Table of Content

15 October 2009, Volume 11 Issue 5

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Present Status, Hot Topic Analysis, Development Tendency and Counter-measures for Beef Cattle Industry in China

ZAN Lin-sen1,2, ZHAO Chun-ping1,2, LIU Yang1| LIU Yong-feng1

2009, 11(5):  1-5. 

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On the basis of reviewing the present status of beef cattle industry in China, we analyze the main factors  restricting the development of beef cattle industry, with especial focus on the hot topics in 2008. We also forecast the tendency for China's beef cattle industry in the near future. Before ending, we put forward several counter-measures for developing beef cattleindustry under present situation.

Effects of Plastid Differentiation on Plant Embryo Development

LIANG Qiu-ju1,2, WANG Chong-ying1, FAN Yun-liu2, ZHANG Chun-yi2

2009, 11(5):  6-11. 

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The proper development of plastid/chloroplast is tightly linked with embryogenesis in plants. Up to now, extensive researchactivities have been carried out on the regulation of embryogenesis by using the approaches of molecular genetics.Consequently a series of genes that control embryo development were isolated, mutations in these genes could lead to embryo-defective or embryo-lethal phenotype at different stages of their development. Here we reviewed the genes whose mutationscould induce both plastids/chloroplasts and embryo abnormality, and thus concluded that organogenesis during embryodevelopment is very important for normal embryo development.

Research Progress in AT-hook Proteins

XIAO Chao-wen, FU Yong-fu

2009, 11(5):  12-16. 

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AT-hook is a new DNA-binding motif. It is different from the other DNA-binding motifs functionally known. AT-hook motif hasfeature of four core amino acids with RGRP sequence. The specific binding of AT-hook proteins and DNA sequences isaccomplished through interaction between the amino acids of their AT-hook motifs and the AT-rich regions in DNA minor groove.The AT-hook motif exists widely in DNA-binding proteins in different species. AT-hook proteins play important roles inconstructing chromatin structure and regulating transcription of target genes, therefore affect the organism growth and development.

Research Progress on Plant Endo-β-1,4-Glucanase Genes

CHAI Guo-hua, FU Xian-hu, BAI Ze-tao, HUANG Jun-yan, LIU Sheng-yi

2009, 11(5):  17-22. 

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Plant endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes play an important role in plant growth and development. Recently, with continuousdevelopment in molecular biology, significant progress has been obtained in studies on plant endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes. Thepaper reviews in detail the cloning, functions, expression regulation of plant endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes and the structures, substrates of the encoded proteins, which is useful for understanding its effect on plant development.

Research Advances in the Effect of Resistance Gene Mi-1 in Tomato

WANG Xin1, KUANG Wei1,2, WAN Fang-Hao1

2009, 11(5):  23-29. 

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As an important resistant gene in tomato, Mi-1  gene shows potential for resistance to Meloidogyne spp., Macrosiphumeuphorbiae and Bemisia tabaci. The principle of such resistance should be attributed to an encoded protein, which is of CC-NBS-LRR structure, being of broad spectrum for resistance towards plant diseases and pests. In this paper, we reviewed its characteristics of insect-resistance; discussed the gene structure and the insect-resistant types of its products; analyzed the genes resistant ability towards Meloidogyne spp., Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Bemisia tabaci; and further studied the resistant mechanisms of Mi-1  by means of gene mutation and salicylic acid pathway. Through objective evaluation on the functional mechanism of plant endogenous Mi-1  gene for plant diseases and pests, this study definitudes the application value of Mi-1  in agricultural production, thus provides scientific reliance for biological resistance control towards plant diseases and pests.

Research Progress in Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Viruses

GUO Yan-mei, DU Yong-chen, WANG Xiao-xuan, GAO Jian-chang

2009, 11(5):  30-35. 

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This paper reviews the present status of internal and external research works in tomato yellow leaf curl viruses, including research progress in TYLCV disease symptom and identification, occurrence and prevalence of virus, biological characteristics of pathogenic matter, resistant genetic resources, resistant gene's olecular markers and resistant breeding, etc.

