Table of Content

15 October 2017, Volume 19 Issue 10

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Application Status of Technology Readiness Levels and Policy Suggestions for its Application in Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation of China

LIU Lei1, WANG Zhenzhong2*, LU Bingyou2

2017, 19(10):  1-6.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0333

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Technology readiness levels (TRL) are international widely used to quantify the degree of quantitative evaluation on major scientific technological research and engineering projects. TRL can accurately evaluate the development of technology, improve the scientific decision-making, reduce the risk of new technology application, and play an important role in the industrialization of major industrial developed countries in Europe and the North America. China began to pay attention to the research and application on TRL in the beginning of 21th century and made remarkable achievements. However, the study was rarely used in agriculture and life sciences. In order to introduce this advanced technology evaluation method and management tool into the process of agricultural science and technology innovation as soon as possible, this paper summarized the application status of technology readiness levels in domestic and foreign industry, discussed the necessity for bringing TRL into agricultural science and technology innovation system, and put forward the policy suggestions on the application of TRL on agricultural science and technology innovation process.

Climate-Smart Agriculture and its Enlightenment to Agricultural Development of China

GUAN Dahai1, ZHANG Jun2, WANG Qingmei1, ZHANG Yanping1,

2017, 19(10):  7-13.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0011

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There is a specific time significance behind every type of farming, and the major challenges and opportunities at development stage are all annotated. Under the atmosphere of global climate change, how to coordinate the relationship between greenhouse gas emission and agricultural productivity, so as to realize climate change mitigation, ensure food security and increase farmers income is a theoretical and technological difficult problem facing entire world in present century. Under the initiation of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, climate-smart agriculture is becoming a new method for global agricultural development coping with climate change. On the basis of sketching the development status and practice of climate-smart agriculture all over the world, this paper put forward direction and counter-measures for climate-smart agriculture development in China, hoping to provide references for tackling climate change by Chinese agriculture, especially reducing greenhouse gas emission, and implementing climate change convention.

Introduction of European Honeybee Genetic Improvement Program and its Influence on the Honeybee Genetic Resource and Breeding Work in China

CHEN Xiao, SHI Wei*, CHEN Chao, LIU Zhiguang, WANG Huihua, GUO Haikun, TANG Jiao

2017, 19(10):  14-20.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.786

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The essence of genetic improvement is to constantly select and breed the existing varieties(lines) so as to ensure them making stable genetic improvement. Since 2014, European countries have carried out a honeybee improvement program called “SMARTBEES”, which aim is to improve honeybee performance and protect honeybee resources. China has rich honeybee resources, but the diversity of honeybee genetic resources is declining year by year, due to the influence of modern agriculture, industry and human activities. The genetic improvement programs are implemented successfully in pigs, cows etc. in China. But, there is no such program in honeybee. It is urgent to protect Chinese local honeybee varieties and featured genetic resources. It is needed to implement a SMARTBEES program like European countries, so as to improve honeybee performance and health condition, to protect precious honeybee resources in China. This paper introduced the European honeybee genetic improvement program “SMARTBEES”, and summarized the honeybee resource and breeding status in China. It also expounded the enlightenment given by European program “SMARTBEES” to the honeybee resources and genetic breeding work in China.

Cloning and Fuctional Characterization of a Potassium Absorption Related Gene GhHAK1 from Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

WANG Zhaoyu1, LV Tingting1, LI Aiqin2, WANG Di1, ZHANG Ziyu1, YAN Ruixian1,

2017, 19(10):  21-27.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.657

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Cotton is an important economic crop typically with preference for potassium. Its yield and quality are closely related to potassium content. In this study, open read frame of GhHAK1 was cloned from the upland cotton. The dendrograms of GhHAK1 showed that it belonged to theⅠsubtribe, which was considered to be an important component of high-affinity system for K+. The trans-membrane region prediction reveals that the protein coded by this gene with 12 trans-membrane domains (TMS), and it had a long cytoplasmic ring between the second and third TMS. The sub-cellular localization experiment of onion epidermis showed that GhHAK1 was located on plasma membrane. And under the condition of low potassium (0.05 mmol/L) condition, the wild-type Arabidopsis showed obvious symptoms of K deficiency, the leaves turned yellow and bolting was obviously inhibited. But the transgenic plants growth was not affected. Besides, the content of K+ in transgenic Arabidopsis leaves was double that of the wild type and the content of K+ in root was about 1.5 times. The results showed that GhHAK1 might possess efficient potassium absorption function and would provide important genetic resources for further breeding new cotton varieties adapted to potassium deficiency soil and saline environment.

