不同基因型海岛棉的氮效率差异及其对光合特性和产量的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0185

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究和不同氮效率海岛棉品种在不同氮肥水平下叶面积及光合荧光特性的差异，以氮高效品种棉城10号（MC10）和氮低效品种新海14号（XH14）为供试材料，分别设置0（N₀）、320（N₁）、480 kg·hm^-2（N₂）3个施氮处理，研究不同氮效率海岛棉品种的单株叶面积、光合荧光特性、产量构成及其对氮肥的响应特性。结果表明，施氮能显著提高海岛棉单株叶面积、净光合速率（net photosynthetic rate，P_n）、气孔导度（stomatal conductance，G_s），品种间表现为MC10大于XH14，在不同施氮量下分别提高7.5%~22.4%、14.5%~38.0%、32.4%~111.1%。2个品种的相对可变荧光曲线（ΔV_t）在K点出现较大波动，表现为N₂、N₀处理显著高于N₁处理；品种间表现为N₀处理下XH14低于MC10，N₁与N₂处理下XH14高于MC10。2个品种可变荧光F_K占F_J-F_O振幅的比例（W_k）、在J时的相对可变荧光强度（V_J）与OJIP荧光诱导曲线初始斜率（M_o）均表现为N₂>N₀>N₁，N₀、N₂处理相较于N₁处理降幅表现为MC10>XH14，而光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）中最大光化学效率（φ_Po）、向下游电子传递链传递电子的能力（ψ_o）和用于电子传递的量子产额（φ_Eo）则表现出相反的规律。最大光合量子效率（F_v/F_m）、潜在光化学活性（F_v/F_o）、以吸收光能为基础的性能指数（PI_ABS）和从PSⅡ吸收的光子到PSⅠ末端受体减少的能量守恒潜在的性能指数（PI_total）均表现为随施氮量的增加先升后降，且MC10均大于XH14。2个品种均在N₂条件下F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、PI_ABS、PI_total最低，其中XH14降幅较大。施氮可以显著提高海岛棉单株结铃数、单铃重与产量，MC10的单株结铃数、单铃重、籽棉产量较XH14分别增加16.9%~33.8%、3.3%~7.7%、19.4%~41.7%。综上所述，不施氮或高氮处理均会在不同程度上造成海岛棉叶片PSⅡ损伤，降低其光合性能，并表现出较强的品种间差异。以上结果可为氮高效品种筛选与培育提供理论依据。

关键词: 海岛棉, 氮效率, 光合特性, 叶绿素荧光

Abstract:

In order to study the differences of leaf area and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics among different nitrogen efficiency island cotton cultivars under different nitrogen fertilizer levels， the high nitrogen-efficient variety Miancheng 10 （MC10） and low nitrogen-efficient variety Xinhai 14 （XH14） were as test materials， and 3 nitrogen application treatments were set up including 0 （N₀）， 320 （N₁） and 480 kg·hm^-2 （N₂）. The leaf area， photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics， yield and response characteristics to nitrogen fertilizer of different cultivars were studied. The results showed that the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the leaf area of single plant， net photosynthetic rate （P_n）， and stomatal conductance （G_s） of island cotton， and those of MC10 were higher than those of XH14， with the increase of 7.5%~22.4%， 14.5%~38.0%， and 32.4%~111.1%， respectively. The relative variable fluorescence curves （ΔV_t） of 2 varieties fluctuated greatly at K point， and N₂ and N₀ treatment were significantly higher than N₁， XH14 was lower than MC10 under N₀ treatment， and XH14 was higher than MC10 under N₁ and N₂ treatment. The proportion of variable fluorescence F_Kto F_J-F_O amplitude （W_K）， the relative variable fluorescence intensity （V_J） at J point and the initial slope （M_o） of OJIP fluorescence induction curve were all shown as N₂>N₀>N₁， the decrease range of N₀ and N₂ treatment compared with N₁ treatment was MC10>XH14. While the maximum photochemical efficiency （φ_P_o） in photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ）， the ability to transfer electrons to downstream electron transport chains （ψ_o ） and the quantum yield （φ_E_o） used for electron transport showed opposite trend. The maximum photosynthetic quantum efficiency （F_v/F_m）， potential photochemical activity （F_v/F_o）， the performance index based on absorbing light energy （PI_ABS） and the potential performance index （PI_total） of energy reduction from photons absorbed by PSⅡ to PSⅠ terminal acceptors showed a trend of increase firstly and then decrease with the increase of nitrogen application rate， MC10 was higher than XH14. And both varieties had the lowest values of F_v/F_m， F_v/F_o， PI_ABS andPI_total under N₂ conditions， of which the decrease range of XH14 was the most. Nitrogen application could significantly increase the number of bolls， boll weight and yield per plant of island cotton. Compared with XH14， the yield per plant of MC10 increased by 16.9%~33.8%， 3.3%~7.7%， 19.4%~41.7% respectively. In conclusion， no nitrogen and high nitrogen treatment caused PSⅡ damage of island cotton leaves to varying degrees， reduced photosynthetic performance， and there was the difference among varieties. Above results provided a theoretical basis for the selection and cultivation of high-efficiency nitrogen varieties in the future.

Key words: island cotton, nitrogen efficiency, photosynthetic properties, chlorophyll fluorescence

中图分类号:

S562

段松江, 胡浩然, 张承洁, 孙伟, 吴一帆, 郭仁松, 张巨松. 不同基因型海岛棉的氮效率差异及其对光合特性和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(1): 61-71.