Research Advances of |Resistant Genes in Apple

2009, 11(5):  36-41. 

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Apple is a model plant for resistance gene research in fruits. This paper reviewed the structure characteristics of apple disease and insect resistant gene and gene mapping; summarized the research progress made in resistances to major apple diseases, such as scab, powdery mildew, fire blight, woolly apple aphid, etc.  It also expounded the application of molecular marker technology in this research area and carried out discussion about the existing problems and solving methods.

Application Status and Prospect of GAP in Safe
Crop Production in China

ZHOU Shun-li, ZHOU Li-li, XIAO Xiang-fen, ZHANG Jing-ting

2009, 11(5):  42-48. 

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Good agricultural practice (GAP) is arising and continuously developing at the background of ever increasing  people's concern for food safety and human health. GAP is being approbated by international community in ensuring production of safetyand healthy food and non-food agricultural products, as well as in mutual recognition of food quality in international trade.This paper introduced the domestic and international generation and development of GAP, and expounded its connotation andmain content. The current application of GAP in crop production in China and its development trend were also discussed. InChina, GAP was firstly applied in production of Chinese traditional medicine, with more extensive and in-depth studies.Recently, there are reports about GAP application in tea, tobacco and several vegetables and fruits production, but still no report in grain and other field crops production.

Safety Administration System for Transgenic Organism in  America and its Enlightenment for China

LIU Pei-lei, LI Ning, ZHOU Yun-long

2009, 11(5):  49-53. 

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With the rapid development of transgenic technology, there is new challenge in safety administration of genetically modifiedorganisms (GMOs) in China. America is one of the countries with most perfect administration system of GMOs in the world. Inthis paper, we introduced the present status of safety administration in America, through systematic analysis on itsorganization and management system, law and regulation system and risk analysis system. On these bases, we put forward fivemeasures to perfect Chinas safety administration of GMOs as following: ① to complete law and regulation system; ② toprovide technical guidelines; ③ to improve safety review system; ④ to expedite the construction of supervision system; ⑤to establish a platform for popularizing science and technology.

Progress and Prospects of Studies on CERES-Rice Models

LUO Xiao, LI Zhong-wu, YE Fang-yi, HUANG Jin-quan

2009, 11(5):  54-59. 

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This paper briefly introduced the CERES-Rice models principle, main parameters and relative functions; focused on the model research and application progress at home and abroad; summed up the problems existing in CERES-Rice model research. Finally, the paper prospected the tendency for CERES-Rice model research from four aspects as strengthening the studies on model mechanism, data availability, integration with information technology and interface friendly amity.

Studies on the Gene Cloning and its Enzymology Characteristics of a Neutral β-Mannanase from Paenibacillus sp.A1

LIU Xiao-dan1,2, YANG Pei-long2, LIU Yong-chao3, XU Xiu-hong2,

2009, 11(5):  60-65. 

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A β-mannanase encoding gene was isolated from strain of Paenibacillus sp.A1 by degenerate PCR and TAIL-PCR. Sequence analysis shows that the gene of 960 bp length encodes a novel β-mannanase, which belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 5. The gene was ligated into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-22b(+), then expressed with the enzyme activity of 0.62 U/mL after induction by IPTG. Enzymatic characteristics analysis showed that the optimum pH for the enzyme was 6.5 and the optimum temperature was 55℃. It is a neutral β-mannanase, which has  better substrate adaptability. It is suitable to be taken as feed additives for fish and other aquaculture industry.

Studies on Polymorphisms of THRSP Gene 257C/G Mutation in Five Cattle Breeds

ZHANG Xiao-bai1, ZAN Lin-sen1,2, WANG Hong-bao1,2, HAO Rui-jie1, YANG Yan-jie1

2009, 11(5):  66-70. 

