Table of Content

15 June 2011, Volume 13 Issue 3

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Relations Between Information Technology and Contemporary Agricultural Scientific Research

LIU Xu

2011, 13(3):  1-8.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.01

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Agricultural scientific research was the earliest research field in human society, and it evolves consecutively over time. It had chronologically experienced the ancient experience science stage, modern experimental science stage and contemporary integrated science stage. Currently, the emergence and development of information technology further promotes the reform of agricultural scientific method, the realization of agricultural research collaboration, the innovation of transforming agricultural research findings, and the progress of agricultural research management. With the rapid development of infomationization, agriculture will step into a new developmental stage of wisdom agriculture, and the research of agricultural information has showed the t trends of intelligentization, precision, standardization and digitization. This paper summarized the methods and development history of agricultural scientific research, and discussed about the effect of information technology on its development, so as to provide basis for further development of agricultural informatics science.

Research Progress on Structural Genomics of Plant Mitochondrial Genome

SU Ai-guo1,2, LI Shuang-shuang1, WANG Yu-mei3, LEI Bin-bin1, LIU Guo-zheng1, KAN

2011, 13(3):  9-16.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.02

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Plant mitochondrial genome has complicated structure features: such as variable genome size, frequent rearrangements, incorporation of foreign DNA sequences, etc. It contained both extraordinary conservation of functional genes and high variations in the intergenic regions. Numerous studies showed that the mitochondrial genome acted as the carrier of plant cytoplasmic male sterility. This paper reviewed the research progress on the structural characteristics, genetic composition and some hot focus of plant mitochondrial genomes, which provide theoretical guidance for further studies on molecular mechanism of cytoplasm male sterility (CMS), and effective application in CMS hybrid breeding and utilization of crop heterosis.

Research Progress on Mevalonate Kinase Genes

WANG Bao-lian1,2, FAN Qing-qi1, LI Yong-bo1, QU Zhi-cai2, CHU Xiu-sheng1

2011, 13(3):  17-25.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.03

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Isoprenoids, including sterols, dolichols, ubiquinones, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and growth regulators etc., are essential for organism growth and development. They are synthesized by a series of enzymes involved in mevalonate pathway. This paper summarized the progress in biological characteristics, gene cloning, and gene expression of rate-limited enzyme, which would provide theoretical basis for application of mevalonate kinase gene in controlling disease and pest, and improving animal and crop.

Data Survey and Analysis of the Tansgene Flow Frequencies and Distances in Major Crops |Ⅰ. The Background, Aim and General Consideration

WANG Zhi-xing, WANG Xu-jing, JIA Shi-rong

2011, 13(3):  26-29.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.04

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Transgene flows potential risk on environment and food is one of the hot spots that major public concerned. The data and information on tansgene flow in major corps published internationally until 2010 have been surveyed and analyzed. The distances of transgene flow at certain threshold level for different major crops are particularly defined. In this article, the background, aim and general consideration for this survey were discussed. On the scientific basis, the principle of classification management and threshold management are proposed to control the risk of transgene flow.

Data Survey and Analysis of the Tansgene Flow Frequencies and Distances in Major Crops Ⅱ. Rice

WANG Zhi-xing, WANG Xu-jing, JIA Shi-rong

2011, 13(3):  30-34.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.05

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Rice is one of the most important food crops. At present, transgenic insect-resistant rice has obtained safe certificate in China and transgenic rice with other traits have entered cultivation test and environmental release stage. So transgene flow of rice was paid more attention. This article reviewed and analyzed the data and information on rice tansgene flow, which is published internationally in recent ten years. The data include the frequencies and distances of gene flow to common cultivars, male-sterile lines and common wild rice (Oryza Rufipogon). It is indicated that the frequency of transgene flow to male-sterile lines is highest, to common cultivars is lowest, and to common wild rice is between male-sterile lines and common cultivars. The isolation distances at a threshold level 0.1% for the three categories of rice are determined.

Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels of Arabidopsis thaliana Involved in Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway

WEN Guo-qin1,2, CHAI Liang1, LIU Zhen1, LI De-kuan1, LUO Qin1, LI Xu-feng1, WANG

2011, 13(3):  35-40.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.06

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Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) proteins distribute in mitochondrial outer membrane. They participate in the formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) and control substances in and out of the mitochondria. To explore the possibility of VDAC in SA signaling pathway, Arabidopsis thaliana (RLD) was taken as experiment material, and transgenic plant lines of VDAC over-expression and inhibited expression were gotten. Then germination experiment of transgenic plant seeds were treated with SA. The result showed that VDAC affected the sensitivity to SA of transgenic seeds. The over-expression lines seeds were sensitive to SA, with low germination rate. In contrast, the inhibited expression lines were less sensitive and the germination rate was high. PR1, marker gene of SA signaling pathway, was used for the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. It was found that in over-expression lines, accompanied by VDAC high level, PR1 increased; and in the inhibition lines, VDAC lower level, PR1 declined. In summary, Arabidopsis thaliana VDAC was involved in SA signaling pathway.

