Table of Content

15 February 2017, Volume 19 Issue 2

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Analysis of Beef Cattle Breeding Efficiency and its Influence Factors in China

SHI Zizhong1, WANG Mingli2*, HU Xiangdong2, CUI Cha2

2017, 19(2):  1-8.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.289

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Beef cattle industry is an important part of livestock industry in China, and it has made great contribution for increasing farmers and herdsmens economic income and improving urban and rural residents’ dietary structure. But the beef cattle industry and beef market are facing huge pressure under many factors influence. It is of significant reference for the government to regulate and control beef cattle industry to improve the technical efficiency of beef cattle breeding technology, and grasp the key influencing factors. Taking the unbalance panel data from 1998-2014 as material, this paper calculated and analyzed beef cattle breeding technical efficiency of Henan, Heilongjiang, Ningxia, Shaanxi  and Xinjiang, and its space-time distribution by stochastic frontier method, then explored those key influencing factors. The results showed that ① the technical efficiency of beef cattle breeding  was rising, the average technical efficiency was 0.813 7 from 1999-2014. There were remarkable diferences between technical efficiency of different regions. Xinjiang Autonomous Region had the highest efficiency, followed by Henan, Heilongjiang, Ningxia and Shaanxi. ② stocking density, industry strength, capital equipment, and agricultural mechanization had remarkable positive influence on technical efficiency of beef cattle breeding, while the effect of epidemic disease and feed structure had significant negative influence.

Transcriptome Analysis of Fagopyrum Root and Identification of Genes Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis

HUANG Juan, DENG Jiao, CHEN Qingfu*

2017, 19(2):  9-19.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.206

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Fagopyrum gene resources are relatively limited. Taking roots of F. esculentum and F. Cymosum as experimental material, this study conducted transcriptome sequence by Illumina HiSeqTM 2000. After de novo assembly, a total of 64 618 unigenes were obtained, among which 37 546 unigenes were annotated. A total of 4 709 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was obtained through screening the DEGs between F. esculentum root and F. cymosum root. Among them, 2 460 were upregulated, whereas 2 249 were downregulated. GO annotation of these DEGs were focused on 10 cellular components, 12 molecular function, and 22 biological processes. After upgraded the metabolic pathways, the DEGs involved in 40 and 18 metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in upregulated genes and downregulated genes, respectively. These significantly enriched metabolic pathways were involved in the biological regulatory of F. esculentum root and F. cymosum root. At last, we analyzed the key genes that annotated to the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis, and a total of 21 genes was obtained. This research not only enriched Fagopyrum gene resources, provided data foundation for molecular biology research of Fagopyrum; but also supplied reference for screening expression tendency of related key genes in F. esculentum root and F. cymosum root.

Effects of Chloride Channel Inhibitors on Ultrastructure and Some Physiological Indexes under the High Chloride in Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaves

SHANG Jing1, XU Jiayang2, WANG Xiaodong3, SU Liangtian1,

2017, 19(2):  20-27.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.266

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A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three kinds of chloride channel inhibitors 200 μmol/L Zn2+, 200 μmol/L NFA and 200 μmol/L 9-AC on ultrastructure and some physiological indexes in flue-cured tobacco leaves under the high chloride. The results showed that, compared with CK, treatments with inhibitors obviously alleviated the injuries of the high chloride upon the flue-cured tobacco leaves. And the effect of the 3 inhibitors on alleviating injuries was in the order of 9-AC, NFA, Zn2+. Furthermore, inhibitors treatments resulted in the thylakoids well developed, which had more lamellae and strong stacking capability. Different inhibitors treatments had a significant effect on accumulation of biomass and dry matter, especially for above-ground. In addition, inhibitors treatments obviously decreased the content of MDA, which represented the production of lipid peroxide. With the supply of inhibitors were favorable to maintaining the activities of SOD, POD and CAT at high level in flue-cured tobacco leaves.

