Table of Content

15 September 2017, Volume 19 Issue 9

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National Grain Security Assurance Requirement, Ways and  Countermeasures under Concept of “Big Food”

CHENG Guangyan, WANG Xiaohu*, GUO Yanzhi, HUANG Jiazhang

2017, 19(9):  1-7.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0066

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It is always a major event to ensure national grain security for running a country and bringing peace to people. Based on judgment and analysis of food consumption trend, this paper measured the substitution space about the miscellaneous grains of potatoes\|cereals , animal product\|grain ration, feed forage\|feed grain, reasonably. On this basis, the paper also forecasted the grain demand in 2020. The result indicated that the requirement for rice, wheat in 2020 would reduce 539×104  t and 108×104 t, respectively, compared with that in 2014, owing to the factors: food consumption per capita falling down; consumption of miscellaneous grains of potatoes\|cereals increasing. Increasing the proportion of fodder grass in feed for herbivore could not only obviously improve the trophic structure, but also save 1 100×104 t of maize, 770×104 t bean pulp. On the basis of ensuring grain ration safety absolutely, the grain output could be adjusted to 6.04×108 t in 2020 by importing soybean, maize and miscellaneous grains. 567×104 hm2 of land could be saved to develop silo corn, pasture or even lie fallow. These conclusions could offer important decision\|making basis for agricultural supply\|side reform.

Risk Analysis of Grain Safety and Quality in China

SUN Lijuan1, XU Chunchun2, HU Xuexu1, WANG Bujun1*

2017, 19(9):  8-14.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.787

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As an important component in daily diet of Chinese people, grain is not only an important industrial raw material but also helps to ensure strategic food reserves in China. Its safety issue has changed from previous “quantity” to present “quality”. With the continuous prolonged process of grain processing and storage, hidden risk in various quality and safety issues should not be ignored. Through analyzing the cause of the hidden risk and development trend in grain safety, the paper discovered the following risks: ① high fungal contamination rate, complicated pollution situation, climate abnormal region were major crops high pollution rate of fungaltoxin; ② in some mining and sewage irrigation areas, heavy metal excess of the standards was outstanding, monitoring on the other grains except rice and wheat should be strengthened; ③ more attention should be paid to excessive and illegal application of pesticides during grain cultivation and storage, and use of grain by-products as food materials with pesticide residue; ④ attention should also be focused on the uncertainty in the hazards of illegal genetically modified grain. To sum up, accurate and timely control of hidden risks in grain quality and safety is an effective measure for ensuring food security and peoples health.

Development Status and Countermeasures of Apostichopus japonicus Culture Industry in China

JIANG Senhao1, REN Yichao2, TANG Boping1*, LI Chaofeng1, JIANG Congbing3

2017, 19(9):  15-23.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0202

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Under the correct guidance and support of national policy, the Apostichopus japonicus culture industry of China achieved an unprecedented development, with the growth of national economy and improvement of peoples living standard. A. japonicus has been one of the pillar economic species of Chinese mariculture industry. This paper analyzed the development status of A. japonicus culture industry, dissected the structure and pattern of industry development, from the aspects of culture states of nationwide, traditional producing regions, southward-culture regions and technology application levels, and pointed out the current problems and shortages of A. japonicus culture industry. On this basis, followed “Five Development Concepts” as guide, depended on the development countermeasures that tightening macro-control, perfecting the systems of laws, regulations and standards, building the systems of seed resources and disease controls, enhancing scientific talents cultivation and accelerating new technology application etc. to realize and promote the sustainable and healthy development of A. japonicus culture industry of China under the “new normal”.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of BoIAA2 and BoIAA19 Genes of AUX/IAA Family in Cabbage

