Table of Content

15 July 2017, Volume 19 Issue 7

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Food Security of Main Grain Sales Regions in China——Based on a Gap in Balance between Grain Supply and Demand

YANG Dongqun, JIANG Heping*

2017, 19(7):  1-9.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.617

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In major grain sales regions of China, food security is still neglected, and this situation affects the food safety condition of China. This paper estimated the gap in balance between grain production and demand in major grain sales regions, and their gap degrees, also analyzed the main factors causing the gap by panel data model. The results showed that the gap between grain production and demand in major grain sales regions was becoming bigger and bigger, but the food gap degree in each grain sales regions was different. Beijing and Shanghai existed  extreme big grain gap, their average grain gap rates were over 70%; Tianjing and Guangdong province were bigger gap regions, their average grain gap rates were 40%~43%; Zhejiang province and Fujian province were big grain gap regions; Hainan province was general grain gap region. In major grain sales regions, changes in grain output, grain ration consumption quantity, indirect grain consumption quantity and urban population proportion had significant impact on the gap in balance between grain production  and demand. Increasing grain yield was beneficial for shrinking the grain gap in major grain sales regions. Population increasing, urbanization level up-grading, and indirect grain consumption increasing from consuming livestock, poultry and aquatic products and soybean oil, etc. could exacerbate the food gap. Therefore, this paper put forward relevant measures to facilitate food security status of major grain sales regions, hoping to provide references for realizing China’s food security strategy under the new situation.

Development Model Research of Chinese Agriculture IoT

WU Jianwei1,2

2017, 19(7):  10-16.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.758

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Modern agriculture is one of the important application fields for internet of things (IoT). This paper analyzed the research progress made by internet of things at home and abroad in field planting, facility horticulture, livestock breeding and safety traceability of agricultural products, etc. modern agriculture fields; summarized the existing practicle issues in agriculture networking applications including key technology, industrial development, standard specification and supporting policies, etc.; put forward suggestions for agriculture IoT construction application model from product system, technical support and applied range. The realization of various agricultural elements of “comprehensive perception, reliable transmission and intelligent processing” would help to grasp the development trend of agricultural IoT, thus providing technical support and theoretical basis for future development of Chinese agricultural IoT.


Problems and Countermeasures in the Supply Side of Marine Capture Fishery in China

YUE Dongdong1, WANG Lumin1*, ZHU Xuemei2, GENG Rui2, FANG Hai1, XIONG Minsi1, WANG Qian1, ZHOU Yusi1, XIAO Li1

2017, 19(7):  17-26.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.687

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Marine capture fishery provide about one-fifth of the output of aquatic products in China, however, the contradiction between the decline of fishery resources and the marine fishing intensity needs to be solved urgently, and the implementation of supply side structural reform is the only way. This paper firstly combed the characteristics of marine capture fisheries from total output change trend,  the provincial structure, species structure, structure of the sea, structure of the fishing method, and found the main problems were the marine capture production exceeds resource allowable catch and the proportion of fish in the fishery capture production  increasing  in the supply side of marine fishery. Lastly, the key tasks and reform countermeasures of marine capture fishery supply side were explained by the goal of healthy and sustainable development of marine capture fishery.

 

Application Progress of Metabolomics in Rice Research

LEI Gang, HUANG Yingjin*

2017, 19(7):  27-35.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0068

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Metabolomics is an important branch of system biology, which reveals the physiological state of the organisms through the study of small molecule metabolites of them, and then explores the principle of life activities. In this paper, metabolomics and its common analysis platform were simply summaried. Applications of metabolomics to rice research were reviewed in terms of abiotic and biotic stress, gene function analysis, assistant breeding and safety assessment of transgenosis, and then challenges and opportunities which existed in metabolomics research were analyzed, which was expected to provide a reference for using metabolomics in rice research.