Study of Cymbidium hybridum×Cymbidium Kanran “Zhushalan” Hybrid Rhizome Proliferation and Differentiation

LI Xia1, CAO Hua1, WEN Yonghui2, YANG Chunmei1, ZHAO Peifei1,2, RUAN Jiwei1, LI Han1*

2017, 19(2):  28-34.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.388

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Taking rhizome formed by crossing Cymbidium hybridum and Zhushalan as material, this experiment was carried out using KT, 6-BA and NAA 3 different exogenous hormones on the hybrid orchidrhizomes to compare the effects of different hormones on the proliferation and differentiation of rhizomes. In single factor experiment, along with the increase of hormone KT and 6-BA concentration, the proliferation and differentiation rates of hybrid orchid rhizomes were increased gradually, but not a directly proportional relation was formed. When NAA concentration was constant, 6-BA concentration reached 3 mg/L, the average proliferation rate of hybrid orchid rhizomes was up to 290%. When 6-BA concentration was 4 mg/L, its average differentiation rate was up to 85.64%. When KT concentration was 2.5 mg/L, the average proliferation rate was 300%, and KT concentration was 3.0 mg/L, its average differentiation rate was up to 87.89%. The combined addition of 3 hormones had the best effect on the proliferation and differentiation of hybrid orchid rhizomes. The best proliferation medium was 1/2 MS + 6-BA 3.0 mg/L + KT 2.0 mg/L + NAA 0.2 mg/L + agar 7.0 g/L + banana 80 g/L + sucrose 30 g/L + activated carbon 1 g/L. The rhizome thickness and length were larger and longer, and proliferation rate was higher. The best medium for differentiation effect was 1/2 MS + 6-BA 4.0mg/L + KT 2.5 mg/L + NAA 0.2mg/L + agar 7.0 g/L + banana 80 g/L + sucrose 30 g/L + activated carbon 1 g/L. When the differentiation seedlings grew well with dark green leaves. This study has laid certain theoretical basis for industrialization of breeding superior hybrid orchid strains.

Enhanced Immunogenicity of VP2 of Porcine Parvovirus Fused with Porcine Interferon γ in Mice

ZHANG Xuehua1,2, HUA Tao1,2, LU Jihu1,2, MEI Mei1,2, ZHANG Daohua1,2, HOU Jibo1,2, TANG Yinghua1,2*

2017, 19(2):  35-42.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.342

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In order to identify the immunogenicity of porcine parvovirus VP2 fused with porcine interferon γ(IFN-γ), VP2 of PPV was fused with IFN-γ via overlapping extension polymerase chain reaction technique, and rBac-VP2, rBac-VP2-IFN-γ were constructed by baculoviruses expression vector system. The immunogenicity of the recombinant baculoviruses expressing VP2 of PPV fused with or without IFN-γ (rBac-VP2-IFN-γ and rBac-VP2) was characterized in BALB/c mice, and set the inactivated PPV vaccine as the control. The level of ELISA antibodies against VP2 and neutralizing antibodies against PPV, and the magnitude of lymphocyte proliferation from the mice immunized with rBac-VP2-IFN-γ vaccine were significantly higher than those of mice shot with rBac-VP2 vaccine or inactivated PPV vaccine. Together, this study showed that IFN-γ could improve the cellular and humoral immune response of subunit vaccine of PPV. This result has provided theoretical basis for the development of PPV subunit vaccine with porcine IFN-γ.