Detection of Resistance and Drug Resistance Genes of Salmonella from the Chicken Farms Around Urumqi in Xinjiang

GUAN Rufei, JIANG Ping, GAO Chao, XIA Lining*

2017, 19(10):  28-35.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0064

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In order to understand Salmonella tolerance chicken farms in Urumqi of Xinjiang and tolerance gene carrying situation, this study collected 950 chicken cloacal swabs from the surrounding chicken farms in Urumqi of Xinjiang, and isolated 80 strains of Salmonella. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution method, and tolerant genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 18 kinds of tolerance genes were detected, including PMQR (qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, oqxA, oqxB, qepA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr), β-lactamase (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaKPC, blaCMY-2, blaLAP-1 and blaOXA) and 16S rRNA methylation enzyme (armA and rmtB). The results showed that the tolerant rate of Salmonella to ciprofloxacin was 83.6%, to enrofloxacin was 77.5%, and to amikacin was 20.0%. The results of tolerant genes detection were ① detection rate of qnrS was 12.5%, qnrB was 13.8%, oqxA was 51.3%, oqxB was 51.3%, and aac (6′)-Ib-cr was 37.5%, qnrA, qnrC, qnrD and qepA were not detected; ② detection rate of blaCTX-M was 5.0%, blaTEM was 67.5%, blaSHV was 13.6%, blaOXA was 37.5%, blaKPC，blaLAP-1 and blaCMY-2 were not detected; ③ detection rate of rmtB was 7.5%, and armA was 1.3%. Salmonella isolated from chicken farms around Urumqi was severely tolerant to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, and sensitive to amikacin. A total of 11 kinds of tolerant genes were detected, and there were many genotypes, which increased the risk of multi-drug tolerance in these chicken farms.

Heterologous Expression and Characterization of an Acidic Thermophilic Polygalacturonase from Bispora sp. MEY-1 with Application Potentials for Juice Clarification

LI Yeqing1, TU Tao2, WANG Yuan2, MA Rui2, YAO Bin2, LUO Huiying2, XU Bo1*

2017, 19(10):  36-44.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0110

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Pectinase is widely applied to clarify fruit juice in food industry. Discover and excavate high quality pectinase suitable for industrial application can provide more choices for food industry. A new gene Bspg28b was cloned from Bispora sp. MEY-1, and efficient heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris GS115 was realized. After purification, the enzymatic property of recombinant enzyme was measured. Its optimum pH was 3.5 and optimum temperature was 65℃. The pH stability in acidity and neutral environment was very good, which could completely satisfy the need of fruit juice clarification process. BsPG28b was highly stable at 55℃, and still remained around 50% residual activity at 65℃ after 10 min. It was a scarce high quality pectinase with high temperature resistance from fungus resource. Evaluation on BsPG28a application efficiency discovered that it could remarkably improve the clarity of grape juice, thus had great potential for application in food industry.

Research on Planning of Ecological Agricultural Park PV-Powered Based on Health-oriented Agriculture

CHEN Xiaodong, CHU Qingquan*

2017, 19(10):  45-51.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.783

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Rapid development of petroleum agriculture has severely damaged the globe ecological environment. Agricultural industry needs to be upgraded towards modernization, greenization and healthified. The core issue and important task of modern agriculture is to develop healthy agriculture. To take the path of resource saving, environment friendly, low carbon cycle, high efficient output, green and safe for healthy agriculture development has become the common choice of every country all over the world. This paper analyzed the connotation and significance of healthy agriculture, summarized the concept, main application fields and future development trend of photovoltaic agriculture, put forward innovative development thought and functional area planning, taking Shehong Ecological Agricultural Park PV Powered in Sichuan province as an example, and pointed out that PV ecological agricultural park is a new model for agricultural development with inter-kindom protoplast fusion between green photovoltaic and ecological agriculture. The park development has played a very active role in boosting the healthy development of agriculture, and exploring a path of innovative development for the construction of resource-economical and environment-friendly society.