PU Quanming1, SHI Songmei2, ZHANG Lincheng2, GAO Qiguo2*, REN Xuesong2,

2017, 19(9):  24-33.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.684

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To explore the function of AUX/IAA family genes on leaves and shoot tips development in cabbage, and screen the key AUX/IAA genes associated with leaves and shoot tips development, this study took cabbage line ‘519’  as material and though transcriptome comparative analysis screened 2 AUX/IAA genes expressed significantly different in shoot and leaves tips during heading and rosette stages, named BoIAA2 and BoIAA19, respectively. The cDNA sequences of BoIAA2 and BoIAA19 gene were obtained by PCR. Their CDS  length was 519 bp and 585 bp, and encoded 172, 194 amino acids, respectively. Further sequences discovered that the comparability of BoIAA2 and BoIAA19 with BrIAA2 and BnIAA19 were 99%, which contained the typical AUX/IAA DomainⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. The RT-PCR analysis showed that the relative expression levels of BoIAA2 and BoIAA19 genes during heading stage were higher than rosette stage both in leaves and shoot tips, which was completely consistent with expression trend of their binding protein genes BoTIR1 and BoARF8, suggesting that BoIAA2 and BoIAA19 might regulate auxin signal transduction by combining backward genes BoTIR1 with BoARF8, and participate in leaves and shoot tips development regulation in cabbage.


Effects of Flumetralin on Carbon and Nitrogen  Metabolism and Leaf Ultrastructure of Flue-cured Tobacco

 

WANG Yuan1, XU Jiayang2, REN Zhiguang1, SHAO Huifang1, HUANG Wuxing1, XU Zicheng1*

2017, 19(9):  34-41.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.709

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This paper studied the carbon and nitrogen metabolism, chemical components and ultrastructures of flue-cured tobacco under effects of three treatments, i. e. artificial excepting the bud (T1), pouring flumetralin 1 time by cup(T2), pouring flumetralin 2 times by cup(T3). The results showed：①The activities of amylase, invertase and sucrose synthase of T2 were significantly higher than T1 at 21 d and 28 d after topping. ②At 14 d, 21 d and 28 d after topping, the activity of NR of T2 was significantly higher than T1 and T3; the activity of GS of T2 was significantly higher than T3; T2 and T1 had no significant difference in GDH activity, but both were significantly higher than T3. ③The contents of total sugar and reducing sugar were T2>T1>T3; the content of starch was T2>T3>T1; at 14 d, 21 d and 28 d after topping, the content of total nitrogen of T2 was significantly higher than T1; the contents of nicotine of T2 and T3 were significantly lower than T1. ④The leaf of artificial inhibition bud developed normally, and the ultrastructure of the leaves of pouring prime was destroyed to some extent. The carbon and nitrogen metabolism was enhanced and coordinated, and leaf development was more reasonable for pouring prime 1 time by cup.

Analysis of Genetic Relationship of 15 Winegrape Germplasm Resources by SSR Markers

DONG Zhigang1,2, LIU Wei2, LI Xiaomei2, TAN Wei2, ZHAO Qifeng2,

2017, 19(9):  42-50.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.691

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In order to protect and promote the effective differentiation and rational utilization of grape germplasm resources, 15 kinds of different grapevine germplasm materials were selected  to research the differences of genetic diversity, genetic relationship and the germplasm identification.Using 15 pairs of SSR primers screened out from 44 for PCR amplification, 74 bands were generated among 15 grape germplasms. Among them, 71 bands were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic alleles was 95.9%. Varieties of cluster analysis showed that 15 varieties tested were divided into two groups in the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.63, provides certain reference basis for breeding research.After raw data processing and filtering, molecular identification of each variety were produced. The results showed that it was feasible to identify and protect the wine grape germplasm resources  using SSR markers.

Overview of the Proficiency Testing for GMO Detection

LI Xiaying1, SONG Guiwen, LIU Pengcheng, LIANG Jingang, WANG Haoqian,

2017, 19(9):  51-56.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0005

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GMO detection takes exogenous DNA and protein as its object, the qualitative and quantitative PCR technique and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as the main detection method to estimate the composition of transgenosis and its content in samples. The institution conducting GMO detection is an important technical support for supervision of genetically modified organisms safety. The accurity and reliability of detection result should be insured. Proficiency testing is an effective means for internal and external quality controling in the laboratory. Whereby the supervision institution ensure the capability and level of the detection laboratory. At present, there is still a big gap between the organization level of Chinas genetically modified detection ability and foreign organizations. The paper introduced the work process of genetically modified ability to test and verify in some foreign institutions, such as FAPAS, GIPSA, ISTA organization. Their common point was blind detection, the positive component was fixed by value, and the result was judged by dispersion. At the same time, the paper also introduced the common practice by the Ministry of Agriculture in China, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions for further strengthening the work of proficiency testing of GMO detection in our country.