Analysis of Bacterial Community Structure in Rhizosphere Soil of Tobacco based on the Metagenomics 16S rDNA Sequencing Technology

CHANG Anran1, LI Jia1, ZHANG Song1, ZHAN Junwen2, WEI Denghui1, WANG Peiwen1, YU Jianjun1*

2017, 19(2):  43-50.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.377

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In order to investigate the diversity of bacteria in tobacco rhizosphere soil, and learn the bacteria community composition and structure, this paper carried out studies and tried to provide theoretical basis and guidance for constructing a healthy tobacco soil ecosystem. Taking tobacco rhizosphere soil (squaring stage) from Liangshan prefecture of Sichuan province  in 2014 as sample, using high-throughput sequencing technology on Illumina Miseq platform, this study analyzed the soil bacteria 16S rDNA of tobacco root. The results showed that the bacterial diversity of tobacco rhizosphere soil was high, distribution structure of the main colonies among different samples were relatively stable. About phylum, there were 25 bacteria phylum detected and classified, among which Proteobacteria took clear superiority (39.04%~53.71%), followed by Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. About classification of bacteria genus, there was 576 bacteria genus detected and classified, among which Sphingomonas, Flavisolibacter and Ohtaekwangia took obvious advantages. There was a significant positive correlation between most of the major bacterial flora. The larger environmental factors influencing tobacco rhizosphere soil bacteria were soil available N,  water content and pH. The bacterial information of tobacco rhizosphere soil was obtained by the 16S rDNA sequencing technology of metagenomics. This paper  provided a new theoretical reference for studying the soil mechanism of healthy tobacco planting.

Research Progress on Adaptive Responses of Crop Root Structure to Drought Stress

PAN Xiaodi1,2, ZHANG Ying1,2, SHAO Meng1,2, MA Liming1,2, GUO Xinyu1,2*

2017, 19(2):  51-58.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.404

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Drought is an important environmental factor affecting plant growth and crop yield. The global climate change has strengthened the threat of drought stress on crop growth and grain production. Root system is the primary organ for plant to absorb water. It can adjust plant growth and development, support water uptake and transportation, thus enable plant to adapt to drought stress. It really plays an important role in drought and water-limited environments. The paper summarized the research progress on adaptivity of crop root structure to drought stress from the aspects of crop root system architecture and root anatomical structure, and analyzed the methods and present status of this study. It also pointed out the future development trend to realize extensive, accurate and rapid identification of root phenotypic traits by advanced method and innovated technology, thus to provide theoretical guidance for the screening and evaluation of drought-resistant and water-saving crop varieties.

Remote Monitoring System for Breeding Pig Growth based on 4G Communication

LIU Yong1,2, XU Shipu1,2*, WANG Yunsheng1,2

2017, 19(2):  59-64.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.280

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Pig industries in China mainly relied on manual work to acquire information about breeding pig feed intake and growth/weight gaining, so this paper took ARM Cortex M3 core micro controller STM32 as hardware platform, and combined with the latest 4G communication technology, sensor technology and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, and developed a remote monitoring system for testing breeding pig feed intake and growth speed. This system collected ear tag data by card reader, collected pig weight data and feed intake data by pig weighing sensor and feed weighing sensor, and the collected data were transmitted to the remote server through 4G communication module in real time. All kinds of reports were processed by computer into automatic drawed curves showing pig growth performance. Based on these curves, breeding pigs with the best reproduction performance were screned out.

Research Status and Prospect of Apple Detection and Localization Methods under Orchard Enviroment

XIA Xue, QIU Yun*, WANG Jian, HU Lin, CUI Yunpeng, FAN Jingchao, GUO Xiuming, ZHOU Guomin*

2017, 19(2):  65-74.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.393

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With the rapid development of information technology, orchard management has gradually become digitalized, mechanized and intelligentized. Accurate apple detection and localization in orchard environment will be the key of automatic fruit operation. This paper summarized the apple vision data acquisition methods, image preprocessing methods and apple image segmentation methods in orchard environment. The paper also analyzed the crucial approaches for apple occlusion and overlapping issues, concluded the main methods and principle for target apple localization, discussed the existing challenges in studies on apple detection and localization, and prospected the future development trend, so as to provide references for further  orchard informatization.

