Table of Content

15 August 2011, Volume 13 Issue 4

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Studies on Evaluation Index System of Independent Innovation Capability for Agricultural Research Institutions

LU Jian-zhong1, LI Si-jing2

2011, 13(4):  1-6.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.01

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The level of independent innovation capability of agricultural research institutions pertains to the advancement of national agricultural science and technology and the approaches for modern agricultural development. The system of independent innovation capability of agricultural research institutions is a huge complex with multiple subsystems referring to different categories of capability. In light of the scientific theories on system and management, this paper illustrated an evaluation index system model on independent innovation capability based on a comprehensive analysis on current situation in agricultural research institutions in China, which should lay a theoretical and methodology foundation for further studies on evaluation and management.

Practice and Thoughts about Constructing South China Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Service System ——Taking Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences as an Example

SU Zhu-hua

2011, 13(4):  7-14.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.02

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Recent science and technology (sci-tech) achievements of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences were analyzed in this paper, such as studies on agricultural breeding, prevention and control technology of animal and plant pest, key technology in modern agricultural industry, securing technology of qualified agricultural products, intensive processing of agricultural products, etc. Recently, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences has won great achievements for serving agriculture, rural area and farmer in science and technology innovation, taking part in constructing national and provincial modern agricultural industry technology system, extending good varieties and cultivation methods, strengthening the construction of service systems, improving sci-tech information network, taking part in service work in the countryside with sci-tech, promoting poverty alleviation and development work, etc. At the same time, this paper also discusses about the practice and experiments of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in speeding the construction of new innovation platform, promoting the application of sci-tech project and achievements innovation, organizing key S & T innovation teams, advancing international cooperation and exchange, etc.  Before ending, the paper puts forward suggestions for agricultural S & T innovation work of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in the future from the view of scientific development.

Present Status and Countermeasure Suggestions for Rapeseed Seed Industry Development of China

ZHANG Fang1,2, CHENG Yong1, GU Tei-cheng2, YIN Yan1

2011, 13(4):  15-22.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.03

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Rapeseed seed industry is a main link in edible oil production and plays a key role for edible oil safety. This paper overviews the present status of rapeseed seed industry in China, analyzes problems existing in Chinas rapeseed seed industry, such as serious challenges from multinational seed group, separation between breeding, reproduction and popularization, backward commercialization of breeding in enterprise, weak seed production guarantee ability, draggling seed production infrastructure equipment, etc. The paper also puts forward some countermeasures about policy, mechanisms, inputs, etc. so as to establish a solid foundation for rapeseed production and popularization.

Research Progress on Mitochondrial Genome of Higher Plant

ZHANG Xiao, ZHANG Rui, HOU Si-yu, SHI Ji, GUO San-dui

2011, 13(4):  23-31.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.04

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The mitochondrial genomes of higher plant are the largest and the most complex among reported species so far. This review summarized the recent research progresses on higher plant mitochondrial genome. Based on the newly sequenced whole mitochondrial genomes of 10 species of higher plants, this paper mainly focused on sequencing method, gene content and organization, intron content and splicing mode, variation of intergenic regions, RNA editing, repeat sequence, promiscuous DNA and horizontal transfer. Moreover, the genetic origin and evolution of mitochondrial DNA in higher plant were also discussed. Those were expected to provide basis for better understanding about the interaction of nuclear and cytoplasm and plant evolution, etc.

Progress of CBL/CIPK Signal System in Response to Stresses in Plant

ZHAO Jin-feng1, YU Ai-li2, WANG Gao-hong1, TIAN Gang1, WANG Han-yu2, Du Yan-wei1

2011, 13(4):  32-38.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.05

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In intracellular, most of the signal transduction process is accompanied by the changes of calcium concentration. CBL (calcineurin B-like proteins) / CIPKs (CBL-interacting protein kinases) network as an emerging signal system for Ca2+ decoding were reported in higher plants recently. The system include the Ca2+ sensors CBLs and their targets CIPKs. In higher plants,the recent studies revealed that CBL-CIPK network play an important role in stresses signal transduction pathway. Based on  the structure introduced, characteristics of CBL and CIPK, the recent CBL / CIPK research of different plants response to stresses were reviewed in the paper. Understanding the stress response mechanisms of CBL-CIPK will help for improving crop resistance to provide new ideas and germplasm resources.