Research Progress on Application of Fumagillin in Agriculture Field

CHANG Baiyang1, WANG Tongtong2, WANG Jianming1*, WANG Min2*

2017, 19(9):  57-62.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.686

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Fumagillin is a kind of mycotoxin isolated from Aspergillus fumigates. It is widely used in agriculture as antibiotic curing microsporidiosis due to its significant effectiveness. This paper summarized the recent research progress made at home and abroad on fumagillin, including its origin, molecular structure and chemical property; and fumagillin application in honey bee, fishery, etc. agriculture fields. The paper also reviewed the research situation and direction concerning synthesizing of low toxicity fumagillin drugs and synthesizing fumagillin analogs or metabolites, and prospected its application in agriculture, aiming at providing assistance for fumagillin related drugs application in Chinese agriculture, and theoretical basis for synthesis of low toxicity, high efficiency fumagillin drugs in the future.

Design and Test of High Self-purification Threshing Device for Small Rice Combine Harvester

OU Jiashun1,2, LIU Dawei1,2,3, LI Xu1,2,3, XIE Fangping1,2,3*, WANG Xiushan1,2, XIE Chao1,2

2017, 19(9):  63-69.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0095

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In order to solve the problem of high residue in conventional small-scale combine harvester threshing device, this study choosed  Nong-guang 4LZ-0.8 small combine harvester threshing device to carry out improvement, and adopted the combined way of entire process of air-assisted cleaning and winnower clean up to solve high residual defects caused by original screw feeder and scraper transport. The threshing test bed was designed and tested, taking feed quantity, guide duct inlet wind speed, winnower speed as testing elements, and grain residue in threshing device as performance evaluation index. The single element test for maximum feed rate under different wind speeds was firstly conducted to confirm the scope of test elements, and then to establish the residual mathematical model of threshing device by regression analysis method, and to optimize the best combination of parameters. The results showed that when the feed rate was 0.6 kg/s, wind speed of the duct was 12 m/s, and the speed of winnower was 1 000 r/min, the total residual amount inside the device was 0.18 g.

Conjoined Furnace Using Alcohol-based Liquid Fuels as Energy for Tobacco Curing

WANG Jianan1, DUAN Weidong2, SHEN Hongtao2, ZHANG Dachun2,

2017, 19(9):  70-76.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0121

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Coal-fired heating for flue curing tobacco has many negative results including extensive control, low thermal efficiency and environmental pollution, etc. In order to clean energy for tobacco flue-curing, this paper introduced an energy-heating system using alcohol-based liquid fuels for tobacco curing, which was constituted by a modified burner, spindle-shape furnace conjoined radiator, and automatic control instrument. Experimental verification indicated that 2 nozzles  supplying 0.8 gal/h and 2.0 gal/h could provide enough fuel for tobacco curing. Incorporating a centrifugal-type fan of 45 W with opening the burner outlet by 2/3, the best burning result could be achieved. Compared with the traditional heating system of bulk curing barn heating system, the heat efficiency of new device was increased by 80%~82%, higher than that of the conventional using coal. Although the total fuel cost of tobacco curing was 0.64  yuan/kg  than that of the control, the appearance quality of tobacco after curing was improved, and the offensive oral sensation in the middle tobacco leaves was significantly reduced when evaluated by smoking. The new device could automatically and sensitively control the temperature of the loading chamber during the curing process. The precision of temperature control was better than that of the conventional coal barn. Unattended operation could be achieved during the entire curing process.

Analysis on Varieties Difference and Health Risk of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice in Southern Yunnan Mining Area