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates and Planting Density on  Rice Yield and Grain-Filling Properties

ZHANG Jianglin, HOU Wenfeng, LU Jianwei, REN Tao, CONG Rihuan, LI Xiaokun*

2017, 19(2):  75-85.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.320

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In order to explore the effects of nitrogen (N) application rates on rice yield and grain-filling properties under different transplanting densities, this paper studied the population yield formation from the differences of grain-filling characteristics among different positions of grains by field experiments. The objective was to provide a theoretical basis for further improvement of rice yield potential. The experiment evaluated a split plot designed with different nitrogen application amounts as the main plots and transplanting density as the sub-plots. Richards equation  was used to describe the gain-filling process of superior and inferior rice gains. The results indicated that: ① The yields of N treatment were averagely increased by 36.6% and 34.6%, respectively, and the yield increased with increasing N application. Under high density (27×104 plants/hm2, 33×104 plants/hm2) conditions, N treatment could averagely increase the yield by 30.8% and 18.8%, respectively, but the seed-setting rate was decreased averagely by 2.0% and 1.6%, respectively, and the yield increased firstly then decreased with N application increase. ② The grain-filling characteristics showed that the nitrogen application increased the maximum grain-filling rate of the superior grains (GRmax), which was increased by 3.5% compared with that of N0 treatment, and increased firstly then decreased with N application increase. Transplanting density had significant effect on the average grain filling rate (GRmean). Under low density (15×104 plants/hm2, 21×104 plants/hm2) conditions, the GRmean of superior grains with N treatment was decreased by 2.1% and 3.1%, respectively, compared with that of N0 treatment. However, it was increased by 1.0% and 3.7%, respectively, under high density (27×104 plants/hm2, 33×104 plants/hm2) conditions. The GRmax and GRmean of inferior grains of N treatments were increased by 14.3% and 14.4%, respectively, compared to that of N0 treatment, and increased firstly then decreased with N application increase. ③The grain-filling characteristics of different stages indicated that the maximum contribution rates of superior and inferior grains were reached 58.6% and 57.3%, respectively, in the middle gain-filling stage. The average grain-filling rates (MGR) in the middle and late grain-filling stage were increased firstly then decreased with N application increase. The contribution rate and grain-filling lasting days were all increased with transplanting density increase. There was a significant positive correlation between 1 000-grain weight and GRmax and GRmean of inferior grains, but it had a significant negative correlation with the initial grain-filling potential (R0) and the active grain-filling period (D) of inferior grains. The seed-setting rate was negatively correlated with GRmean of inferior grains, while had a positive correlation with R0. The grain-filling rate and grain-filling lasting days were all improved by rational planting density and raising of nitrogen fertilization level (27×104 plants/hm2, 165kg/hm2). Whilst increasing the panicles per unit area, the individual grouting rate and effective grain-filling lasting days were all improved. Finally a high yield was formed, due to the plumpness of grain-filling.

Effects of Biochar-based Super Absorbent on Soil Moisture and Rape Growth

CHENG Hongsheng1, SHEN Yujun1, MENG Haibo1*，ZHAN Shijie1,2

2017, 19(2):  86-92.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.491

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In order to investigate the effects of biochar-based super absorbent on soil moisture and crop growth, this paper studied the effects of different super absorbent on soil moisture and rape growth by homemade biochar-based super absorbent, aluminum box and pot methods. The results showed that the biochar-based super absorbent could effectively improve the soil water-retainting property, rape yield and water use efficiency. Biochar-based super absorbent B had the best effect. Compared to the CK, saturated water content increased 13.54%, soil moisture evaporation rate reduced 31.98%, rape yield increased by 30%~50.1%. The soil water use efficiency increased by 56.7%~110.9%. This study provided references for the development and application of the low cost and high efficient biochar-based super absorbent.

