Table of Content

15 April 2011, Volume 13 Issue 2

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Research Status and Development Strategy for Sweet Corn Breeding in China

YAO Wen-hua, HAN Xue-li, WANG Yan-fen, TAN Jing, XU Chun-xia, CHEN Hong-mei, FAN

2011, 13(2):  1-8.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.01

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Great progress has been achieved on sweet corn breeding in China. However, the development of sweet corn breeding still can not catch up with the rapid development of sweet corn industry in recent years. On the basis of reviewing the research progress made in internal and external sweet corn breeding and the achievements of sweet corn breeding in China, this paper discussed about sweet corn types and breeding methods; pointed out the existing problems, such as the shortage of sweet corn germplasm, heterotic groups and heterotic patterns, lack of elite inbreeds, poor quality and week breeding capacity, etc. The paper also discussed about the developing strategy for sweet corn breeding including: germplasm introduction and innovation, scientific and technology cooperation, and borrowing and exploring new breeding ideas, etc.

Research Progress on microRNAs Role in Controlling Flower Development

XU Miao-yun, WANG Lei

2011, 13(2):  9-16.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.02

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coden RNAs with ~21 nucleotides, and have post-transcriptional regulation activities. MiRNAs can degrade and/or repress the translation of target genes by binding to the complementary sites of target genes. MiRNAs participated in many aspects of plant growth and development including growth, flowering, metabolism, hormone response, biotic and abiotic stress, etc. This paper mainly summarized the role of miRNAs in flower development, which is to better understand the mechanism of miRNAs in this process and provides basis for their application in improving plant agronomic traits and breeding excellent varieties.

Advances in the Molecular Mechanism of Phosphorus Uptake and Transportation in Plants

SUN Chuan-fan1, XIAO Kai2, HAN Sheng-fang2, ZHAO Fang-hua2, BAO Jin-xiang2

2011, 13(2):  17-24.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.03

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Phosphorus is one of the macronutrients in plants. The uptake of phosphorus and redistribution of phosphorus in plants are mediated by the phosphorus transporters located at the cytoplasm membrane in which the driving power was supplied by H+-ATPase conjugated with the phosphorus transporters. In this paper, the physiological characteristics of phosphorus uptake and transportation in plants, the structure, biological function of the phosphorus transporters in plant species and the expression regulation of the phosphorus transporter genes, and phosphorus-responsive genes (Pho regulon) were summarized. Meanwhile, the progress and potential value of plant mutants related to phosphorus uptake and transportation were evaluated. It is aimed to provide molecular basis for further exploring the molecular mechanism of phosphorus uptake and re-distribution in plants in the future.

Preliminary Analysis on Genetic Improvement of Bio-control Strains
 X4 of Sweet Melon's Postharvest Diseases and Related Traits

LU Ning*, WANG Qi*, SONG Juan, ZHANG Yi-ming, ZHOU Hong-you

2011, 13(2):  25-30.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.04

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X4(Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar Ⅲ) is a biological strain screened from melon surface by direct biological determination method. The strains did not produce antibiotic 2,4-DAPG, but had good control ability for many melon post harvests diseases. In this paper, X4-G was constructed by integrating Tn5 transposon comprising 2,4-DAPG synthetic genetic cluster into X4 genome. It was confirmed being successfully inserted by PCR and TLC test, and could exist stably in X4-G strains. Both X4 and X4-G strains showed inhibition to post harvests diseases pathogens Fusarium SPP. and Trichothecium roseum in plate antagonism experiment. Strains X4 and X4-G had over 80% bio-control efficacy to T. roseum in melon, and X4-G was prior to X4. The results showed that the recombinant X4-G with 2,4-DAPG synthesis genes could improve the bio-control ability to melon post harvest diseases.

Characteristics Analysis of Banana Bunchy Top Virus Rep Protein and Establishment of its Purification System

