烟粉虱及其优势寄生蜂丽蚜小蜂适合度和同步性的影响。分别于恒定适温（26 ℃）和高/适温交替（30/26、34/26和38/26 ℃）条件下逐日观察统计烟粉虱和丽蚜小蜂成虫前期各阶段的发育历期、存活率和初羽化雌成虫个体大小，并解剖初羽化丽蚜小蜂雌蜂卵巢，统计其抱卵量及卵子长度。结果显示，烟粉虱卵-1龄若虫、2龄若虫和3龄若虫各阶段的发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短；整个成虫前期的发育历期在30/26、34/26和38/26 ℃高/适温交替条件下比26 ℃恒定适温下分别缩短1.6、1.9和4.4 d；34/26和38/26 ℃时初羽化雌成虫个体明显变小。高/适温交替条件下丽蚜小蜂卵-幼虫期和蛹期的发育历期均明显缩短；整个成虫前期的发育历期在30/26、34/26和38/26 ℃温度下比26 ℃适温下分别缩短2.2、2.0和3.0 d；随着温度的升高，丽蚜小蜂初羽化雌蜂个体变小，卵巢内成熟卵子数量显著下降。由此可见，发育温度的升高，显著影响烟粉虱和丽蚜小蜂的适合度，二者的同步性发生改变。研究结果表明在生防实践中应充分考虑环境温度变化对烟粉虱及寄生蜂影响的差异性，合理制定烟粉虱的生防策略。

关键词: 发育高温, 烟粉虱, 丽蚜小蜂, 适合度, 生物防治

Abstract:

To reveal the effect of high temperature on the agricultural pests-natural enemies system under the background of climate change， the effect of high developmental temperature on the fitness and synchrony of Bemisia tabaci and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa were studied. The developmental duration， survival rate and body size of newly emerged females of B. tabaci and E. formosa， as well as egg load and the length of eggs of E. formosa were observed daily under constant optimum temperature （26 ℃） or alternating high/optimum temperature （30/26， 34/26 and 38/26 ℃）. The results showed that the development duration of egg-1^st instar nymph， 2^nd instar nymph， and 3^rd instar nymph of B. tabaci decreased as the temperature increased； the development of the whole pre-adult of B. tabaci was shortened by 1.6， 1.9 and 4.4 d at 30/26， 34/26 and 38/26 ℃ compared with that at 26 ℃； the hind tibia length of newly emerged B. tabaci females at 34/26 and 38/26 ℃ were significantly shorter than that under the optimum temperature conditions 26 ℃. Development duration of egg-larva and pupa of E. formosa under high temperature conditions were shortened； the development duration of the whole pre-adult was shortened by 2.2， 2.0 and 3.0 d at 30/26， 34/26 and 38/26 ℃ compared with that at 26 ℃； hind tibia length and the number of ova of E. formosa decreased as the temperature increased. Fitness of B. tabaci and E. formosa was significantly influenced by the increased developmental temperature. Their synchrony destroyed by the high temperature. The results of this study indicated that the different effects of environmental temperature changes on B. tabaci and its parasitoids should be fully considered in the practice of biocontrol， so that a reasonable strategy for biocontrol of B. tabaci could be formulated.

Key words: high developmental temperature, Bemisia tabaci, Encarsia formosa, fitness, biological control

中图分类号:

S476

冯雪莹, 王路宽, 黄玉翠, 杨春萍, 徐海云. 发育高温对烟粉虱及其优势寄生蜂适合度和同步性的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(5): 131-138.

Xueying FENG, Lukuan WANG, Yucui HUANG, Chunping YANG, Haiyun XU. Effects of High Temperature on Fitness and Synchrony of Bemisia tabaci and Its Dominate Parasitoid[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(5): 131-138.