Relationship Analasis between Chemical Compositions and Sensory Quality of in Drying Process

ZHAO Rongrong1, SHAO Huifang1*, FAN Lei2, ZHANG Manman3, WANG Shanshan1, CHEN Fangquan1, LIU Zhihong1, NIU Guiyan1, HAO Haohao4, XU Zicheng1

2017, 19(2):  93-102.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.213

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In order to improve scrap quality, this paper analyzed the relationship between cut tobacco chemical composition and sensory quality by establishing multiple stepwise regression equation of chemical composition and sensory quality, and canonical correlation method, stepwise regression analysis and path analysis. The results showed that nicotine, nitrogen bases ratio, sugar nicotine ratio were  important indexes. The correlation of nicotine, nitrogen bases ratio, sugar nicotine ratio with sensory quality were jointly  affected by both direct and indirect effects. The direct effect of nicotine, nitrogen bases ratio was bigger than that of the indirect effect, while the indirect effect of sugar nicotine ratio was bigger than that of the direct effect. Decrease of nicotine, nitrogen bases ratio and increase of sugar nicotine ratio were  benefit for upgrading aroma characteristics. Finding out the key chemical index would be of certain significance in studying the inherent law of quality evaluation indexes in scrap  producing process, and helpful for further perfecting the quality evaluation system.

Research Progress on Earthworm Separating Methods and Devices

LIN Jiacong, LIU Zhigang, YUAN Qiaoxia*, CAO Hongliang, YI Baojun

2017, 19(2):  103-109.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.423

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Earthworm has been proved to be effective in processing organic solid waste such as straw, livestock manure and municipal sludge. It is necessary to separate the live earthworm and worm-cast from resulting vermicomposting because this is the most labor，low efficiency and time intensive stage. This paper discussed the problems in the procession of separating earthworm, reviewed different separating engineering technology and devices, and analyzed the future trend of research, which was expected to provide references for upgrading separating technology and designing of separator.

Analysis of Space Change Influence Factors for Freshwater Aquaculture Development in China

ZHOU Lei1, CHEN Zhifeng2, XU Xuerong1*

2017, 19(2):  110-118.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.561

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Under the double oppression of land resource degradation and population increase, freshwater aquaculture is expected to become one of the pillar industries to support the food supply of Chinese residents. Based on the panel data of provincial freshwater aquaculture from 2007-2014 in China, this paper explored the pattern changes in freshwater aquaculture area, using the overall Moran’sI index to investigate the spatial correlation of freshwater aquaculture zones, and analyzed the factors influencing the changes of industry structure through constructing spatial Durbin panel model. The results showed that: ①The freshwater aquaculture in China represents the characteristics of “South Hot North Cold”. The spatial correlation between provinces become more significant year by year. ②The input of freshwater aquaculture was increasing, aquaculture area was expanding, regional economic development level was improving. All these changes reflected the transformation of freshwater aquaculture in China from extensive operation to intensive management. ③Negative indirect effect of freshwater aquaculture area reflected that “Excessive Aquaculture” and environmental pollution would slow down the speed of freshwater aquaculture development. ④There was no contradiction between freshwater aquaculture development and urbanization process. Freshwater aquaculture could continue to provide stable freshwater products in the future and become an important guarantee for national food safety and security. Finally, this paper put forward policy suggestions from 3 aspects: rational planning of regional pattern for freshwater aquaculture, balancing investment of technology promotion funds between provinces, and strengthening supervision of water resources pollution.