ZOU Yanhong1, LIU Xianjin2, LI Qiwan1, DENG Xiaoxia3, ZHANG Wenbo4,

2017, 19(9):  77-86.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.680

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In order to solve the safety and quality problems of rice produced in mining area, and to obtain suitable rice varieties with low heavy metal accumulation for this area, this paper designed cultivation experiment at 3 different spots for 15 major local rice varieties recently planted in southern Yunnan mining area for 2 succesive years; and analyzed heavy heavy metal accumulation characteristics and its health risk in different rice varieties planted in this area. The results showed that there were big differences in absorption and accumulation of As, Pb and Cd in 15 rice tested varieties. In brown rice, Yixiang 107 had higher Pb content, and Diantun 502 had the lowest Pb content. The different range between these 2 was 0.188 mg/kg. Hongyou 4 was the variety with the highest Cd content. While, Yunhui 290 was the one with the lowest Cd content. Their range difference was 0.383 mg/kg. Yixiang 99E-4 had the highest As content, and Fengyouxiangzhan had the lowest As content. Their range difference was 0.189 mg/kg. Taking the national food safety standards (GB 2762-2012) pollutants Pb, Cd, inorganic arsenic limit values (≤0.2 mg/kg) and health risk assessment risk entropy (HQ<1) as the evaluation criteria, this study screened out the following cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation suitable for planting in heavy metal polluted soil of this area: Diantun 502, Yiyou 2815, Yunhui 290 and Fengyouxiangzhan. Plantation of these 4 cultivars + soil remediation + agronomic regulation would more effectively reduce the harm of heavy metals to population taking rice as daily food.

Fresh-keeping Effect of Pedicel Fumigated by Wampee Oil on Papaya under Room Temperature

ZHONG Manxi, ZHANG Shiqing, HUANG Mianjia, CHEN Cui, CHEN Peilong, CONG Xinli*

2017, 19(9):  87-95.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.727

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To explore the fresh-keeping effect of pedicel fumigated by wampee oil on papaya under room temperature, this paper took the essential oil extracted from wampee leaves and distilled by vapour as material to fumigate the pedicel of papaya fruits (Risheng variety) (Carica papaya L.), and regularly determined the phisycal signs of appearance, and nutrition quality during storage under room temperature. Results showed that the essential oil extracted from wampee leaves could restrain the rising of fruit rot index under room temperature, slow down the losing of fruit moisture content, maintain the fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C(VC), and restrain the accumulation of malondiadehyde, and improve the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. But there was no obvious effect on relative electrolytic leakage. Among different treatments, 2 μL essential oil treatment had the best fresh-keeping effect. Varying degrees of phytotoxicities were generated on fruit, when the concentration of essential oil reached 3 μL and 4 μL. Therefore, papaya pedicel fumigated by wampee oil could effectively keep the fruit fresh under room temperature. This result has provided theoretical basis for using wampee oil as a safe, non-toxic, biological fresh-keeping agent.

 Research Advance on Cold Plasma Inactivation of Food-Borne Pathogens

LV Xiaogui1, LI Fengmin1*, WANG Peng2

2017, 19(9):  96-102.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.743

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As a new non-thermal technology in food industry, cold plasma has great potential for decontamination. Recently, the research activities for plasma based on inactivation of food borne pathogens are emerging. Cold plasma can be used for surface decontamination of raw material of agriculture products, dried nuts and packaging materials etc.. This paper reviewed the function of plasma agents on microorganism; introduced the latest development in food processing industry; discussed its efficacy and application potential in food processing engineering; and prospected its application foreground.

Correlation Analysis of Yield and Agronomic Traits of Maize under Drip Irrigation with Plastic-film Mulching

CUI Yanchao1, HU Wenran2*, ZHU Gaizhi3, QU Xijun4

2017, 19(9):  103-108.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0183

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In order to clarify the relationship between main agronomic traits and yield of maize lines (varieties), this paper carried out correlation and gray correlation analysis on the main agronomic and yield traits of 15 maize lines (varieties) by DPS software. The results showed that large variation coefficient existed in grain weight, panicle weight and yield. The maize yield had significant positive correlation with growth period, grain moisture content, panicle weight and grain weight. The 15 tested lines (varieties) could be divided into 3 categories by clustering analysis. Group 3 had excellent performance worthwhile for planting and popularization. Gray correlation analysis indicated that maize grain weight, panicle weight, growth period and grain moisture content were the main factors influencing maize yield. In maize high-yielding breeding, they should be the major targets for improving the effective selection of maize progeny, and accelerating the process of high-yield breeding.