图/表 9

表1 每日温度设置

Table 1 Daily temperature setting

时间 Time	恒定适温 Constant optimum temperature/℃	高/适温交替 Alternating high/optimum temperature/℃
时间 Time	26	30/26	34/26	38/26
0：00—10：00	26	26	26	26
10：00—15：00	26	30	34	38
15：00—24：00	26	26	26	26

表2 不同温度下烟粉虱成虫前期各阶段发育历期

Table 2 Development duration of each stage of Bemisia tabaci pre-adult under different temperatures

温度 Temperature/℃	发育历期 Development period/d
温度 Temperature/℃	卵-1龄 Egg-1^st instar	2龄 2^nd instar	3龄 3^rd instar	4龄 4^th instar	卵-成虫 Egg-adult
26	8.9±0.1 a	3.0±0.1 a	3.5±0.1 a	2.6±0.1 a	18.0±0.2 a
30/26	8.4±0.1 a	2.8±0.1 ab	2.9±0.3 ab	2.3±0.2 a	16.4±0.6 ab
34/26	8.2±0.2 a	2.6±0.1 b	2.8±0.2 ab	2.4±0.1 a	16.1±0.3 bc
38/26	6.2±0.2 b	2.5±0.1 b	2.5±0.2 b	2.4±0.1 a	13.6±0.5 c

表3 不同温度下烟粉虱1~3龄期若虫存活率

Table 3 Survival rates of Bemisia tabaci 1st to 3rd nymph under different temperature

温度 Temperature/℃	存活率 Survival rate/%			累计存活率 Cumulative survival rate/%
温度 Temperature/℃	1龄 1^st instar	2龄 2^nd instar	3龄 3^rd instar	累计存活率 Cumulative survival rate/%
26	84.22±3.61 a	95.36±1.01 a	97.66±1.18 a	78.22±2.64 a
30/26	90.78±1.74 a	93.79±2.45 a	97.17±1.77 a	82.57±0.70 a
34/26	92.86±3.28 a	98.57±1.42 a	92.23±3.05 a	84.17±2.86 a
38/26	85.68±2.89 a	94.09±1.85 a	95.22±2.33 a	76.51±1.36 a

图1 不同发育温度下烟粉虱雌虫后足胫节长度注：不同小写字母表示差异在P<0.05水平显著。

Fig. 1 Hind tibia length of Bemisia tabaci female under different development temperaturesNote： Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level.

表4 不同温度下丽蚜小蜂成虫前期各阶段发育历期

Table 4 Development duration of each stage of Encarsia formosa pre-adult under different temperatures

温度 Temperature/℃	发育历期 Development period/d
温度 Temperature/℃	卵-幼虫 Egg-larva	蛹 Pupa	卵-成虫 Egg-adult
26	8.1±0.1 a	7.7±0.1 a	15.8±0.1 a
30/26	7.2±0.1 bc	6.4±0.1 b	13.6±0.1 b
34/26	7.4±0.1 b	6.4±0.1 b	13.8±0.1 b
38/26	7.0±0.2 c	5.8±0.1 c	12.8±0.1 c

表5 不同温度下丽蚜小蜂的平均化蛹率

Table 5 Average pupation rate of Encarsia formosa under different temperatures

温度 Temperature /ºC	幼虫总数 No. of larvae	化蛹总数 No. of pupae	平均化蛹率 Average pupation rate/%
26	195	172	84.4±5.3 a
30/26	253	211	84.6±3.6 a
34/26	184	163	90.1±2.7 a
38/26	65	60	95.2±3.5 a

图2 不同发育温度下丽蚜小蜂后足胫节长度注：不同小写字母表示差异在P<0.05水平显著。

Fig. 2 Hind tibia length of Encarsia formosa under different development temperaturesNote： Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level.

图3 不同发育温度下丽蚜小蜂抱卵量注：不同小写字母表示差异在P<0.05水平显著。

Fig. 3 Egg load of Encarsia formosa under different development temperaturesNote： Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level.

图4 不同发育温度下丽蚜小蜂雌蜂卵巢内卵子长度注：不同小写字母表示差异在P<0.05水平显著。

Fig. 4 Egg length of Encarsia formosa females under different development temperaturesNote： Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level.

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