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Using PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing techniques, the genetic polymorphism of 257 C/G mutation in THRSP gene exon 1 and its relationship with meat quality traits were studied on five cattle breeds, including Qinchuan cattle, Xianan cattle, Nanyang cattle, Jiaxian red cattle and Luxi cattle. The results showed that this mutation had led to a synonymous mutation in the 75th amino acids. The allele frequency was consistent in 5 cattle breeds. The PIC of this locus is the highest in Nangyang cattle, which belonged to moderate polymorphisms, and that of the other cattle breeds belonged to low polymorphisms. The χ2 adaptability test indicated that the polymorphic of site 257 was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05) in five breeds. Associate analysis showed that carcass length and loin muscle area is significantly different between AA and AB genotypes in this locus. This locus is probably a mutation that affects carcass length and loin muscle area, or tightly linked to it. It could be a candidate molecular marker for beef cattle breeding.

Expression of Interleukin-6 and Its Receptor mRNA in Sheep Oocytes Maturation Process

YANG Mei-ling, ZHAO Xi-an, LIU Dong-jun, CANG Ming

2009, 11(5):  71-76. 

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The relative expressions of the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its receptor (IL-6R) mRNAs in the sheep ovine oocytes maturation stage was detected by the relative real-time RT-PCR. The results demonstrated that the Interleukin-6 and its receptor mRNAs were expressed continuously during ovine oocytes maturation in vitro, with significant high expression in the maturation at 4~8 h, then decreased dramatically. However IL-6 in the oocytes increased again at 16~20 h, correspondingly IL-6R in the cumulus cells increased at 12~16 h. Dynamic changes and the persistent presence of IL-6 signaling system within oocytes and cumulus cells open up the possibility of a potential regulatory role played by cytokine in ovine oocytes maturation.

Studies on Acute Toxicity of Lactobacillus casei Zhang Freeze-dried Powder in Mice

SUN Jie-yu1,2, GAO Peng-fei2, MA Shi-wei2, DU Rui-ting1, WANG Ming-fang2,

2009, 11(5):  77-82. 

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The acute toxicity of Lactobacillus casei Zhang freeze-dried powder was studied in mice to provide evidence for safety application. Different dose of L. casei Zhang freeze-dried powder were given to mice by gavage for 14 days. Compared with control, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in general signs, liver function, organ index and morphology of liver, kidney and spleen of mice administrated with different dose of L. casei Zhang freeze-dried powder. The result of acute toxicity and determination of related indexes showed that L. casei Zhang freeze-dried powder had no toxicity and side effects.

Design and Implementation of Forest Landscape Simulation
and Management Information System

XU Wen-qiang, TANG Li-yu, CHEN Chong-cheng, LIN Ding

2009, 11(5):  83-89. 

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Using virtual reality technology and facing the demand of the forest management, this paper describes the principle and process for creating a virtual forest landscape and puts forward the structure and design for a forest landscape simulation system, and develops a virtual forest landscape and an information management prototype system with VC++ programming language, Arc-Object component, OpenGL graphics standard. This system achieves virtual forest creation on three different scales, which are simple tree, stand, and landscape. It also provides multiple functions such as management, query, statistics and analysis of forest type map, virtual forest landscape design, the forest growth and management simulation, forest resources files management, etc. At last, based on data gained from the experimental area, the paper gives several applied examples.

Inter-laboratory Validation of Four Novel Plasmid Reference |Molecules Suitable For Four Genetically Modified Maize Event-specific Qualitative Detections

SHEN Kai-lin1,2, LI Xiang3, WANG Shu1, ZHANG Da-bing1, YANG Li-tao1

2009, 11(5):  90-95. 

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In this study, reference molecules suitable for event-specific qualitative detection of genetically modified (GM) maize Bt11,  TC1507, T25 and GA21, respectively, were constructed and validated by inter-laboratory validation. The statistical analysis  of reported data from seven labs showed that pBt11, pTC, pT25 and pGA were highly specific to GM maize Bt11, TC1507, T25 and GA21, respectively. The limits of detection that could be detected by all participants were all 50 copies DNA of each reference molecule for the detection of zSSⅡb and event-specific sequence in qualitative PCR detection systems. All results indicated that the four constructed reference molecules can be used as reference materials for qualitative event-specific detection of the corresponding GM maize events.

