Abstract:

Scientific fertilization is an important measure to improve crop yield and nutrient use efficiency. At present, unscientific fertilization, low nutrient use efficiency and low production yield are the common problems in cropping system, which have resulted in fertilizer resources wasting, environment risk increasing and agro-food quality decreasing. Studies on the theory and methods of high efficient fertilizer are of important significance for ensuring food security, improving fertilizer use efficiency and protecting eco-environment safety. According to current situation of crop fertilization and nutrient use efficiency, this paper analyzed the effects of unscientific fertilization on soil, water, air, agro-food quality and human health; summarized two recommended fertilization strategies based on soil nutrient test and aboveground crop response; and introduced soil test method, fertilizer effect function method, chlorophyll meter, leaf color chart, nitrate reflect meter, canopy reflect meter, plant symptom diagnosis and methods based on crop yield response and agronomic efficiency. The paper also suggested that a suitable fertilizer method should be selected, so as to adapt to local conditions, achieve high production yield, be friendly to environmental and secure sustainable utilization of farmland.

Key words: fertilization, nvironment, fertilizer recommendation, soil test, yield response

摘要：

科学的施肥方法是提高作物产量和肥料利用效率的重要措施。当前农业生产存在施肥不科学，肥料效率低下，单产水平低等问题，导致肥料资源浪费、环境风险增大、农产品品质下降等一系列后果。研究作物高效施肥理论与方法对于保障粮食安全、提高肥料利用率和保护生态环境安全具有重要意义。在当前作物施肥以及肥料利用率现状基础上，分析了不科学施肥对土壤、水体、大气、农产品品质和人体健康的影响，综述了基于土壤养分测试和地上部作物反应的两类推荐施肥策略，着重介绍了测土施肥法、肥料效应函数法、叶绿素仪、叶色卡、硝酸盐反射仪、冠层反射仪、植株症状诊断以及基于作物产量反应和农学效率的推荐施肥方法，并建议在实践中应因地制宜，选择适用的推荐施肥方法，以达到协调作物产量、环境保护和农田可持续利用的共赢。

关键词: 施肥, 环境, 推荐施肥, 土壤测试, 产量反应