YU Nai-tong1,2, ZHANG Yu-liang1, WANG Jian-hua1, LIU Zhi-xin1

2011, 13(2):  31-37.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.05

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With Rep protein from banana bunchy top virus Haikou isolates DNA1 (Accession NO. FJ463042) as the research object, physical and chemical properties, composition, signal peptide, phosphorylation, secondary structure, tertiary structure and functional domains of the protein, etc. were analyzed and forecasted using bioinformatics software, and associated protein purification reagents were configured according to these features. The recombinant plasmid pET32b-Rep of E. coli BL21 (DE3) was inoculated into LB liquid medium and was induced at 20℃, 0.1 mmol/L IPTG for 4 h. A lot of soluble recombinant protein was generated and the supernatant was added to the AKTA Explorer 100 system by affinity chromatography. A different gradient of Washing buffer eluted impurity proteins and products of various stages via 12% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to determine 100 mmol/L imidazole as washing buffer concentration, and a large number of high-purity recombinant proteins were obtained ultimately. His*Tag Monoclonal Antibody as the first antibody, Western blot showed that the purified recombinant protein was the His-Rep fusion protein. The establishment of this purification system could not only provide basis for studying the crystallization of BBTV Rep, but also provide important data for purification of ABTV, FBNYV, MVDV, PNYDV, etc.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of MBL1 Gene in Bos Taurus

2011, 13(2):  38-45.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.06

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In order to study the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of Mannose-binding Lectin1, the genotypes of 3 loci at -2194(A>C),-1446(T>C),-1330(G>A) in the promoter region of MBL1 were detected by RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) and directly sequencing method, with 1 073 Chinese Holstein cattles, 69 Luxi Yellow cattle and 24 Bohai Black cattles as materials. The results showed that only 2 genotypes (AA/AC,GG/GA) were observed at sites -2194(A>C)and -1330(G>A)in Bohai Black cattle, and in Luxi Yellow cattles, the genotype AA was not detected at site -1330 (G>A). The dominant alleles in 3 breeds were A, C and G, and the allelic frequencies were A (CH 0.900 1/LYC 0.760 9/BBC 0.937 5)、C (CH 0.604 8/LYC 0.768 1/BBC 0.625) and G(CH 0.725 1/LYC 0.869 6/BBC 0.895 8),  respectively. The above results indicated that among all detected loci, the dominant alleles in 3 breeds were conservative relatively. Thus the 3 SNPs association with production traits needs   further studies.

Research Progress on Carbon Catabolite Repression Control in Bacteria

LIN Wen-na, LI Liang, WANG Rui, HAN Yun-lei, DAI Shu-xian, PING Shu-zhen, JIN Wu

2011, 13(2):  46-52.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.07

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When exposed to a medium with multi-carbon sources, most bacteria can use one preferred carbon source and prevent the metabolism and utilization of other compounds through decreasing the expression of corresponding genes by repression protein of carbon metabolism. This is called as carbon catabolism repression and widespread in bacteria, which is one of the hotspot of microbe metabolizability research. Through selective utilization of the carbon sources, bacteria obtain high competition and adaptation ability in their living niches. The protein of catabolism repression could play a role through complicated regulation systems, including transcription of activation or repression and control translation of related genes. There are some differences between the class of acting proteins and mechanisms in different bacteria. This review summarized some kind of acting proteins and mechanisms of CRC, which contributed to convince the environment adaption and metabolic diversity and the molecular regulation of carbon metabolism in bacteria.

Cloning and Expression of Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Proteases Gene OmpT

DONG Shi-lei1,2, LIU Wei2, ZHU Li-ying2, WANG Xue-qin3, YU Hong-wei4, WANG Xin1

2011, 13(2):  53-58.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.08

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The outer membrane proteases T (OmpT) of Escherichia coli is a surface membrane protein with serine protease activity. When OmpT could degrade antimicrobial peptide, it was used to screen and reconstruct novel antimicrobial peptide, which provided new idea for developing antimicrobial peptides of OmpT. In this paper, a pair of primers was designed according to OmpT sequence of E.coli, and a 954 bp sequence was obtained by PCR from E.coli K12 genome, which had 99.99% similarity with the opened sequence. Then the gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a to construct the recombinant expression plasmid pET28a-OmpT. A specific molecular weight of about 36 kDa of OmpT protein that has biological activity was expressed in E.coli BL21 after induced by IPTG. With the present of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) LL37, growth of E.coli pET28a was inhibited, while the growth of E.coli pET28a-OmpT was not affected after OmpT protein was induced. Current results indicated that OmpT could increase the resistance of E.coli to the AMP.

Optimization of Antifungal Protein Production by Bacillus subtilis Strain CAB-1 and its Stability Analysis

ZHANG Xiao-yun1,2, LI Bao-qing2, GUO Qing-gang2, LU Xiu-yun2, LI She-zeng2, MA P

2011, 13(2):  59-64.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.09

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Bacillus subtilis strain CAB-1 exhibited an effective inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea, which caused tomato gray mold, and the antifungal protein produced by it was the major active compound against Botrytis cinerea.  In this paper, the results showed the optimum culture condition was 2% inoculums volume, 100 mL loading amount in a 250 mL flask, at 30℃ for 48 h on a rotary orbital shaker with 180 r/min speed. The concentration of the crude protein was 0.16 mg/mL by Bradford method. Crude protein produced by strain CAB-1 was not sensitive to Trypsin and Proteinase K, while the antifungal activity was reduced 14% by Pepsin. The crude protein showed stable activity at 100℃, and retained 72% antifungal activity at 121℃ for 30 min. The antifungal activity of crude protein kept stable over a wide pH value, which could contain above 75% at pH 3~12 and decreas to 59% of control at pH 2. The antifungal activity maintained in organic solvents such as methanol, chloroform, ethyl, ethyl acetate and acetone.

A New Plant Modeling Method Based on Rule Compound Mechanism of L-System

LIN Min-quan, TANG Li-yu, CHEN Chong-cheng, ZOU Jie, LIN Yu-xin

2011, 13(2):  65-71.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.10

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L-System is a dominant method for tree modeling based on botanical rule, which has been widely used in virtual plant modeling and application. However, great challenge still existed in practice, such as difficulties in extraction of L-system rule and inconvenience in modeling. In order to solve these problems, L-system rule compound modeling method was present, which is beneficial for reuse of tree morphologic geometry and growing rule. Based on various basic libraries composed of ramification, phyllotaxis, inflorescence, fruit and others, the method constructs 3D geometric tree model by assembling different organ models from those libraries and integrating the knowledge of plant morphology and physioecology along with the measured data of plant morphological factors. This method is proved well by achieving the 3D longan tree and other tree models quickly. At present, it is more suitable for tall tree with complex organs, but not all plants. By introducing this method, we hope to reduce the difficulty of L-system modeling and to achieve the purpose of rapid modeling.

Authentic Proof Studies on Farmland Classification Based on Factor and Exponential Sum Methods

XU Han

2011, 13(2):  72-75.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.11

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To define better method for farmland classification through analyzing the factor method in the standards and exponential sum method in land appraising difference, the relationship of classification unit numbers and area were analyzed through comparing the farmland classification results of Hu County with these 2 different methods. The results showed that the distribution of classification unit numbers and area is identical in farmland classification with 2 methods, but the exponential sum method is simpler and more suitable for farmland classification, which offered basis for farmland classification in the future.

Effects of Long-term Fertilizer Structure on Early Rice Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Soil Fertility under Double Rice-rapeseed Rotation System

LU Yan-hong1,2, ZENG Qing-li3, LIAO Yu-lin1,2, GONG Chun-hua3, TIAN Chang2, LUO

2011, 13(2):  76-81.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.12

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Effects of different fertilizer structures on grain yield, yield construction, nutrient uptake in early rice and soil fertility were studied using a 22-year long term experiment under double rice-rapeseed rotation system. Six treatments were designed including no fertilizer (CK), NPK, NK, NP, 30% organic manure (30%OM) and 60% organic manure (60%OM). The results showed that the grain and biomass yields in early rice were obviously increased with long-term combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer. The highest and higher rice yields were observed in 30%OM treatment and 60%OM treatment with the increasing rate of 131.58% and 11908%, compared with the CK. Chemical fertilizers application combined with organic manure could promote NPK nutrient absorption. Compared with NPK treatment, the total nutrient absorption(N+P+K) of rice grain were increased by 3.90% and 1.05% within 30% OM treatment and 60% OM treatment, respectively, and compared with CK treatment, which were increased by 135.65% and 129.19%, respectively. Positive effect on soil fertility was also observed in treatments of inorganic fertilizers application combined with organic manure. Rice grain yield, nutrient uptake amount of rice plant, soil organic matter, total N, available N, and available P were all obviously lower than the other treatments, except the CK, which indicated that phosphorus is one of the major factors restricting crop growth in early rice and phosphorus should be applied in early rice production of this area.

Adsorption Efficiency of Different Adsorbents on Volatiles of Maize Leaves

ZHAO Zhen-jie, LIU Tian-xue, WANG Xiu-ping, LI Chao-hai

2011, 13(2):  82-87.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.13

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Volatiles from mechanical damaged fresh leaves of maize were collected by dynamic head-space sampling with adsorbents GDX-101, GDX-502, Porapak Q, Tenax-Ta and XAD-2, respectively. Components of the volatiles were analyzed and identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Eight volatile compounds, among which 5 were maize green leaf volatile compounds (GLVs), including cis-3-hexenal, trans-2-hexenal, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, trans-2-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenyl acetate and 3 were undefined. The results showed that the adsorption efficiency of GDX-101, GDX-502, Porapak Q and Tenax-Ta were basically consistent. These 4 adsorbents could meet the requirement of adsorption and detection of maize leaves volatile compounds. But the adsorption capability of XAD-2 to the lean content volatile compounds was relatively poor.

Studies on Suitable Number of Banana Combs Kept

LI Guo-liang1, YAO Li-xian1, YANG Bao-mei1, HE Zhao-huan1, ZHOU Chang-min1, TU S

2011, 13(2):  88-92.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.14

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Studying the effect of combs kept on banana growth, yield, quality and benefit will provide a basis for confirming suitable number of banana combs kept. The result showed that the banana growing status with different combs kept before buds cutting off was related to the nutrients content. The bananas agronomic characteristics were affected obviously by combs kept number. With the increasing of combs kept number, the soluble sugar content increased, Vitamin C content and peel thickness also showed increasing tendency. Considering the requirements of comprehensive markets for banana commodity, its harvest time, yield and economic benefit etc., we deem that banana with 7 combs have good fruit shape, concentrated harvest time, high yield and better benefit, thus can well satisfy the need for banana consumption in Guangdong Province.

Research Progress on Cadmium Contamination and its Control Measures

WANG Miao, ZHAO Ming-qin, LA Gui-xiao

2011, 13(2):  93-98.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.15

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Tobacco could accumulate virose cadmium, which makes people absorb cadmium when smoking actively or passively, thus hurts human health. Therefore, to enhance the understanding of cadmium and improve the safety of cigarette smoking, this paper summarized the impact of cadmium on tobacco quality with the patterns and influencing factors in cigarette smoking and internal migration patterns and influencing factors. It also expounded the existing measures in controlling heavy metal cadmium in tobacco. Controlling raw cigarette materials can provide effective measures and theoretical basis for reducing cadmium content in cigarettes.

Studies on Artemisia scoparia Silage

LIU Rui-xiang1,2, SUN Qi-zhong1, BAO Na2

2011, 13(2):  99-104.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.16

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Artemisia scoparia adding additive and without additive were used to study the silage quality. The results showed that sensory evaluation of the silages were good in silage without adding additive and in silage adding additive, the score were 16 and 17, respectively. The pH value of silage without adding additive and silage adding additive were 5.09 and 4.26, respectively. The silage with additive increased the contents of lactic acid and Acetic acid, while the content of PA in direct silage was higher. The results of Fliegs evaluation showed that the silage without adding additive was excellent with 87 score, while the silage adding additive was a qualified silage with 56 score. Judging from comprehensive sensory evaluation and fermentation quality, Artemisia scoparia silage without adding additive was the prior way.

Major Prevalent Trends of Tick-borne Disease in China and its Prevention and Control Measures

MA Guang-peng1, SUN Chuan-fan1, ZHAO Na2, ZHANG Xi-chen2

2011, 13(2):  105-109.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.17

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Tick is one haematozoon that could parasitize animal body surface and obtain multiple pathogens form the host. It is an important media for some contagious diseases spreading between human and animals. With the increasing trends of the tick-borne diseases in recent years, the ticks and tick-borne diseases in our country have once again become the focus of public concern. To enable people for better understanding of tick-borne disease and develop appropriate measures to reduce their harm, this paper summarized the main types of the diseases, their pathogenic factors, damage characteristics, major prevention means, the main scientific and technological problems existing in current tick-borne diseases′ prevention and control and the further scientific and technological measures for main tick-borne diseases′ prevention and control.

Degradation Analysis of Methyl Parathion by Detoxifying Enzyme

HOU Ya-xi, ZHANG Jia-ning, HAN Li, XIAO Zhi-yong, ZHANG Yuan-yuan, CHEN Fang

2011, 13(2):  110-115.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.18

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To identify the degradation effect on pesticide of detoxifying enzyme produced by pseudomonas alcaligenes, the degradation of methyl parathion by detoxifying enzyme in aqueous solution and on vegetable was studied and the degradation products were also analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The results showed that the detoxifying enzyme could effectively degrade methyl parathion, and the higher the enzyme concentration was, the better the degradation of methyl parathion was. The degradation rate of methyl parathion could reach 81.7% after methyl parathion with the initial concentration of 0.3 mg/L in aqueous solution treated with 320 mg/L enzyme for 90 min. And the degradation rate of methyl parathion could reach 58.5% after the commensurate enzyme was applied to methyl parathion with the initial concentration of 0.5 mg/kg in vegetable samples 60 min later. Furthermore, the 4-nitrophenol was identified as the degradation product of methyl parathion by GC-MS. In addition, the degradation of methyl parathion fitted the first-order kinetic model well (R2>0.84), which provided theoretical basis for its application in practice.

Analysis of Phenoloxidase Activity in the Coelomic Fluid of |Strongylocentrotus intermedius

WANG Yi-nan, LIU Xue-wei, LIU Yan-ping, CHANG Ya-qing

2011, 13(2):  116-120.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.19

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Phenoloxidase (PO) activity and proPO induction in plasma and coelomocyte lysate supernatan (CLS) of Strongylocentrotus intermedius was detected, and the effect of disease on the enzyme actives of sea urchin was analyzed. The results showed that PO of the coelomic fluid of S. intermedius was mainly distributed in plasma, and the PO activity in plasma was 48.28±6.69 U, that in CLS was 2.24±1.81 U; and prpPO existed in CLS was at very low level. After being activated by 1 mg/mL Trypsin and 100 mmol/L MgCl2, the PO activity increased 2.24 U and 7.86 U, respectively. The LPS, SDS, CaCl2 and methanol had no obviously inductive effect; and the PO activity of bacteria-infected S. intermedius was 12.90±2.03 U, which declined significantly （P＜0.05）comparing with that of the healthy ones (30.63 ±2.21 U). While the PO activity of diseased S. intermedius increased 4.19±1.96 U after induced by 100 mmol/L MgCl2, which increased significantly（P＜0.05）comparing with that of the healthy ones (276±1.15 U).The above results provide basis for further studies on immune defense mechanism of S. intermedius and other Echinodermata aminals.

Analysis and Evaluation of Nutritive Composition in “Ivory&rdquo|Strains and Ordinary Strains of Mizuhopecten yessoensis

DING Jun, CHANG Ya-qing, ZHANG Jing, HAO Zhen-lin, ZHAO Peng, SHANG Guo-liang

2011, 13(2):  121-128.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.20

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The nutritive composition, amino acids, fatty acids and mineral element of the ordinary Mizuhopecten yessoensis (control groups) and “Ivory” strains of M. yessoensis were investigated. Their nourishment components were analyzed and evaluated using biochemical methods. The results showed as follows: In the scallop pillar, the moisture and crude protein contents of “Ivory”  groups were more than that of the control groups, while the crude fat and crude ash contents of “Ivory”  groups were lower than that of the control groups. But the nutritive composition content in scallop edge of “Ivory”  groups was more than that of the control groups, except for the moisture content. The total amino acids (TAA), essential amino acids (EAA), delicious amino acids (DAA) and essential amino acids index (EAAI) in “Ivory”  groups were richer than that in the control groups. Most of the total fatty acids (TFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in “Ivory”  groups were lower than the control groups, while the contents of EPA and DHA were a little more than in the control groups. In conclusion, the difference between the “Ivory” group and the controls on the contents of several important nutrients was significant and the “Ivory” group showed advantages. This could provide theoretical evidence for deep processing and comprehensive utilization of “Ivory”  strains of M.yessoensis in the future.

Review and Prospect of “Summer Sporeling&rdquo|Technique of Saccharina japonica in China

SHAN Ti-feng1, LIU Feng1, LIU Qi-shun2, PANG Shao-jun1

2011, 13(2):  129-134.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.02.21

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The technique of Saccharina japonica cultivation by summering young sporophytes at low temperature (“summer sporeling” technique) was founded in the 1950s and it has still been widely used by Chinese kelp farming industries. Advantages of “summer sporeling” technique lie in several aspects: ①it could provide sufficient supply of seedlings for open sea cultivation; ②it could elongate the growth period of adult plants in the sea possible. However, the present design of re-circulating cold water system gives rise to sperm contamination among different breeds,which will lead to mixture of varieties in production. In this paper, the history of “summer sporeling” technique is reviewed with an emphasis on analyzing the reason and negative results of sperm contamination in application of varieties. Solutions and new designs are proposed. The above information was expected to shed light on improving the current technique towards a more sustainable way.