Cloning and Protoplast Transient Expression |of BnFAD2 Promoter in Brassica napus

WANG Mao-hua, LIU Mian-xue, LI De-kuan, YANG Yi, LI Xu-feng

2009, 11(5):  96-101. 

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Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2), which is widely present in plants, can transform oleic acid to linoleic acid in plants.  Designing primers based on GenBank BnFAD2 sequence, using Brassica napus leaf total DNA as template, we obtained 1.4 kb fragment by TAIL-PCR. Sequence analysis indicated that the fragment was upstream sequence of BnFAD2. Fragments with different 5′ end lack were inserted, substituting CaMV35S promoter, into pBI221-LUC. Analysis on Brassica napus protoplast transient expression  suggested that the region between -669 bp and -1019 bp of FAD2 upstream sequence was important for FAD2 transcription. Considering the cis regulation elements prediction result of FAD2 upstream sequence, the putative gibberellin -response element, light-response elements and other cis regulation elements contained in FAD2 promoter are important in FAD2 gene expression and regulation.

Effects of Cd Stress on Distribution Characteristics at  |Different Parts of Five Peanut Genotypes and their Yields

FAN Zhong-xue1,2, SHAN Shi-hua1,2, YANG Zhi-yi1,3, WAN Shu-bo1,2, LV Xiao1,LIU X

2009, 11(5):  102-107. 

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A pot experiment was conducted to study the distribution and accumulation of cadmium in five genotypes peanut（Arachis hypogaea）under different Cd concentration stress. The results showed that with the increasing of Cd treatment levels, the Cd contents in peanut root increased first, then decreased. The Cd contents between various Cd treatment levels were significantly different (P<0.05). The Cd content in peanut seeds increased with the increasing of Cd concentration level （P<0.05）. But in seeds of both KA100 and KB054, Cd accumulation and their variable were relatively low. Under different Cd levels, the distribution characteristics were different at different peanut parts. With the increasing Cd contamination, Cd contents inside of peanut were gradually accumulated at leaves and stalks, rather than roots. With the increase of Cd treatment level, peanut yield was first increased, then decreased. Variety KB054 was weakly affected by Cd, showing strong Cd tolerance.

Establishment and Clinical Application of Gene Chips for |Diagnosing Six Kinds of Poultry Disease Pathogens

ZHANG Wei1, TIAN Zhen-yu2, ZHENG Tong-tong2, ZHANG Xiu-mei1, HU Bei-xia1

2009, 11(5):  108-113. 

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The conserved sequences of new castle disease virus, avian influenza, infectious bronchitis virus, egg drop syndrome, infectious laryngotracheitis and mycoplasma gallisepticum were obtained by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A two-dimensional DNA microarray, that is gene chip, was produced by using cellulose membrane as  bio-chip substrate and micro-spotting technology. Pathogen polynucleotide was extracted from suspected samples, then labeled with bio-11-dUTP by RT-PCR incorporation method. The labeled PCR product and prepared gene chip were hybridized. The rapid and efficient detection and analysis were achieved by detecting the strength of hybridization signals.  The gene chip sensitivity is higher than that of RT-PCR and virus isolation, by 102 and 104 fold, respectively. It has faithful specificity. The coincidence rate of animal experiments was over 95%.

Estimation of Main Parameters of Castors Primary   Productivity by Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data

LI Gang, YANG Zhi-yong, QIN Pei

2009, 11(5):  114-118. 

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This paper studied on the estimation of main parameters of castors primary productivity by hyperspectral remote sensing data, using field experiment with different nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The result showed that with increasing application of nitrogen and phosphorus, LAI and ABM all increased, and castor canopy spectral reflectance was correspondently changed, especially the reflectivity of near-infrared ray (700~900 nm) was notably increased. Canopy spectral reflectance in 350~900 nm (especially 700~900 nm) was the highest in flowering and fruiting  period, higher in seed maturing period, and the lowest in seedling stage. These changes were positively correlated with LAI. This suggests that the canopy spectral reflectance could be used to monitor castors growth vigor and nutritional status. The relationships between hyperspectral vegetation index NDVI, RVI and LAI, ABM were all highly significant with determination of coefficients (R2) as 0.6115、0.6363 、0.7102 and 0.6148, respectively. This suggests that both NDVI and RVI could be used to estimate castors LAI and ABM during different phenological periods.

Studies on Predicting Bioavailability of Light Rare  Earth Elements by Different Extracts

WANG Wei-sheng1, SHAN Xiao-quan2

2009, 11(5):  119-124. 

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Single extraction procedures with low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs), sodium salts of LMWOAs, DTPA, EDTA, CaCl2 and NaNO3 as extracts were performed to extract light rare earth elements La, Ce, Pr and Nd from plant root wet rhizhosphere soil. The bioavailability of light rare earth elements from maize root is evaluated by single regression analysis. The results showed that light rare earth elements adsorbed by plant root cell wall and taken up by cross-membrane were utilizable, and the total content of rare earth elements in plant root can be used for predicting bioavailability. For the prediction of bioavailability of light rare earth elements in maize root and leaves, different extracts had different effects. LMWOAs, sodium salts of LMWOAs and DTPA were quite good extracts for predicting bioavailability of light rare earth elements uptake by maize root（significant at 0.10 probability level at least）. Neutral salts CaCl2 and NaNO3 were also good extracts for predicting bioavailability of light rare earth elements uptake by maize leaf   significant at 0.10 probability level at least）. In contrast, the correlation coefficients with maize root or leaf were poor when EDTA was used as extract.

Biological Sensing Technology Based on Enzyme-catalyzed  Depositing Enlargement Used for Detection of  Turnip Mosaic Virus

JIANG Xiao-ping1, LI Ming-fu2, CHEN Hong-jun2, WU Hui-wang1,

2009, 11(5):  125-129. 

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A novel bio-sensing technology based on enzyme-catalyzed depositing enlargement was proposed to detect Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). By using this method, the alkaline phosphatase-labeled antibody (TuMV antibody) was firstly immobilized on the electrode surface through sandwich immunity reaction, then the  infusible deposition was formed on the electrode surface by using alkaline phosphatase catalyze ascorbic acid to reduce silver ions. Thus the electrochemical signal of the electrode was enlarged greatly. The effects of experimental conditions, such as the concentration of antibody and the depositing time on the performances of immunoassay were studied. The result showed a fine linear relationship between reduction wave peak current and the concentration of TuMV from 10 to 1 000-fold dilution of TuMV primary solution with the detection limit of 500 000-fold dilution of TuMV primary solution.

The Application of Silage Additives in Four Feeding Shrub

SUN Qi-zhong1, YU Zhu2, FAN Li-juan3, ZHAO Shu-fen4

2009, 11(5):  130-133. 

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Using Caragana intermedia Kuang, Lespedeza hedysaroides (Pall) Kitag, Ceratoides arborescens (Losinsk) Tsien, Hedysarum fruticosum Pall as experimental materials, the effects of FS, Caihe, Cellulose on sliage were studied. The results showed that after  C. intermedia, L. hedysaroides and H. fruticosum were ensiled, silage quality was obviously improved and it could be efficiently preserved and utilized. Compared with CK group, contents of crude protein (CP) and crude fat (CF) were also improved, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were distinctly decreased, and  the silage emitted thick alcohol flavor. Among the three kinds of additives, cellulose was with the best abilty to improve the silage quality. While fermentation quality of C. arborescens showed worse than others, and there was no significant improvement after adding additives.