Research Progress and Strategy for Agrobacterium-mediated Genetic Transformation in Indica Rice

JIA Li-e, ZHANG Xin, WU Chuan-Yin, WAN Jian-Min

2011, 13(4):  39-45.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.06

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Recently Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice has been widely used in japonica transformation. However, the transformation of indica rice is still difficult, mainly because the induction of embryogenic callus is not routine and the rate of plant regeneration from transformed calli is low. There are big genetic differences between these 2 subspecies, and indica rice is particularly genotype-dependent. This paper briefly reviewed the history of agrobacterium-mediated transformation of indica rice and recent progress achieved. It also introduced various factors affecting indica rice transformation, analyzed problems existing in its research and provided strategy to improve the efficiency of transformation. The establishment of high efficient indica rice transformation system will accelerate the process of applying transformation technology in rice breeding programs and promote the studies on rice functional genomics.

Discussion about Cetrtain Technological Links in Creating New Transgenic Maize Germplasm

LIU Ya, ZHAO Jiu-ran

2011, 13(4):  46-52.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.07

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Maize is one of the most important grain crops in China and plays an important role in the national economy. The transgenic technology has provided new method for breeding new maize varieties. The transgenic maize germplasm creation and its variety breeding involve many links including backcross breeding, molecular detection, object trait identification, transgenic bio-safety evaluation and new transgenic maize variety examination and approval, etc. This paper briefly expounded and discussed about the above technological links, and prospected the future of transgenic maize breeding.

Studies on Structure and Function of Repressors with EAR Motif

ZHANG Jian-fei, QUAN Rui-dang, HUANG Rong-feng

2011, 13(4):  53-57.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.08

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Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif exists in transcription factor families, such as ERF, C2H2 and AUX/IAA. The EAR motif contains two distinct conservation patterns: L/FDLNL/F(x)P and LxLxL. Through negatively regulating expression of genes involved in development, abiotic and biotic stress responses, plants can keep suitable physiological states under different environmental conditions. This review discusses the evolutionary significance of EAR motif and its patterns, the progress on gene regulation mechanisms and function studies. In addition, combing with our work in laboratory, prospective trends of EAR-related research are predicted.

Application of Metatranscriptomics in Microbial Ecology

LI Xiao-hui, LI Xin-xin, ZHANG Wei, YAN Yong-liang, CHEN Ming, LU Wei

2011, 13(4):  58-65.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.09

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Metatranscriptomics is an area to study the gene transcriptional rules of certain organisms in specific environment and time. This paper summarized the progress of metatranscriptomics on microbial ecology, and compared its advantages and disadvantages with meta-genomics. Metatranscriptomics has a promising future as a direct and efficient method to study transcription and gene regulation in microbial ecology and with complex microbial communities.

Data Survey and Analysis of Trans-gene Flow Frequency and Distance in Major Crops  Ⅲ. Wheat

WANG Xu-jing1, Xu Hui-jun2, SHE Mao-yun2, JIA Shi-rong1, WANG Zhi-xing1

2011, 13(4):  66-71.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.10

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Wheat is a self-pollinated crop and its out crossing rate is relatively low. To date, because there is no large scale application of transgenic wheat internationally, thus the detailed data on wheat transgene flow is lacking. According to the accumulated data on out crossing rate between different wheat cultivars generated based on traditional morphological markers, the distance of out crossing rate at a threshold value of 0.1% is to be less than 30 m.