 Effects of Compound Bio-organic Fertilizer on Flue-cured Tobacco Photosynthetic Physiological Characters & Soil Microbes

LI Diqin1, GONG Zhanwu1, LI Yuhui2, LIU Guanghui2*, CHEN Yifan1,

2017, 19(9):  109-116.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.741

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In order to explore the effects of compound bio-organic fertilizer mixed with Bacillus subtillis and EM bacteria upon flue-cured tobacco photosynthetic physiological characters & soil microbes, this paper analyzed growth and development, photosynthetic physiological characteristics, economic characters index, chemical compound usable index (CCUI), and soil microbes of flue-cured tobacco 7 d after topping, through comparing the different combined application of this compound bio-organic fertilizer with single chemical fertilizer. The results indicated that the net photosynthetic rate, high-class tobacco rate, average price, yield and value of yield of the compound bio-organic and tobacco economic character index (ECI) were increased by 15.0%~18.1%, 6.84%~9.50%, 2.86%~3.70%, 991%~11.90% and 13.0%~16.0%, respectively, compared with the single chemical fertilizer treatment. The usable index (CCUI) of B2F & C3F were increased by 5.78%~6.06% and 3.54%~5.28%, respectively, compared with the single chemical fertilizer treatment. And the total amount of 3 microbes, soil-bacteria, fungus and actinomycetes was significantly higher than that by the single chemical fertilizer treatment. This study  revealed  effect of bio-organic fertilizer application on soil of southern China tobacco/rice rotation regions, where soil fertility was decreased, damages by soil-born diseases became serious, and tobacco yield and quality were all deteriorated owing to the long-term chemical fertilizer application. This paper provided new technical measures for improving soil, where flue-cured tobacco was planted.

Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis of Soil Physical and  Chemical Properties in Southeast Yunnan Peak  Forest-lake Basin

YIN Jiqing, FAN Tao*

2017, 19(9):  117-127.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0248

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In order to investigate the soil physical and chemical characteristics in different vegetation restoring stages during the process of returning farmland to forest in Karst area, this paper set up sample plots in different slope positions at the studying area: Slope land, Yunnan pine plantation (downhill), secondary forest (medium slope) and limestone shrub (uphill ). Soil physical and chemical properties were investigated by means of field sampling combined with indoor analysis. Pearson relativity analysis and principal component analysis were carried out. Finally, the function model of soil hydrological structure was used to evaluate the soil hydrological structure of the Puzhehei restoration vegetation. Results showed that the soil porosity and water holding capacity in the studying areas were mainly secondary forest >Yunnan pine >limestone shrub >sloping farmland. The organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and other elements of Pinus yunnanensis plantation and secondary forest were higher, and their pH was lower. Correlation analysis showed that soil moisture content, organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium, exchangeable magnesium and other physical and chemical properties of soil were strongly correlated, and the main factors of maintaining soil physical and chemical properties in Karst area. Principal component analysis showed that soil total porosity, non capillary porosity, water content, organic matter, total phosphorus, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable calcium and pH were the key factors of soil physical and chemical properties, and the carriers of nutrient cycling and flow. The calculation results of soil hydrological structure function index indicated that secondary forest (0.68%) > Yunnan pine forest (0.43%) > limestone shrub (0.26%).

The Relationship between Characteristics of Shallow Groundwater and Surface Soil of Keriya Oasis Area

——Based on the Optimal Interpolation Method

LU Longhui1, HALIK Wahap1,2*, PENG Fei1, ZHANG Qinqin1, YUAN Yuyun1

2017, 19(9):  128-136.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.739

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Through prediction from point to surface in specific region, and studies on the spatial change regulation of shallow groundwater and surface soil characteristics, and their mutual effect in typical arid area, which had  important significance on water and soil relation in arid area. This paper used the optimal spatial interpolating predicting method to forecast the whole status of shallow groundwater and surface soil in Keriya oasis, including groundwater depth, electrical conductivity, temperature and surface soil moisture content, electrical conductivity, temperature, and conducted  correlation studies on all water and soil indexes at whole situation dimension. The results indicated that: ① In Keriya oasis, the groundwater depth was mainly under 3 m, groundwater EC under 5 mS/cm, groundwater temperature under 15℃, water content of surface soil under 50%, surface soil EC under 2.5 mS/cm, surface soil temperature under 13℃. The spacial distribution of shallow groundwater characteristics and surface soil characteristics all present certain change rule. ② Shallow groundwater characteristics and surface soil characteristics all have spatial and statistical correlation, groundwater conductivity and surface soil salinity have the best linear regression results (R2=0.721 8). The equation y=0.144x+0.172 1 can be a reference frame in practical prediction.