Populus Polymorphism and Cluster Analysis based on SSR and ITS Markers

HAN Zhixiao1, ZHANG Jun2, ZUO Lihui2, DONG Yan2, WANG Jinmao2*

2017, 19(7):  36-43.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0019

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In order to study the poplar diversity and differences and connection among different molecular marker technology, this paper analyzed DNA polmorphism of 12 poplar samples by SSR and ITS markers, and conducted correlation analysis of these 2 markers on the basis of genetic distance. SSR marker indicated that 54 fragments were amplified by 13 pairs primers and polymorphic bands were 51. The PIC (polymorphism information content) value of these markers was varied from 0.36~0.76, and could preferably distinguish different samples. The results of ITS analysis showed that the differences between tested poplar not only expressed in basic group, but also in sequence length.  The results of all samples clustering analysis by these 2 marker methods showed that the two were consistent in faction classification.But there were differences between SSR  and ITS markers in subtle classification, SSR marker could more accurately identify the plants with same source or similar individual plants than ITS marker. The correlation analysis of these 2 methods indicated that they were significantly correlated, the correlation coefficient R reached 0.593 (P=0.01, n=66, rα=0.314 966). Thus, SSR and ITS markers could all be used for poplar variety identification. Combining with the genetic differences of these 2 molecular markers, this paper provided technical basis for the rapid and accurate identification of poplars germplasm resources.

Identification and ITS Sequence Analysis of Pathogen of Cherry Brown Leaf Spot in Shandong

SUN Yang1, HAN Wei1*, SUN Yugang2, WEI Guoqin2, FU Quanjuan2, ANG Xinghua2, GONG Qingtao2

2017, 19(7):  44-49.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.677

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In order to clarify the pathogenic species of cherry brown leaf spot, this study isolated and purified  16 fungal strains by single spore separation method. It also collected typical morbidity leaf blades from Taian, Weifang and Yantai 3 regions. Identification of cherry brown leaf spot pathogen was carried out by pathogen morphology combined with molecular biology method. The ITS sequence analysis of this pathogen showed that it was aligned with Genbank and showed 97% identity with Passalora arctostaphyli. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that the pathogen was located at the same branch of phylogenetic tree with Passalora sp. and different from Pseudocercospora sp. According to its morphological characteristics and the sequence of internal transcribed spacer, the pathogen was identified as Passalora circumscissa, and ITS gene sequence was presented to GenBank database(Genbank Accession No.: KT428056).

Effect of Silicon on Photosynthetic Characteristics of the Leaf and Fruit Quality of Siraitia grosvenorii

KANG Gongping1, WU Lintao2, ZHANG Ning1, XIANG Zejun3

2017, 19(7):  50-54.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0073

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In this paper, the effects of silicon application on the photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of Siraitia grosvenorii were studied by setting 5 kinds of gradient silicon fertilizer as base fertilizer to provid basis for high quality and high yield of Siraitia grosvenorii in eastern Guizhou areas. The results showed that photosynthetic pigments(chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), net photosynthetic rate, fruit size(longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter), dry weight of fruit and content of  Siraitia grosvenorii mogroside V all presented a tendency of  first increase then decline along with the increase in amount of silicon fertilizer. The net photosynthetic rate of Siraitia grosvenorii was improved significantly at 11∶00 am and 13∶00 pm, and the utilization coefficient of light energy was significantly improved by applying silicon fertilizer. Meanwhile, the application of silicon fertilizer could remarkably increase the single fruit dry weight and content of mogroside V. Silicon fertilizer had the best effect when the applying quantity was 150 g/plant, then the single fruit dry weight of Siraitia grosvenorii and its mogroside V content were increased by 10.6% and 16.1%, respectively than that of the contrast.

Separation Efficiency Analysis on Rice Extractions in the Cyclone Cleaning Segregating Cartridge#br#

LIU Dawei1,2, LU Wei1, XIE Fangping1,2*, REN Shuguang1,2, WANG Xiushan1, CHEN Liyong3

2017, 19(7):  55-65.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.749

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Cyclone cleaning device is often used in small rice combine harvester. Its key design is to reduce the impurity rate on the premise of assuring lower cleaning loss percentage. In order to explore the  2 phase flow regulation between airstream and kernel  in the segregating cartridge, three-dimensional numerical simulation of cyclone separation and cleaning device was carried out  using Fluent software to analyze grain, rice hull, immature grain and miscellaneous grain in 4LZ-0.8 rice combine harvester cleaning system. The particle trajectories of each mixture in the model were selected and the separation efficiency was calculated. The loss rate and cleaning rate of grain were also tested in bench to evaluate the relationship between cleaning performance with the following 3 factors: winnower fan speed, vacuum fan speed and entrance height of detach components. At the same time, the combination of optimal parameter was found by multi-objective optimization solving with regression model. While the winnow speed was 1 163 r/min, the suction fan speed was 1 920 r/min, the entrance height of separation components was 63.26 mm, and the predicting cleaning rate was 99.26%, which provided references for the redesign of cleaning device.