Investigation of Sorus Formation in the New Saccharina japonica Hybrid Cultivar B013

SU Li1,2, PANG Shaojun1*, GAO Suqin1

2017, 19(2):  119-123.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2015.735

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In order to understand the relationship between fertilization time and sporogenesis, this paper took B013 line as material and completed fertilization for 4 times in May, June, July and August, respectively, during 2014-2015, and got B013 seedling, then conducted cultivation experiment at Lvshun, Dalian seaweed cultivation area. Results showed that 100% of the May group and 80% of the June group formed 6 cm wide and 50 cm long sorus in the apical one-third zone of the blade starting in mid January. During the following 3 months, these sporangia gradually released zoospores with the continuous elongation of algal blade and the apical tissue died off gradually. Blade-wide formation of sorus occurred for the second time in mid or late September. However, the July and August groups did not form any sorus until mid and late September, together with the May and June groups. Zoospores released from sorus forming both in January and September were able to develop into normal and healthy gametophytes. These results suggested that sorus formation of cultivar B013 was different from its male parental plant derived from the farmed population, but rather similar to its female parental plant derived from the wild population, which always formed small sorus firstly in the winter at the apical zone, then in the entire blade in September for the second time when seawater temperature drops and the day becomes shorter. The results would provide certain theoretical reliance for further studying on formation mechanism of B013 sporangium.

Development of a Reference Plasmid for Genetically Modified Potatoes Detection

AN Na1, DONG Mei2, LI Kai2, WAN Yusong2, JIN Wujun2, HAN Yang1, LI Liang2*

2017, 19(2):  124-130.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.262

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According to the global vigorous development momentum of genetically modified (GM) crops, GM potato commercialization has become a general trend. Potato is the 4th important food in the world next to rice, wheat and corn. At present, 45 species of GM potatoes have been approved for commercial cultivation in the world, mainly involved in insect-resistant, virus-resistant and quality improvement, etc. traits. GM technology has brought  huge economic benefits to people, but at the same time raised great concern, including food safety and environment security, etc.. Therefore, the importance of testing and supervising the components of GM product becomes prominent. Within the area of testing GM crops, standard plasmid with the merits of easy obtaining, high purity, low cost, good stability is widely applied. This paper investigated all important information for transgenic potato commercialization, build up multi-target-directed plasmid pBJGMM003 containing anti-potato beetle cry3A gene, nopaline synthase promoter (P-nos) gene, anti-potato virus Y (pvycp) gene and internal control gene patatin (PATA). This plasmid can be used for identification, testing and inspection of GM potatoes. Its detection ability had covered most of GM potatoes. The problem of lacking potato positive standard was solved, thus providing guarantee for the smooth progress of GM potato works.

Predicting the Content of Benzene Alcohol Extract of Acacia by Multi-Model Method

FAN Yating, LIU Sheng*

2017, 19(2):  131-138.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.358

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Acacia is a kind of fast-growing wood pulp. The content of benzene alcohol extract has certain influence on pulp yield of wood. Near infrared spectra analysis can rapidly detect the contents of chemical components in wood with low cost. The multi-model method is a kind of near infrared spectra analysis modeling method, which has good prediction  and is easy to master.  The multi-model method has been applied to establish the near infrared spectral prediction model for detecting the contents of chemical components of acacia, populus tomentosa and populus euramericana, and better modeling effect is obtained. In the paper, the near infrared spectra analysis model for benzene alcohol extract of acacia contents and that of the Klason lignin of acacia  were built by multi-model method at first. The results showed that the effect for predicting the contents of Klason lignin was better than that of the benzene alcohol extract. While, based on the multi-model method, the near infrared spectra analysis model for the benzene alcohol extract content was built optimally by the help of Klason lignin, whose prediction error was smaller than that of the content of benzene alcohol extract. It improved the prediction effect of the content of the benzene alcohol extract. The  fit goodness of the model raised from 0.792 8 to 0.827 1. Different from the existing multi-model method，it was not required in this paper, when optimization modeling that the relationship between the contents of the 2 chemical components used to be approximately linear. For the prediction model of content of the benzene alcohol extract was built optimally, by reducing the number of undetermined constants in each sub model, the model stability was enhanced in the paper, and the prediction effect of this model was further improved. With the increase of research work in this area, this modeling method was hopeful for predicting the contents of chemical components, whose prediction effects were generic, and was also expected to improve the effects of near infrared spectral analysis on detecting these contents of chemical components.