Expressive Characteristics Analysis of OsDDM1a and OsDDM1b in Response to Abiotic Stresses of Rice

GAO Zhen-rui, ZHANG Hai-wen, HUANG Rong-feng

2011, 13(3):  41-46.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.07

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Environmental stress can cause changes of DNA methylation and histone modification in plants, which play important roles in regulation of gene expression. OsDDM1a and OsDDM1b, encoding chromatin remodeling enzymes, belong to SWI2/SNF2 family, and their amino acid sequence identity is up to 92.82%. They could be induced by ABA, NaCl, low temperature and drought stress. Several important cis-elements present were found in their promoter sequences, including ABRE、DRE、MYC and WRKY, which play key roles in response to environmental stress. Therefore, rice might change its level of DNA methylation by activating the expression of OsDDM1a and OsDDM1b in response to various environmental stresses, implying these 2 genes have pivotal function in stress tolerance.

Cloning and Expression of Maltooligosyltrehalose Trehalohydrolase Gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum

CHANG Min, QIAO Yu, DING Hong-biao

2011, 13(3):  47-52.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.08

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A DNA fragment ecoding maltooligosyl trehalose trehalohydrolase (treZ) was cloned from Corynebacterium glutamicum. It was inserted into prokaryotic expression vector pRSET-B and then was introduced into the host Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. A recombinant enzyme was obtained by IPTG induction. In cell disruption supernatant, the soluble recombinant enzyme accounted for about 40% of the total cell proteins, but some of the recombinant protein expressed as inclusion bodies. The activity of the recombinant enzyme was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography and Ion Chromatography. It was proved that the soluble enzyme together with maltooligosyl trehalose synthase was capable of decreasing dextrin to produce trehalose. The result showed applied prospect in industry.

Expression of Lactase Gene from Lactobacillus sp. and its Enzymology Characteristics Analysis

ZHANG Sha-sha1,2, ZHANG Yu-hong2, FAN Xiao-hu2, LIU Su-chun1, LIU Zhong-hua3, ZH

2011, 13(3):  53-59.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.09

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A lactase gene bg42-164 was cloned from a Lactobacillus sp. B164 strain using degenerate PCR and TAIL-PCR technology. The 2 031 bp bg42-164 gene encodes 676 amino acid residues and one stop codon, and its predicted molecular weight was 76 kDa without signal peptide. The bg42-164 gene was inserted into pET-30a(+) vector and then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) to detect the lactase activity after induced by IPTG. Apparent molecular weight of the recombinant enzyme was about 76 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The enzymology character of this enzyme was analyzed after purified by histidine-tag affinity chromatography. The optimum temperature of BG42-164 was 50℃, approximately 80% of the activity remained after incubation at 50℃ for 30 min. The optimum pH of lactase activity was 6.0. With additional 250 U lactase BG42-164 per 5 mL milk, the hydrolysis rate of lactose was 100% at 50℃ for 2 h. The results illustrate considerable thermo-stability and hydrolysis ability of the BG42-164, which would provide a theoretical basis for further preparation of lactose-free milk.

Studies on Cloning of Acid Xylanase from Phialophora sp. G5 and its Characteristics

ZHANG Fan1,2, SHI Peng-jun2, MIAO Li-hong1, YAO Bin2

2011, 13(3):  60-66.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.10

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A xylanase gene xyn11G5 was cloned from Phialophora sp. G5 by degenerate PCR and TAIL-PCR method. Its ORF was 879 bp, encoded 292 amino acids residues, and the frontal 19 residues composed a putative signal peptide. Xyn11G5 was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified. The enzymatic characteristics analysis showed that the optimum pH and temperature for the recombinant xylanase was pH 5.0 and 50℃, respectively. It showed pH stability under neutral and thermo stability. Xyn11G5 was a good candidate in animal feed and bio-fuel industrial application.

Polymorphisms Analysis of HSF1 and HSBP1 in Cattle

WANG Yan-jiu1,2, WANG Chang-fa1, JU Zhi-hua1, HUANG Jin-ming1, LI Jian-bin1, LI

2011, 13(3):  67-72.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.11

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DNA sequencing was used for SNPs scanning in HSF1 and HSBP1 in 3 cattle breed. Four novel SNPs were discovered, including 1451(G/T)in HSF1, 324(G/C), 589(C/T) and 651(C/G) in HSBP1. CRS-PCR and PCR-RFLP method were used for polymorphism analysis in 867 Holstein cattle, 85 Luxi Yellow cattle and 28 Bohai Black cattle. χ2 test indicated that 1451(G/T) site in HSF1 and 589(C/T) site in HSBP1 reached Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in Holstein and Luxi cattle(P>0.05), while 324 (G/C) and 651 (C/G) sites in HSBP1 were not met Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in Holstein(P<0.05). The frequency of AA genotype was the highest. A allele was the dominant allele in HSF1 in experimental population. When it came to HSBF1, AB, AA and BB appear more frequently, dominant allele at 589 (C/T) was A, and that at 324(G/C) and 651(C/G) was B. The distributions of different genotypes at 651 (C/G) locus of HSBP1 in 3 breed were different. The frequency of AA genotype was the lowest in Holstein, but that was the highest in Luxi cattle and Bohai Black cattle. So it was presumed that AA genotype was related to thermo tolerance. This result will provide theoretical reference for thermo molecular breeding in dairy cattle.

Analysis on Prospect of Appling 3S Technology in Agricultural Clean Production

WANG Yong-sheng, YANG Shi-qi, HUANG Jian, CHEN Yuan-yuan, YANG Zheng-li

2011, 13(3):  73-77.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.12

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Agricultural clean production is an effective solution to solve the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution and to improve the safety and quality of farm land, thus guarantees the sustainable agriculture development. The development of agricultural clean production is impeded by lacking available measure and technology. The 3S techniques have been widely used in developed countries. These techniques have prominent effect on rational evaluation of agricultural resources, reducing agricultural material input, controlling pest in agriculture and improving the quality of agricultural products. The application of 3S technology in selecting environment of producing areas, cleaning production process and outputing clean product is discussed in this paper. It aims at providing more practicable means and giving suitable 3S pattern for agricultural clean production.

Influences of Sugar on Quality of Adzuki Bean Paste

DENG Yuan-yuan, PU Shao-jing, LIU Zheng-ping, LEI Guang-jun, WAN Ping

2011, 13(3):  78-84.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.13

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Suitable sucrose content as main food additive in adzuki bean paste was studied by 4 aspects of color, total vitro anti-oxidative activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and sucrose content sensory evaluation. Simultaneously, the changes of color and total vitro anti-oxidative activity of adzuki bean paste were also studied as sucrose was substituted by xylitol or maltitol. The result showed that the color of adzuki bean paste was better with sucrose content below 35%. When sucrose content between 35%～55%, the total vitro anti-oxidative activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of adzuki bean paste could be increased. Over 80% sensory evaluation staff were favorable to 25%～35% sucrose content. Comprehensive analysis on 4 aspects showed that suitable sucrose content in adzuki bean paste should be about 35%, and the corresponding Brix degree was 47%. Sucrose substituted partly by xylitol or maltitol, adzuki bean paste color was not influenced obviously, but its total vitro anti-oxidative activity decreased significantly. The above results have provided theoretical reference to quality improvement of adzuki bean paste or paste without seed coat product and the relative standards′ formulation in the future.

Studies on DNA Technology for Pork Traceability Based on SNPs Markers

ZHANG Xiao-bo1,2*, WU Xiao2,3*, HE Hui1, ZHU Lian-long2,3, TANG Xue-ming2,3

2011, 13(3):  85-91.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.14

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It is very important to establish a traceability system for meat quality management and safety control. The traditional marker methods have limitations in application of meat traceability, and the new DNA genetic marker method based on characteristics of genomic DNA itself could overcome this limitation. This is the first study investigating the DNA traceability for pork based on SNPs markers in China. We have tested 12 candidate SNP loci by RFLP-PCR to look after the SNP with abundant polymorphic information for the DNA traceability. The results showed that 6 SNP loci meet the expected standard, namely SNP1, SNP2, SNP3, SNP4, SNP5 and SNP12, which provided a basis for the establishment of traceability marker system in Shanghai.