Research on Non-destructive Measurement of Surface Root Traits of Rice Plants

WU Di1, WANG Mengke2, YANG Wanneng1, LIU Qian2, HUANG Chenglong1*

2017, 19(7):  66-77.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.797

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Rice root traits have relations with yield, which will become one of the trends for future research to improve rice varieties by root system breeding. In order to study  the relevant traits of rice root system, this paper designed a method to dynamically and non-destructively measure surface root traits of rice plants. Planting rice varieties in transparent PMMA tubes, 27 surface root traits could be obtained through combining visible light image with processing technology. The results showed that surface roots growth rate at 32~42 d reached the maximum, then they grew slow down or became dead. The centroid got down faster in 22~54 d, and then followed by little changes. The ratio between surface root area and above ground area had similar normal distribution relation with its yield. When the ratio was between 0.45~0.65, the yield was higher. The surface root coverage decreased from top to bottom, but different rice varieties had different surface roots distributions. The coverage rate of the surface root at top areas were varied from the maximum 45% to the minimum 25%. This paper preliminarily explored nondestructive measurement of rice root traits, understood in-depth rice root structure, and played certain role in promoting development of plant phenomics.

Design and Experimental Analysis of a Twin-roller Pineapple Leaf Shattering and Returning Machine

ZHANG Yuan1, OU Zhongqing1*, CUI Zhende1, LI Ling1, ZHANG Jin1, WEI Lijiao1, ZHANG Long2, ZHANG Peng3

2017, 19(7):  78-86.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.568

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Because pineapple is closely planted, and has thick and heavy stem and leaf, containing rich and tough fiber, the existing pineapple leaf shattering and returning field machines have to work twice to achieve shattering result. Thus, there was problems such as difficult operation, low efficiency, high energy consumption, and soil compaction, etc.. In order to solve these problems, this paper designed a twin-roller pineapple leaf shattering and returning field machine. It had 2 rollers in structure with joint-operating of improved L-shaped flail knife, straight knife and fixed knife, capable of achieving required shattering effect through beating and chopping repeatedly in one pass of field operation. Field trials showed that the pass rate ( the rate of pineapple leaf pieces with length less than 15 cm in total amount ) reached 90.8%, with a standard deviation of 0.79 and coefficient of variation of 6.22. And 89.3% of pineapple stubbles was equal to or less than the required height above soil, with a standard deviation of 1.43 and coefficient of variation of 9.76. The productivity was 0.356 hm2/h, fuel consumption was 54.14 kg/hm2, and distributing unevenness was 0.59. This machine could work  with good reliability and stability and its production index all reached design requirements and could met the actual needs of agronomy.

Decomposing of Cows Body Parts based on Skeleton Feature

LI Guoqiang, HE Dongjian*, ZHAO Kaixuan, LEI Yu

2017, 19(7):  87-94.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0125

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The accurate movement details of cow obtained by cow limbs are the foundation of posture detection, behavioral analysis and understanding. In order to realize the accurate decomposition of head, neck, torso, forelimb, hind limb and tail，this paper studied and proposed a method for cows limb decomposition based on skeleton feature. The cow target was extracted from the depth image using depth information. A skeleton of cow target was produced using robust distance transform method, and the skeleton of redundant was pruned by contour partitioning with discrete curve evolution. The candidate split points, which were used to generate split lines, were retrieved by the junction points on the skeleton of cow. The shape visual saliency and split line priority were used to discard redundant split lines. The remaining split lines were selected to decompose the limbs of cow. The result showed that the average correct rate of cow each limbs was 95.09% and the correct rate of tail, which was most difficult to segment, was 9551%. Using the method of this paper to decompose the different body postures of cow, such as upward, normal walking, micro bow, and bow,  the average correct rates was 95.18%, 95.00%，94.85% and 96.23%, respectively. Thus, a high precision body decomposition of cow with different posture was realized.