Effect Comparison of EIAV gp45 and HIV gp120 Genes Using Different Expressional Systems

CUI Yan-fang, SUN Pei-long, LIU Xin-qi

2011, 13(4):  72-78.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.11

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Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) gp45 gene codes transmembrane protein TM, which plays a key role in mediating membrane fusion reaction between virus and target cells. gp120 protein is the outer membrane glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), which is the major antigen of virus. In this paper, gp45 and gp120 genes were expressed individually in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems in order to contrast the expressional effects. The results showed that in E. coli gp45 was successfully expressed, but gp120 was not expressed. In eukaryotic drosophila S2 cells gp120 expressed, but gp45 did not expressed. By comparison, gp45 expressed advantageously in E coli, but gp120 expressed dominantly in drosophila S2 cells, which suggested that these genes had expressional specificities. The studies in the paper guide us to choose the proper expression systems according to the specific genes in order to purify target proteins. Meanwhile, this will lay foundation for further studying biology structural characteristics of HIV membrane proteins and the promotion of related vaccine research.

Application Status of Machine Vision Technology in Tobacco Industry

LIU Chao-ying1, XU Zi-cheng1, YAN Tie-jun2

2011, 13(4):  79-84.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.12

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Machine vision technology is a new discipline based on computer technology and image processing technique. Nowadays, its research and application have expanded to agricultural fields and made progress in many areas. This paper summarized the application of machine vision technology in tobacco agriculture (non-destructive measurement of tobacco leaf area, determination of fresh leaf moisture content, maturity assessment, application in tobacco curing and grading) and tobacco industry (intelligent foreign matter removal, specifications detection of tobacco leaf chips, tobacco products packaging and tobacco industrial robot), and discussed some related problems in the application of this technology. Those were expected to provide basis for accelerating the development of modern tobacco agriculture and advancing the market competition ability of tobacco corporations.

Development Status of Fermented Soybean Meal Processing Equipments in China

GAO Xiang1,2, YU Zong-gan1, ZHOU Rong1,2

2011, 13(4):  85-91.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.13

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Recently the fermented soybean meal industry develops rapidly in China. But the corresponding processing equipment is backward because of lacking funds and technical inputs. This paper introduces the major equipments for the fermented soybean meal production in China, including hybrid process, fermentation process, drying process, etc. This paper also analyzes the characteristics and shortcomings of these processing equipments, and introduces new technology and equipments, which adapt to present production of fermented soybean meal and their development prospects. This paper summarizes the development status of the fermented soybean meal processing equipments in China in order to provide reference for future in-depth studies on their industrialized production.

Effects of Cu2+ and Cd2+ Stresses on Activity and Expression of SOD in Wheat Radicle

LI Chun-xi, ZHANG Zhi-juan, ZHANG Dai-jing, SHAO Yun, JIANG Li-na, LI Ting-ting

2011, 13(4):  92-98.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.14

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Effects of exogenous Cu2+ and Cd2+ stresses on SOD expression were investigated in wheat roots. Both SOD activities and Cu/ZnSOD gene expression in wheat roots were detected with different concentrations (0 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 30 mg/L and 60 mg/L) of Cu2+ and Cd2+ solution for different times (24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h), respectively. The results indicated that with Cu2+ exposed time extended to 72 h , the SOD activities were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.01). It was increased to 3.67 times of the control when exposed to 30 mg/L Cu2+. Under the Cd2+ stress treatment, the SOD activities showed the tendency of increasing-decreasing-increasing again in wheat roots. It was significantly declined with an increase of concentration in earlier stage, while the activities reduced to a minimum after 72 h-treatment. The results detected by Real-time Q-PCR showed that Cu/ZnSOD gene expression under Cd2+ stress were obviously higher than those exposed of Cu2+. When exposed to 5 mg/L Cu2+, the gene expression of Cu/ZnSOD was always higher than those of 60 mg/L and 30 mg/L Cu2+ treatments. Under Cd2+ stress, the expression of Cu/ZnSOD gene decreased remarkably with the increased of concentration and the extent of time and maintained a rather low level till 96 h. Under Cu2+ and Cd2+ stresses treatment, concentration had more obvious effect on gene expression than time. The above results would provide a theoretical reference and technical support for further discussion on SOD characteristics of wheat radicle under heavy metal stress.