Songjiang DUAN, Haoran HU, Chengjie ZHANG, Wei SUN, Yifan WU, Rensong GUO, Jusong ZHANG. Differences in Nitrogen Efficiency of Different Genotypes of Island Cotton and Their Effects on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(1): 61-71.

图/表 9

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土层 Soil layer/cm	全氮 Total nitrogen/ （g·kg^-1）	有机质 Organic matter/ （g·kg^-1）	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen/（mg·kg^-1）	速效磷 Available phosphorus/（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾 Available potassium/（mg·kg^-1）	pH
0—10	0.3	4.6	13.8	9.1	53.9	8.6
10—20	0.6	9.8	25.3	25.4	97.7	8.8
20—30	0.7	11.2	47.6	40.2	130.8	8.4
30—40	0.5	8.3	30.2	13.1	91.9	8.5
40—50	0.4	8.6	23.7	10.2	106.1	8.6
50—60	0.7	9.5	35.7	30.2	116.7	8.7
60—70	0.7	8.9	26.8	17.0	110.6	8.9
70—80	0.3	6.3	10.9	13.0	101.5	8.5

土层 Soil layer/cm	全氮 Total nitrogen/ （g·kg^-1）	有机质 Organic matter/ （g·kg^-1）	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen/（mg·kg^-1）	速效磷 Available phosphorus/（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾 Available potassium/（mg·kg^-1）	pH
0—10	0.3	4.6	13.8	9.1	53.9	8.6
10—20	0.6	9.8	25.3	25.4	97.7	8.8
20—30	0.7	11.2	47.6	40.2	130.8	8.4
30—40	0.5	8.3	30.2	13.1	91.9	8.5
40—50	0.4	8.6	23.7	10.2	106.1	8.6
50—60	0.7	9.5	35.7	30.2	116.7	8.7
60—70	0.7	8.9	26.8	17.0	110.6	8.9
70—80	0.3	6.3	10.9	13.0	101.5	8.5

品种Variety	处理Treatment	V_J	M_o	φ_Po	ψ_o	φ_E_o
XH14	N₀	0.50±0.04 bc	0.76±0.1 ab	0.75±0.01 abc	0.50±0.04 ab	0.38±0.04 abc
	N₁	0.38±0.03 c	0.54±0.07 b	0.79±0.04 ab	0.62±0.03 a	0.49±0.04 ab
	N₂	0.65±0.11 a	1.04±0.32 a	0.68±0.08 c	0.35±0.11 c	0.24±0.11 c
MC10	N₀	0.53±0.06 ab	0.79±0.11 ab	0.75±0.03 abc	0.47±0.06 bc	0.35±0.06 bc
	N₁	0.37±0.05 c	0.52±0.05 b	0.80±0.01 a	0.63±0.05 a	0.51±0.04 a
	N₂	0.66±0.09 a	1.05±0.17 a	0.71±0.03 bc	0.34±0.09 c	0.24±0.08 c
品种Variety		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
氮肥Nitrogen fertilizer		**	**	**	**	**
品种×氮肥Variety×nitrogen fertilizer		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

品种Variety	处理Treatment	V_J	M_o	φ_Po	ψ_o	φ_E_o
XH14	N₀	0.50±0.04 bc	0.76±0.1 ab	0.75±0.01 abc	0.50±0.04 ab	0.38±0.04 abc
	N₁	0.38±0.03 c	0.54±0.07 b	0.79±0.04 ab	0.62±0.03 a	0.49±0.04 ab
	N₂	0.65±0.11 a	1.04±0.32 a	0.68±0.08 c	0.35±0.11 c	0.24±0.11 c
MC10	N₀	0.53±0.06 ab	0.79±0.11 ab	0.75±0.03 abc	0.47±0.06 bc	0.35±0.06 bc
	N₁	0.37±0.05 c	0.52±0.05 b	0.80±0.01 a	0.63±0.05 a	0.51±0.04 a
	N₂	0.66±0.09 a	1.05±0.17 a	0.71±0.03 bc	0.34±0.09 c	0.24±0.08 c
品种Variety		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
氮肥Nitrogen fertilizer		**	**	**	**	**
品种×氮肥Variety×nitrogen fertilizer		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	株数/（×10⁴ 株·hm^-2） Number of plants （×10⁴ plant·hm^-2）	单株结铃数Boll number per plant	单铃重 Boll weight/g	衣分 Lint percentage/%	籽棉产量 Seed cotton yield/ （kg·hm^-2）
XH14	N₀	21.3±1.0 a	7.1±0.04 bc	2.6±0.15 c	33.7±0.005 a	3 983.4±95.2 d
	N₁	21.3±0.8 a	7.4±0.24 c	3.0±0.14 ab	31.7±0.003 a	4 896.9±141.4 c
	N₂	21.0±0.5 a	9.0±1.16 ab	3.1±0.05 ab	32.7±0.010 a	4 735.4±783.7 c
MC10	N₀	21.2±0.5 a	7.7 ±0.77 bc	3.0±0.22 ab	32.0±0.001 a	4 883.2±74.7 c
	N₁	21.0±0.8 a	8.4±0.25 bc	2.8±0.08 bc	33.3±0.031 a	5 847.7±345.3 b
	N₂	21.1±0.4 a	9.9±0.25 a	3.2±0.07 a	31.7±0.005 a	6 711.9±183.2 a
品种Variety		ns	**	*	ns	**
氮肥Nitrogen fertilizer		ns	ns	**	ns	**
品种×氮肥Variety×nitrogen fertilizer		ns	ns	ns	ns	**