The Experimental Study on Pyrolysis Characteristics of Rice Straw Briquette Fuel

ZHANG Chuanjia1, LI Anxin1, TU Deyu1,2*

2017, 19(7):  95-100.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.628

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Stalk is a very important biomass resource in China. Pyrolysis is one of the most effective measures to transform biomass energy into clean energy with high quality. This paper studied on pyrolysis characteristics and dynamics laws of rice straw and wood chippellets by thermogravimetric analysis method. The paper also analyzed the experimental results under different heating rates condition with the high pure Ar as protecting gas. The results showed that rice straw briquette fuel pyrolytic process was divided into 3 phases namely preheating stage, fast pyrolysis stage and slow pyrolysis stage. Pyrolysis maximum rate increased with the rising of pyrolysis heating rate, which was beneficial for pyrolysis, but it caused incomplete reaction, so the temperature rise rate should not be too high. By comparing the performance of the 2 kinds of pellets, sawdust pellets stability was better than that of rice straw briquette fuel. Through calculating kinetic parameters of the rice straw pellets, activation energy and pre-exponential factor  increased with the rising of heating rate, and linear fitting coefficients were all above 0.99, showing that the main reaction stage are in line with the first order reaction model.

 

Studies on Spatial Relationship between Caragana korshinskii Kom. Root and Soil Water Content in Agriculture-pasture Transition Zone

LIU Long, YAO Yunfeng, GUO Yuefeng*, QI Wei, GAO Yuhan, HAN Zhaomin, YUCHI Wensi

2017, 19(7):  101-107.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0171

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This paper choose Caragana korshinskii Kom. plantation as the study object, analyzed the root system distribution characteristics and soil water content in autumn. And quarter circle method was used to sample every layer to study the spatial distribution pattern of root system biomass and soil water content. The results showed that ①The root system was mainly concentrated on the shallow layer（0~60 cm soil layer）; ②the root system biomass spatial distribution was consistent with that of the soil water content, and they were positively correlated. Along with soil layer depth increasing, root system biomass and soil moisture content  gradually decreased; ③root system biomass was significantly related with soil water content both in vertical and horizontal direction. Empirical model of root system biomass and soil water content was established to validate the relationship between them, and the result was good. All results were aiming to provide theoretical basis for Caragana korshinskii Kom management and vegetation restoration in arid area.

Research Status of Forage Shrub Resources Utilization and Enlightenment for Rocky Desertification Area in Guizhou Province

GUO Wen1, XIONG Kangning1*, ZHANG Jinhua2, YANG Sumao1, LIU Kaixuan1, XU Liuxing1

2017, 19(7):  108-116.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.681

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According to the engineering need of grassland animal husbandry for national rocky desertification by comprehensive treatment, this paper summarized the forage shrub resources in karst rocky desertification area of Guizhou Province, and comprehensively evaluated its utilization value  using the subject theory like the ecology, botany, nutrition, etc. and pointed out that the shrubs represented by Magnolia multiflora，Amorpha fruticosa and Campylotropis macrocarpa were not only rich in nutritional value, but also had strong stress-resistance and comprehensive development and utilization value. This paper also analyzed the existing problems in developing and utilizing these forage shrubs in karst rocky desertification area, and provided counter-measures as vigorously developing non-conventional feed processing industry based on forage shrubs in these areas, which was an important guarantee for developing ecological animal husbandry, and also an effective way to improve the vegetation coverage during the comprehensive treatment process of karst rocky desertification.