Studies on Physiological Characteristics Changes in Early |Maize Seed Germination

MA Jun-hua1*, WANG Zi-xia2*, LIU Jian-jun1, MENG Jun-wen1, ZHAO Xue-mei2, ZHOU X

2011, 13(4):  99-103.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.15

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Maize inbred lines (478) seeds were used as materials to study the changes of physiological characteristics in early seed germination. Enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and electrophoresis patterns of SOD, POD, APX, amylase (AMY), esterase (EST), proteins in embryos of seed during its early germination were analyzed. The results showed that the activity of SOD decreased, while POD, CAT, APX increased with prolonging of germination duration. The activity changing trends of SOS, POD, APX isozyme bands were the same as their enzymatic activity. The electrophoresis patterns of proteins showed little difference, with the majority bands weakened, but a few  deepened. This study has provided a theoretical basis for testing maize vigor during storage.

Studies on Correlation between Sugar Output and Dry Matter Production of 30 Sweet Sorghum Varieties

LI Na-na1*, WU Qiu-ping2*, ZHANG Xiao-dong1, DONG Shu-ting2, LIU Peng2, ZHANG Ji

2011, 13(4):  104-109.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.16

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Sweet sorghum (Sorghum biocolor L. Moench) is one of the key bio-energy crops. To improve its variety and cultivation method for high yield are of important significance in safeguarding energy supply and securing energy safety. Dry matter per plant and soluble sugar concentration of 30 conventional sweet sorghum varieties were measured under a lower density (15 000 plant/hm2) condition. The results showed that the ranking of direct path coefficient contributed to the SY at maturity were: dry matter and sugar content before heading (DMBH, SCBH), ratio of dry matter after heading (RDMAH) and sugar content after heading (SCAH). The direct path coefficient was similar to their correlation coefficient between DMBH and SY, indicating DMBH was crucial for affecting SY. Since SCBH had a high correlation with DMBH, it then presented a significantly positive effect on SY. SCAH was strongly and negatively correlated with DMBH that its positive effect was smaller compared to the greater negatively indirect effect to SY. RDMAH showed a highly negative interrelationship with SY, mainly because its indirect affects though both SC and DM at heading were larger than its own direct value. Therefore, on the basis of increasing stem sugar contents before and after heading, to obtain high dry matter accumulation before heading is an important breeding target for selecting and breeding sweet sorghum varieties with high sugar yield.

Effect of Applying Organic Fertilizer with Chemical Fertilizer on Flue-cured Tobacco Leaf Quality and Soil Fertility

WANG Shu-hui1, NA Hong-yan2, CHEN Fa-rong3, ZHAO Xian-feng4

2011, 13(4):  110-114.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.17

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In order to improve the physicochemical characters and quality of soil, this experiment studies the effect of applying several organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizer on the flue-cured tobacco leaf quality and soil fertility. The results showed that straw mulch+chemical fertilizer treatment could not only improve tobacco growth and development, but also increase the yield and the ratio of super-grade tobacco leaves. While rapeseed cake+chemical fertilizer treatment impeded tobacco plant growth at the early stage. Although this treatment increased the yield by 12% compared with the CK, the ratio of super-grade leaves was relatively low. The effect of pig manure+chemical fertilizer treatment was between the above mentioned 2 treatments. Applying organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer could distinctively increase the contents of total sugar, reduced sugar and potassium in leaves, and the ratios between sugar and nicotine, between nitrogen and nicotine. At the same time, it decreased the contents of total nitrogen, nicotine and chloride, thus to adjust and balance the chemical components in tobacco leaf. Applying organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer could also improve the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and available zinc content effectively and thus improved the soil physical and chemical properties.