Research Progress on Microalgae Rehabilitation of Water Environment

SUN Chuan-fan

2011, 13(3):  92-96.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.15

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Water resources crisis is one of the biggest challenges facing human beings, and waste water reuse is an important approach to resolve the problem. Microalgae including all mini-type algas can be distinguished with microscopes.  Microalgae has strong cleaning ability and can effectively clean out N and P in waste water. So rehabilitation of water environment microalgae has a bright future for further development. This paper detailed the advantages, characteristics and existing status in using microalgae to rehabilitate water environment, and summarized the mechanism of using microalgae to rehabilitate the polluted water, the research progress on treating nitrogen and phosphorus, eliminating heavy metals and decontaminating sewage sludge. It also prospected the possibility of microalgae comprehensive utilization in water resources rehabilitation.

Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on Germination Rate of Abelmoschus manihots Pollen

LI Yun-shuang1, JIN Fang1, YANG Xi-xia1, ZHANG Feng-shou2, ZHANG Tao2, SU Ying2,

2011, 13(3):  97-101.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.16

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In order to observe the effect of electron beam on germination rate of Abelmoschus manihots pollen and the effect of electron beam on germination rate of Abelmoschus manihots M1 pollens came from the seed infused by copper ion. Electron beam were irradiated into Abelmoschus manihots pollen in doses of 0 (i.e. control group) 300Gy, 400Gy, 500Gy, 600Gy, 800Gy and 1 000Gy with the BF-5 Linear accelerator. The pollen was cultured. The result showed that all electron beam irradiations in experimental dose range can inhibit the pollen germination. However, in the case when the pollen came from the seed infused by copper ion is the other way. The lower doses of electron beam had no significant effect on the M1 pollens from the seed implanted in dose of 1×1011 Cu2+/cm2 with the energy of 4MeV, but the germination rate of M1 pollens from the seed implanted were obviously increased in dose of 1×1012 Cu2+/cm2 with the energy of 4MeV. Comprehensive analysis of the above results showed that the pollen resistance of electron beam was increased by implanted Cu2+. It is of optimistic importance to select good varieties of Abelmoschus manihot.

Effects of Different Water-retaining Measures on Spring Maize in South Seasonal Drought Region

TANG Wen-guang1, TANG Hai-ming1, XIAO Xiao-ping1, YANG Guang-li1, LI Mao-song2

2011, 13(3):  102-107.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.17

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In order to alleviate the increasing serious  drought harm in south seasonal drought region, the effects of film mulching (FM), straw mulching (SM), super absorbent polymers (SAP) and without any treatment (CK) on yield and mechanism of water-saving, drought-resistant spring maize by simulating the occurrence of seasonal drought in this paper. The results showed that compared with the CK, the soil moisture was increased 28.10%, 13.55% and 11.37% when using FM, SM and SAP, respectively. Meanwhile the chlorophyll contents of corn leaves were increased 26.10%, 12.80%, 10.20%, respectively. The acumination of plant nutrients, such as the total nitrogen and potassium, were significantly higher under FM, SM and SAP conditions than the control. The yields of spring maize were increased by 33.80%, 25.87% and 13.59%, respectively. As a result, the soil temperature was increased and the whole growing period of spring maize was shortened with 6d by using FM. The above results indicated that the spring maize was of early maturity, thus could avoid drought harm by using FM. At the same time, the increased soil moisture could relieve the hazard of seasonal drought, so the yield of spring maize was promoted by FM, SM and SAP.

Effects of Photoperiod on Floral Bud Differentiation and Growth of Flue-cured Tobacco

DUAN Yu-qi1*, JIN Lei1,2*, YANG Yu-hong1, HUANG Cheng-jiang3, JIN Yan1, ZHOU Ji-

2011, 13(3):  108-112.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.18

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The effects of short day light conditions on the floral bud differentiation and growth of flue-cured tobacco with different seedling ages were studied with NC82 (Nicotiana Tabacum cv.) as material in this paper. The results showed that: ①the flowering time was earlier under short-day light condition than under control. This indicated that NC82 belong to short-day light plant; ②both the 6 h- and 8 h- short day light treatments could induce tobacco plants to premature flowering; ③the plant at 9-leaf stage and 13-leaf stage had the same ability to sense environmental signal; ④for the plants ranged from 9-leaf to 13-leaf stage, the earlier it received the signal, the earlier it transferred to floral bud differentiation and the less leaves it had. The method of photoperiod induction was expected to provide more references on inductive factors and the sensible period.