Radom Forest Model Analysis on Environment Factors of Phyllotreta striolata Occurrence in Brassica chinensis Field#br#

REN Xianghui, CUI Jianxin, YANG Meng, LI Peng, NIU Xinyue, LI Wenjie

2017, 19(7):  117-123.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.664

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The data of arthropod communities, plant center microclimate and plant canopy were surveyed on 10 samples in a 2 000 m2 field of Brassica chinensis with LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer. On the basis of a primary CCA analysis to the related factors of this survey, a random forest model between the Phyllotreta striolata occurrence data and environment factors was established using R software. Moreover the ordinary analysis of these environment factors about Phyllotreta striolata occurring was carried out by this model. The result of random forest model analysis showed that there was an evident relationship between Phyllotreta striolata occurrence and microclimate information and corresponding distribution information of various arthropod. Furthermore MSR of this model’s 9 independent variables was only 19.698 22. In addition the most important environment factors affecting this pest occurrence were temperature and RH% of leaf center, LAI and MTA of every leaf blade. The cumulative percentage of PCA Eigen value about these environment factors plus the natural enemy factor of Propylea japonica was 91.474 5%. In conclusion the distribution of Phyllotreta striolata at Brassica chinensis plant was restricted by the values of temperature and RH% of leaf center, the shading degree of leaf blades brought by outdoor wind velocity, temperature and plant growth vigour. Therefore the influence of weather factors and crop growth indexes to Phyllotreta striolata distribution should be paid more attention in the comprehensive control and management of this insect.

Research on Nematicidal Effect and Integrative Utility of Marigold Stalk

XU Fan1§, CAO Rui1§, CHEN Zhixing2, WANG Haining3, LI Fan1, WANG Yang1*, XIE Yong1*

2017, 19(7):  124-130.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.665

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The nematicidal activity of marigold has attracted wide concern. This study carried out initial experiment to explore the comprehensive utilization of marigold stalk, and studied the effect of fungus substrate containing marigold stalk and marigold leaf on controlling Meloidogyne incongnita.  The results indicated that aqueous extract of marigold leaves could achieve 100% the highest corrected mortality of M. incongnita and the differences between each treatment and the control achieved significant (P<0.05) level. Besides,  cultivated substrate and marigold leaf (mass ratio 9∶1, 3∶1 and 1∶1) obtained the corrected mortality 38.5%, 40.25% and 44.68%, respectively. The used substrate could significantly improve the nematicidal activity of aqueous extract (its corrected mortality was 33.79%, P<0.05), while the fresh substrates corrected mortality was 26.54%. The pot experiment results showed that the treatments added with marigold leaves in substrate with 9∶1 (w/w) proportion (treated with 10 g, 25 g, 50 g, respectively) could significantly promote the tomato plant height by 21.3~26.1 cm, while the control was only 18.53 cm. And the growth of plant underground part obtained 475~5.79 g, while the control was 2.0 g. However, the high marigold leaf content treatment (1∶1) inhibited plant leaf growth. Remarkably, the treatments ( with 10 g, 25 g, 50 g, respectively) of used Pleurotus ostreatus substrate added by marigold leaves with mass ratio 3∶1 could achieve the best nematode control effect by 48.63%~26.5%, while that of the control was only 74.7%. Its control effect matched with that of the chemical fosthiazate 20.1%  by statistical significance quite.


Acute Toxicity and Safety Evaluation of 7 Insecticides Used  in Rice Field to Carassius auratus Juvenile

WANG Zhao1,2, MENG Lixia1*, YANG Hong2, JIN Daochao2

2017, 19(7):  131-136.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.580

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In order to explore the toxic effects of insecticides on fish in paddy fields, this paper took Carassius auratus juvenile as test organism and measured the acute toxicity of 7 insecticides of 5 kinds: imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, triazophos, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, pymetrozine and buprofezin commonly used in paddy fields. The results showed that imidacloprid had the weakest toxicity on C. auratus juvenile. The value of LC50 in 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h were 56.946 mg/L, 53.655 mg/L, 51.151 mg/L, 49.604 mg/L, respectively. The safe concentration of imidacloprid in water was 4.960 mg/L. Whereas, deltamethrin had the highest  toxicity. Its LC50 value in 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h were 0.032 mg/L, 0.025 mg/L, 0.019 mg/L, 0.015 mg/L, respectively. The safe concentration was 0.002 mg/L. According to the <Experimental Guideline for Environmental Safety Evaluation of Chemical Pesticides>, the toxicity of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and pymetrozine had low toxicity on C. auratus juvenile. While, Buprofezin and triazophos had moderate toxicity on fish, chlorpyrifos had high toxicity on C. auratus juvenile, and deltamethrin was extreme-toxic. These results would provide scientific basis for reasonable application of insecticides in rice-fish agrosystem.