Studies on Antimicrobial Action of Aqueous Emulsion for Tagetes Fungicide

WANG Yuan-yuan, WANG Jing-sheng

2011, 13(4):  115-119.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.18

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The antimicrobial activity of Aqueous Emulsion (AE) of Tagetes fungicide was studied against 11 pathogenic microorganisms. The results showed that Tagetes fungicide AE could effectively inhibit the growth of series of microorganism. The 08 μg/mL fungicide could completely inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia, F.oxysporum schlecht.f.sp.niveum and Magnaporthe grisea by over 70%, but for F.oxysporum Sch.f.sp vasinfectum by only 3557%. The 08 μg fungicide had significant inhibition on S.enteritides、Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subitilis, but no effect on E.coli. These indicate that Tagetes fungicide AE has potential for being developed as a fungicide in agriculture production.

Genetic Diversity of Urchin Population and Correlation Analysis of Microsatellite DNA Markers with Growth Traits

YANG Yun-fei, CHANG Ya-qing, DING Jun

2011, 13(4):  120-128.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.19

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In order to define the relationship between gonad traits and molecular markers and to improve gonad traits in urchin breeding, correlation analysis of urchin growth characteristics and gonads color were carried out by microsatellite marker. The genetic structure of urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) F1 population is analyzed using 28 polymorphic microsatellite markers. The results indicated that 2~5 alleles were detected for each locus, with  total 80 alleles for 28 loci. The average effective alleles number (Ne) and mean effective alleles were 2.857 1 and 0827 0, respectively; the observed heterozygosity (No) average value and expected heterozygosity average value(He) were 0.515 0 and 0.530 4, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.402 6, and the probability value of chi-square test showed that 9 loci had significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.01). The general linear model (GLM) was used to analyze the linkage and found that TS131, TS38 and TS105 were correlated with test height, body weight and volume, respectively; and 4 markers (TS38,TS85,TS105 and TS108) and one (TS41) were significantly correlated (P<0.05) and very significantly correlated with urchin gonad traits L* (Dark-Light); 2 markers (TS101 and TS41) were significantly and very significantly correlated with urchin gonad traits a*(Green-Red); 3 markers (TS41, TS114 and TS128) were significantly correlated with urchin gonad traits b* (Blue-Yellow); 2 markers (TS114 and TS46) were significantly and very significantly correlated with Aristotles lantern weight. The above results could provide reference data for further studies on Strongylocentrotus intermediuss QTL locations and theoretical guidance for Strongylocentrotus intermediuss cultivation and breeding.

Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Production of Anti-lipopolysaccharide Factor in Escherichia coli

JIANG Shan1,2, LIU Mei1, WANG Bao-jie1, JIANG Ke-yong1, WANG Lei1

2011, 13(4):  128-134.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.04.20

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Anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF), as an important antimicrobial peptide, has strong ability and wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. An ALF gene isolated from Eriocheir sinensis was cloned in pET32a and transformed into Escherichia coli. In this study, in order to improve the soluble expression of Trx-ALF in Escherichia coli and keep its antimicrobial activity, several fermentation factors were evaluated with one-factor-at-a-time design. The highest level of ALF expression was obtained in the medium containing 2.5 g/L sucrose, 10 g/L yeast extract, 2.4 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 12.8 g/L Na2HPO4, 3 g/L KH2PO4, 10.5 g/L NaCl, 2 mmol/L MgSO4, 0.1 mmol/L CaCl2 with pH 6.5. The optimal culture conditions were as follows: a cell optical density of 0.8 at 600 nm before induction, an IPTG concentration of 0.5 mmol/L, a post-induction temperature of 33℃ and a post-induction time of 5 h. The recombinant fusion protein showed an antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus.