Table of Content

15 May 2017, Volume 19 Issue 5

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Reference Experience and Countermeasures for Dairy Herd Improvement Program Extension in China

GUO Huiyuan1, LUO Yi2, REN Fazheng1,3, MENG Zhaoxiang2, FAN Chunlin2,

2017, 19(5):  1-11.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.747

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Dairy herd improvement (DHI) program has been advocated since their inception as the most efficient management tool for milk production. A century of success shows that dairy herd genetic improvement and farm profit increase are attributable in 60% to DHI program. However, because of the short dairy developing history and the big difference of farm pattern in diverse regions, it makes advancing DHI very difficult in China. In 2013, only 7.8% of cows were enrolled in this program. The progress and experience of DHI organizing system and extension program in dairy developed countries were systematically reviewed, such as establishing a third-party DHI system, accumulation and mining of DHI big data, instructing cow farmers based on DHI, and strengthening the role of National Dairy Association. In order to provide more information for the development and execution of DHI program in China, future actions were proposed in this paper: strengthening macro-management of DHI program, releasing a package of policies, establishing a third-party inspection system, reforming raw milk payment system, setting up a special fund for DHI system, and advancing DHI data mining and sharing.

Research Status and Prospect on Rhizosphere Microbiome of Medicinal Plants

GUO Fengxian1, LIU Yue1,2*, TANG Li1, CHEN Chuanchuan1, PEI Danning1

2017, 19(5):  12-21.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.641

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There are abundant bacteria, fungus and actinomycete existed in medicinal plants rhizosphere. The rhizosphere microbiome of medicinal plant is closely related to the plant growth, reproduction and metabolic activity. Recently, there are more and more studies on the relation between medicinal plants and their rhizosphere microbiome. This article summarized recent research progress made on rhizosphere microbiome of medicinal plants from 3 aspects, including research object, research method, and research content. In addition, this article came up with the research emphasis on rhizosphere microbiome of medicinal plants in the future, so as to provide references for the development and utilization of medicinal plants.

Transgenic Rice with Chenopodium amaranticolor NDR1 Genes and Preliminary Investigation on Bacterial Blight Resistance

ZHAN Yuan, ZHANG Chao, ZHAN Jin, ZHANG Yongqiang*

2017, 19(5):  22-27.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.351

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NDR1(non-race-specific disease resistance 1) gene can mediate broad-spectrum in plant disease resistance and plays an important role in defense responses. Two  NDR1 homologous genes CaNDR1a and CaNDR1b were cloned from Chenopodium amaranticolor, and plant expression vectors  were constructed and generated transgenic rice by agrobacteria -mediated transformation, respectively. PCR and Southern blot assay demonstrated that those two genes were integrated into rice genome. Parts of transgenic lines were selected to conduct identification of resistance to rice bacterial leaf blight. The length of leaf disease spot were recorded in 3 d, 5 d, 10 d  after inoculation. Results indicated that the expression of CaNDR1a and CaNDR1b in rice had certain resistance to bacterial leaf blight and delayed symptom development of the pathogen. Expression levels of exogenous genes in transgenic rice plants were significantly higher than those of control. However, higher disease resistance line did not show the highest expression results of CaNDR1. There were not significant different with receptor rice in agronomic traits such as seed setting rate and thousand seed weight, besides of shorter plant.

Effect of Nitrogen Application  on the Biosynthesis of Plastid Pigment in Flue-cured Tobacco

NIU Dexin, LI Yanhua, HUANG Mingyue, YANG Shengnan, CUI Hong, ZHANG Hongying*

2017, 19(5):  28-34.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.695

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In order to explore the impact of different nitrogen application rates on flue-cured tobacco plastid pigment content and metabolic pathway genes, this paper carried out studies on the plastid ultrastructure, plastid pigment contents, and plastid pigment metabolism-related gene expression patterns at middle leaf ripening stage under different nitrogen application rates by using electron microscopy, fluorescence quantitative PCR and liquid chromatography. The results revealed that high nitrogen application could markedly promote the chloroplast development and plastid pigment accumulation. Notably, the number and volume of osmiophilic granules and starch increased along with the increase of nitrogen application rate, while the number of thylakoid lamellas increased as well. Analysis of pigment metabolism-related gene expression patterns revealed that the transcript levels of PSY and CHL were adjusted and controlled by nitrogen, and the expression was inhibited at high nitrogen level, indicating PSY and CHL played crucial roles in metabolic pathway of plastid pigment.