Effect of Seed Quantum and Nitrogen Levels on Growth and Economic Traits of Qiantang No. 4

2011, 13(3):  113-116.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.19

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In order to save cost and add benefit, the seed quantum and nitrogen levels of Guizhou sugar No. 4 were discussed. In 2007-2009, 5 treatments were set respectively according to seed quantum and nitrogen level: 6.0×104 bud/hm2, 7.5×104 bud/hm2, 9.0×104 bud/hm2,1.05×105 bud/hm2 and 1.2×105  bud/hm2 (CK); 0 kg/hm2, 150 kg/hm2 ,300 kg/hm2, 450 kg/hm2 and 600 kg/hm2 (CK). The results showed that the plant growth, sugar content and yield were similar among different seed quantum treatments. The production of 7.5×104 bud/hm2 treatment increased 5.7% compared with the CK, and its income increased 852 yuan/hm2; the yield increased with the increasing of urea dosage, the production 0 kg/hm2 and 150 kg/hm2 reduced 35.2% and 20.0%, respectively. The other treatments were similar compared with the CK, but owing to the 450 kg/hm2 treatments used 150.0 kg/hm2 less than the CK, it reduced the cost by 25.0%, and increased the revenue by 263 yuan/hm2. These results provided guiding effect for reasonable application of seed and urea, reducing production costs and improving plant efficiency.

Effect of Biogas Slurry from Swine Farms on Cole Quality

CHEN Yong-xing, SHANG Bin, DONG Hong-min, TAO Xiu-ping, ZHU Zhi-ping

2011, 13(3):  117-121.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.20

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To determine the effect of applying biogas slurry from swine farms on cole quality in protected cultivation, 2 treatments “high concentration slurry” (T1), and “low concentration slurry plus fertilizer” (T2) and a control were set to study the effects of irrigating biogas slurry on cole quality.  VC, total sugar, crude protein, soluble solid, total copper, total zinc, nitrate and nitrite of cole were tested. Results showed that when treated with concentration slurry, VC, total sugar, crude protein and soluble solid contents of cole increased 310%, 11%, 28% and 20%, respectively, while the contents of nitrate and zinc were up 35% and 37% than the control and nitrite was detectable. For T2 treatment, the total sugar, crude protein and soluble solid contents of cole decreased 6.7%, 14% and 13%, except the VC content was increased. And the nitrate content was 50% down and nitrite was undetectable. So “low concentration slurry plus fertilizer” was suitable for application of swine manure slurry in cole cultivation in terms of food safety.

Comparative Studies on Urchin Gonad Fatty Acid Composition and β-carotene Content in North China Sea Section

DING Jun, CHANG Ya-qing, HAO Zhen-lin, ZHANG Bo

2011, 13(3):  122-128.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.21

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Urchin gonad is a kind of nutritional and healthy food with abundant fatty acid and β-carotene, and their contents are different in different species and populations. We explored the fatty acid composition and β-carotene content of sea urchin gonad in 4 different species (S.intermedius, S.nudus, H.pulcherrimus, G.renularis) collected from Dalian and 3 populations of S.nudus collected from Heishijiao, Lüshun and Zhangzidao. The results showed that the fatty acid composition and β-carotene content of sea urchin gonad were different among the 4 species. The kinds of fatty acids in S.nudus were the largest with 31, while that of S.intermedius were the smallest with 24. Among the 3 populations of S.nudus, the kinds of fatty acids in Heishijiao were the largest with 29, while that of Lüshun were the smallest with 26. The β-carotene content of male and female urchin gonad in H.pulcherrimus were both significantly higher than the others (P<0.01). Among the 3 populations of S.nudus, the β-carotene content of male urchin gonad in Heishijiao population was lower than the others (P<0.05); while that of female gonad in Zhangzidao population was significantly higher than the others (P<0.01). The above results set up a foundation for further hybridization and breed selection of sea urchin.

Effects of Gradual Salinity Changes on Immune Parameters of Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis)

LIU Mei-jian, CHANG Ya-qing, YANG Yun-fei, LIU Yan-ping, ZHANG Jing, ZHANG Wei-j

2011, 13(3):  129-135.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.03.22

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Salinity is one of the important environmental factors interfering the growth of scallops. The scallops were temporarily cultured at different salinity levels 40, 35, 30 for 7 days, and the activities of lysozyme (LZM), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) were recorded to evaluate the immune capacities when exposed to different salinity changes: from 40 to 35, 35 to 30, 30 to 25, 30 to 35 in 5 days, respectively. The results showed that the changing trends of 4 immune enzymes were almost the same. LZM activities decreased significantly and then increased gradually, finally remained above the control level (0 h). SOD activities significantly decreased and then remained at the control level. CAT activities decreased significantly and then increased, finally climbed to the control level. GSH activities increased significantly in a short time then increased significantly, finally reached the control level. The above results demonstrated that salinity change could significantly affect the immune parameters of scallop.