Detection and Analysis on β-lactam Enzyme and 16S rRNA Methylase Genes in Swine Resistance E. coli Isolated from  Different Areas of Xinjiang  in Spring and Autumn

JIANG Ping§, CHENG Weihua§, LING Yajun, XIA Xujing, XIA Lining*

2017, 19(5):  35-41.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.443

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In order to investigate β-lactam enzyme and 16S rRNA methylase genes in resistant swine E. coli isolated from different areas of Xinjiang  in spring and autumn and their coexistence. β-lactamase (blaTEM,blaCMY-2,blaLAP-1,blaKPC,blaSHV and blaOXA) and 16S rRNA methylase genes (armA and rmtB) were detected in 142 (spring) and 9 (autumn) swine resistant E. coli isolated from Karamay  area, 78 (spring) and 52 (autumn) swine resistant E. coli isolated from  Changji area  by PCR, respectively. And PCR products of the resistant genes  were sequenced. The results showed that blaTEM(142/142, 100%), blaOXA(16/142, 11.3%), blaCMY-2 (7/142, 4.9%) and blaLAP-1 (1/142, 0.7%) genes were mainly detected in swine resistant E. coli isolated from spring in Karamay area; blaTEM(9/9, 100%) and blaOXA(1/9, 11.1%) genes were mainly detected in swine resistant E. coli isolated from Karamay area in autumn; 16S rRNA methylase genes were not detected in swine resistant E. coli isolated from  Karamay area  in spring and autumn. β-lactamase genes as blaTEM(78/78, 100%), blaOXA(9/78, 11.5%), blaCMY-2 (3/78, 3.8%) and 16S rRNA methylase gene as rmtB (1/78, 1.3%) were mainly detected in swine resistant E. coli isolated from Changji area in spring ; blaTEM(52/52, 100%), blaOXA(4/52, 7.7%), blaCMY-2 (3/52, 5.8%) and blaSHV(1/52, 1.9%) genes were mainly detected in swine resistant E. coli isolated from  Changji area  in autumn, and 16S rRNA methylase genes were not detected. These results indicated that detection rate of blaTEM was 100% in swine resistant E. coli isolated from different areas  in spring and autumn. That detection rate of blaOXA in swine resistant E. coli isolated from different areas in spring was higher than that in autumn. Bacteria carry β-lactamase and 16S rRNA methylase genes were one of the main resistant reasons to antimicrobial drugs. So we should regulate the use of antibiotics, strengthen and monitor E. coli carrying the β-lactamase and 16S rRNA methylase genes.


Expression of a Glucose Oxidase from Aspergillus niger in Trichoderma reesei and its Effects on Production of Endogeneous Cellulases

WU Yilan1,2§, XUE Xianli2§, XIE Xiangming1*, SU Xiaoyun2*

2017, 19(5):  42-50.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.574

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The cellulase and glucose oxidase (GOD) currently used in feed industry are from different expressing systems, which brings about the high production cost. Co-expression of these 2 important feed enzymes in one microbial host may decrease production cost. The god gene from Aspergillus niger was codon-optimized to the T. reesei codon usage bias. The expression plasmid pRS424-cbh1P-god-cbh1T (pPGT) was constructed by DNA assembler and then transformed into the T. reesei uridine auxotroph stain Tu-6Δtku70 via a PEG-mediated protoplast transformation method. By screening transformants, a transformant Tu-6Δtku70god2 was selected for its high glucose oxidase activity. The Tu-6Δtku70god-2 showed that the recombinant glucose oxidase had an apparent molecular mass of ca. 70 kDa, which was further verified by mass spectrometry. In the shaking flask experiment, Tu-6Δtku70god-2 had a GOD activity of 4.63 U/mL at 92 h after Avicel induction. The filter paper cellulase activity, endo-glucanase, exo-glucanase (or cellobiohydrolase), and β-glucosidase activities of transfomant Tu-6Δtku70god-2 were 7.88 U/mL, 2.58 U/mL and 0.84 U/mL, respectively. In comparison, those of the parent strain were 6.79 U/mL, 3.19 U/mL, and 0.57 U/mL, respectively. The β-glucosidase activity in this transformant was 1.65 U/mL, much higher than that (0.66 U/mL) of the parent strain (1.5-fold increased). It was demonstrated that expressing of a GOD could significantly improve the activity of the endogenous-glucosidase activity and the overall cellulase activity in T. reesei.

Identification and Characterization of a Carbazole-Degrading Bacterial Strain

BIAN Chenkai, ZHANG Yu, CHEN Duyu, XU Lei*

2017, 19(5):  51-59.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.718

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Carbazole-degrading bacterial strain B1 was isolated from an oil well sludge outlet in Qinghai Province. Degradation strain was screened by enriched culture, and analyzed, identified by physiological properties and 16S rDNA sequence, and the carbazole concentration of the culture was detected by HPLC. The degrading capacities of the strain under different pH, salt concentration and temperature, and the effect of adding carbon, nitrogen sources, and substrate concentration on degradation efficiency were discussed. Through identification, strain B1 was belonged to Sphingosinicella sp.. The 100 mg/L carbazole degradation rate of B1 in 72 h under optimum conditions 30℃ and 7.0 pH could reach 98%, while its degradation rate could be higher when salt concentration was less than 10 g/L. Besides, the degradation rate was significantly improved by adding 0.1 g/L glucose and ammonium sulfate, and the strain B1 could tolerate 700 mg/L carbazole concentration. The results indicated that strain B1 had highly-efficient carbazole degradation ability and favorable environmental adaptability.

Construction and Application of Intelligent Plant Platform Based on Multi-Agent

WU Sheng1,2, GUO Xinyu2, MIAO Teng2, XIAO Boxiang2, WEN Weiliang2, ZHAO Chunjiang1,2*

2017, 19(5):  60-69.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.527

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Plant intelligence is driven by the real-time sensing data of Things Internet and provide intelligent decision by knowledge model and multi-source heterogeneous data fusion calculation to realize the intelligent process of connectivity, whole perception, real-time feedback between plant and environment, plant and people, plant and plant. This paper discussed the concept, connotation and technical system of intelligent plant, and the construction method of intelligent plant system based on Multi-Agent. Aiming at the complex isomerism of intelligent plant behavior, the Multi-Agent technology was applied in plant growth count and behavior simulation. From service-oriented application in intelligent plant, the paper comprehensively analyzed intelligent property, concept and connotation including plant autonomy, reactiveness, sociality, and initiative, and then the intelligent plant system was constructed. The Kernel intelligent plant system consists of sensor agent, data processing agent, knowledge model agent, intelligent calculation agent, and simulation interaction agent. This paper described in detail the system structure and its key model. In the Multi-Agent system, plant could perceive its environment context, and independently make behavior decision. The intelligent plant system was constructed based on Multi-Agent, and took a fruit tree pruning virtual training service case as an example. This system showed strong interactivity, high intelligence degree, good experience effect. So, this research might provide useful help for the development of Intelligent Plant.

Research on the Intelligent Control of Potato Precision Planter

LI Xueqiang1,2, WANG Faming2,3, SUN Chuanzhu2,3*, SU Guoliang1,2, WEI Zhongcai2,4, WANG Xiangyou2,5, WANG Shijun2,3

2017, 19(5):  70-79.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.486

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In order to solve the problems of low seeding precision, difficult row spacing and amplitude adjustment of potato planter, this experiment installed intelligent row spacing devices on existing potato planter. The device of intelligent row spacing would auto-correct the electro-hydraulic servo valve to correct speed of hydraulic motor, when it detected the change in planter speed, etc. messages, so as to assure the qualification rate of row spacing within a permissible range. When the device detected more than one potato seed message or did not detect any message, it would adjust the conveyor belt and vibration intensity of potato seed bowl classifler. The result showed the actual missing rate ξls was 6.4%~7.9% and resetting rate  ξcs was 8.2%~10.1%, and the better allowed missing rate ξly was 6.0%~8.0%. This intelligent controlled potato precision drill could effectively improve the seeding accuracy and operation efficiency. At the same time, it also improved its adaptability to different areas and different potato varieties.

Studies on the Seed Coating Machine with Electrostatic Atomizing Device

SUN Yongguo, JI Peiguo, ZHAO Xinhui, ZHAO Jiang

2017, 19(5):  80-85.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.559

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Seed coating technology has a problem in seed of concave-convex shape. Its umbilical region is not covered enough, which has seriously affected the seed germination rate. This paper proposed the application of electrostatic atomization technology to seed coating to solve the problem of deficient seed coating. The core of electrostatic atomization technology was to make the spray droplets carrying charge. Therefore, carrying charge droplet became  the key research. Through electrostatic spraying experiment and droplet parameters test, it  was found that seed-dressing agent with 0.4 MPa spray pressure, 25 kV charging voltage, 0.072 mm average droplet radius had the best atomization effect. This study also simulated the space electric field between different charged droplets number and flat ground conductor using low-frequency finite element software Ansoft Maxwell. The results showed that the electric field generated by droplets could be completely surrounded by a spherical conductor, which was conducive to completely cover seeds by seed dressing agent, especially the concave-convex region, and improved seed coating quality, so the electrostatic atomization technology was a feasible and effective way for seed coating.

Patent Value Evaluation of Agricultural Machinery Equipment#br#

LIU Qin1, WANG Shaokang2, HU Lianglong1, ZHENG Yanyan1, TAN Lvke1

2017, 19(5):  86-91.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.632

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In order to solve the problem in patent value evaluation of agricultural machinery equipment, this paper built an index system of patent value evaluation based on the patent text, and identified the weight coefficient of each evaluation index by factor analysis method to establish an evaluation model. And this paper also validated and verified the model through a case study and an expert assessment method. The results showed that this model could assess objectively the patent value on agricultural machinery equipment. In all indices related to the patent value, only the same type of patent was negatively correlated, while the remaining 7 indices were positively correlated with the patent value, such as the attached drawing, and the other claims. The important influence indices on patent value were the attached drawing, follow-up patent; and then rights and claims, international patent classification, technique background, and comparison with foreign patents. While the minimal impact index was the patent inventor, who had little effect on the patent value. The construction of a model could provide reference for patent value evaluation in the field of agricultural machinery equipment and also offer a new thought for patent value evaluation in the other categories.


Studies on Biodegradation of Humic Acid Degradable Mulching Film

WANG Zhixin, ZHU Jiaojiao, XIE Minjie, YANG You, WANG Li, ZHAO Jianbo*

2017, 19(5):  92-99.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.521

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This paper studied the biodegradation of humic acid degradable mulching film  by observing microbial growth through experiments of microbiological degradation and controlled soil-buria. Meanwhile, the weight loss was also measured during degradable mulching film degradation. Microbial number and soil enzyme activities in mulched film soil were tested to explore the impact of used plastic film on the metabolic activities of microbes. The results showed that microorganisms stimulated the degradation of mulch film, fungi played obvious role in film degradation, and film with the highest starch content had fast degradation speed. The intermediate product during film degradation could  increase soil microbial number and color their biochemical activity. Compared with the soil without plastic film, the numbers of bacteria, fungus, and actinomycetes, activities of catalase and sucrase, soil respiration in the soil covered with plastic film were increased by 205.1%, 110.4%, 46.9%, 156.2%, 198.6%, and 24%, respectively. The influences were related not only to the content of humic acid, but also to the degradation degree of the film.

Effects of Soil Conditioner on Soil Nutrient Content and Microbia Functional Diversity

JIN Huiyong1, QI Shaowu2*, ZHU Yi1, HE Qihong1, LIANG Zhongzhe1, DAN Junhao1

2017, 19(5):  100-105.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.796

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Taking the typical laterite in Hunan Provice and tobacco variety “K326” as experimental material, this paper explored the effects of soil conditioner on soil nutrient content and microbia functional diversity through a plot experiment. The results showed that soil conditioner could  change the soil nutrient, soil pH, and significantly increase the contents of organic matter, available phosphorus, and available potassium. While there was no significant difference in alkaline nitrogen content. It was found that the AWCD (average well color development) value was remarkably increased when adding the soil conditioner at a proper weight percent. However, the AWCD value could decline when too much soil conditioner was applied. The order of soil microbial AWCD values was T2＞T1＞T3＞CK. The activities of species richness and McIntosh index were increased significantly at the application rate of 0.2%, the enzyme activities were increased by 55.1%, 88.4% than that of the CK, respectively. The result of principal component analysis showed that the diversities and the carbon utilization ability of soil microbial community had a lot of discrepancies by using soil conditioner. All in all, proper addition of soil conditioner could increase soil nutrient content, and improve the soil microbial functional diversity. The most appropriate application rate was 0.2%.


Analysis of Reasons for Straw Surplus and Thoughts about  Straw Utilization Ways

XIAO Min1, CHANG Zhizhou1*, SHI Zuliang1,2, LI Xiang2

2017, 19(5):  106-114.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.508

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Straw burning or throwing out at random is one of the main problems destroying ecological environment of our country. This paper analyzed the objective reasons for straw regional, seasonal, and structural surplus described by  the literature and policy documents, and put forward the thoughts about straw utilization way and method from the angle of technology and research. The major objective reasons of straw regional, seasonal and structural surplus were increased straw yield, reduced consuming quantity of straw by traditional utilization method, continuous increasing of straw using cost and changes in planting pattern, etc.. All these factors intensified the contradiction between harvest and planting seasons. Adopting measures of  improving varieties, optimizing crop distribution, and adjusting planting patterns could reduce the straw yield. Vigorously developing straw biomass energy industry could fortify consuming nearby straw. Accelerating R & D of matched machinery and equipment could enhance the straw collecting efficiency. Making overall plans to develop economy, society and ecological effect, etc. sustainable agricultural technology were favorable for solving straw surplus problem and promoting the full dose utilization of straw.

Effect of Animal Manure on Soil Acidity and Microbe of Tea Tree Rhizosphere

WANG Haibin1,2, ZHANG Qingxu1, CHEN Xiaoting1, MA Xiaomao1, ZHAO Hu1,YE Jianghua2,3, KONG Xianghai1

2017, 19(5):  115-122.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.507

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Taking the composted pig, cow, and sheep manure as materials, this study explored  the effects of different animal manure dosages on rhizosphere soil acidity, microbial biomass and microbial population of tea tree by exogenous addition treatment, so as to provide basis for studying rhizosphere soil improvement of tea tree. The results showed that different animal manure treatment could effectively adjust the soil acidity; the microbial biomass C, microbial respiration, microbial biomass N, number of bacteria, actinomycetes, ammonifier, nitrite bacteria, denitrifier, aerobic azotobacter and cellulose decomposition bacteria  firstly increased then descened with the increasing of animal manure usage. While, the number of fungi was on the contrary. The best soil microbial environment improving degrees was obtained when the dosage of pig manure was 1.5 kg/m2, cow and sheep manure were 2.0 kg/m2. The adjustment of different animal manure treatments to acidity of tea tree rhizosphere, and effect on the number of soil microbes were the strongest, and showed pig manure > sheep manure > and cow manure. In conclusion, the animal manure could adjust rhizosphere soil acidity of tea tree, could improve living environment of soil microbial, and increase the activity of soil microbe.

Study on the Influence of Basal Fertilizer on Growth Characteristics and Active Ingredient Content of Anemarrhenae rhizoma

MA Chunying1, HOU Junling2*, WANG Wenquan2,3*, WU Lizhu4

2017, 19(5):  123-128.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0076

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In order to guide the rational fertilization about Anemarrhenae rhizoma, and provide the technical support for its standardized cultivation and application of different kinds of basal species and different fertilizer amount when Anemarrhenae rhizoma were transplanted, this paper studied the influence of basal fertilizer on growth characteristics and active ingredient content of Anemarrhenae rhizoma. The results showed that under different fertilizer treatments the plant height, matter accumulation and active ingredient content all  increased, but no significant difference between each other. The influence of different fertilizing amount of Anemarrhenae rhizoma on the dry and fresh weight of rhizoma and fibres, total plant dry matter accumulation and the influence of the active ingredient content were presented B3>B2>B1. Due to no significant difference between B2 and B3, considering the cost problem, B2 fertilizing amount was choose. Among different fertilizer types,  Anemarrhenae rhizoma growth characteristic index and the influence of active ingredient content were not significant. A2B3 was the best from the datas of matter accumulation, but the effect of organic fertilizer was better than the inorganic fertilizer from the content of active ingredients. Considering the influence of basal fertilizer on Anemarrhenae rhizoma growth characteristics and  the content of active ingredients, A1B2 worked best. The results provided the fertilizer practice for the standardized cultivation of Anemarrhenae rhizoma.

Research Progress on Quality Evaluation of Chemical Components in Tobacco Leaf based on Grey Incidence Analysis

CHEN Zheng1, REN Zhiguang1, FAN Yikuan2, ZHAO Hui3, CHEN Guangqing2, ZHAO Panpan4, XU Zicheng1*

2017, 19(5):  129-137.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.352

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Tobacco quality evaluation has been a research spot through the indicator of tobacco chemical components. A large number of statistical methods have been widely used in the evaluation of tobacco quality. Grey incidence analysis is a multiple factors method, and the closeness of relationship of the multiple factors which is judged based on the similarity level of the geometric patterns of sequence curves. Therefore, the slope ratio of reference sequences and relevant sequences on every corresponding interval is used to reflect the closeness of the sequences. Grey correlation analysis is used as a novel factor analysis method which has a broad application prospect in digging the information of tobacco chemical components. Focused on tobacco chemical components, this paper summarized the current situation of tobacco quality evaluation, sorted out the application achievements of grey relation analysis in tobacco chemical components evaluation, compared several different grey relative degree models and their properties, and estimated the superiority of grey incidence model in digging the information from tobacco chemical components.