Study on a Small Track Chassis form Screw-type Banking Machine

XIAO Mingtao1, SUN Songlin1*, HUANG Guolian2, ZHANG Jianwen2, XU Qingxiao2

2017, 19(10):  52-58.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0142

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In order to solve the unmatched problems between mechanized ridging and agronomic requirement in the process of tobacco production, this paper suggested to adopt screw-type banking machine with track chassis, and designed a track chassis drive system with transmission and screw cutter plate and screw-type banking machine. The kinematics and dynamics mathematical model of the screw mechanism was established and the key indicators affecting the quantity of screwed soil by orthogonal experiment was studied. The experimental results showed that when the screw cutter radius was 130 mm, pitch was 110 mm, working depth was 30 mm, screw rotation speed was 260 r/min, the quantity of screwed soil was accord with designed requirements. The results of prototype machine in field experiments showed that screw-type banking mechanism had met all the agronomic requirements of tobacco banking.

Differences Analysis of Appearance and Palatability of Rice with Good Quality Produced in China, Japan and Thailand

LIU Jian1, CAO Gaoyi1,2*, DU Jin1, LIU Ruiliang1, ZHANG Fen1, LI Wenfei1

2017, 19(10):  59-65.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.793

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Six major rice cultivars produced in China, Japan and Thailand were selected. Their appearances, palatability characteristics, and taste evaluation of estimate were analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in appearance, protein content, amylose content and starch pasting properties. There were no significant correlation between protein content and starch pasting properties value. While, there was significant negative correlation with amylose content, peak viscosity, minimum viscosity and final viscosity. But, there were no significant correlation with breakdown value and setback viscosity. In terms of sensory test, except hardness, there were significant differences in appearance, aroma, taste, viscosity and comprehensive evaluation value among these 3 rice varieties produced in 3 countries. Japanese Koshihikari possessed the best quality in comprehensive evaluation. The quality of Chinese Daohuaxiang, Longjingxiang 1 and Jinchuan 1 took the second place. Chinese Jinyuan 45 and Thailand Hom Mali105 took the third place. The comprehensive evaluation on quality of rice cultivars produced in China, Japan and Thailand have provided useful references for rice quality breeding and development of rice processing industry.

Effect of Ammonium Nitrogen and Nitrate Nitrogen on the Morphology and Biomass of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italic L.)

CUI Jihan1,2§, ZHAO Jing1§, MENG Jian3, LIU Meng1, ZHAO Yu1,

2017, 19(10):  66-72.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0097

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In order to study the effect of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen on morphology and biomass of foxtail millet (Setaria italic L.), and to provide effective references for reasonable selection of suite nitrogen form to foxtail miller, vermiculite cultivation method was adopted with nutrient solution. The results showed that the 2 nitrogen forms could significantly affect the morphology and biomass of foxtail millet, and nitrogen forms had no significant influence on root morphology and spike length. But, there were significant differences in influence of nitrogen form on plant height, biomass, leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content. Compared with ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen increased root weight by 17%, stem weight by 32%, leaf weight by 39%, total biomass by 40%. Besides, nitrate nitrogen increased plant height by 38%, leaf area by 40%. Compared with nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen increased chlorophyll content by 173%, and spike weight by 12%. There were significant differences in root/shoot ratio and spike proportion. Compared with nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen had increased root/shoot ratio by 8% and spike proportion by 44%. The above mentioned results indicated that nitrate nitrogen could significantly promote plant height, leaf area and biomass. While, ammonium nitrogen could significantly stimulate the synthesis of chlorophyll and construction of reproductive organ.

Effects of Biochar on the Growth of Flue-cured Tobacco and Quality of Tobacco Leaf

LIU Hui1, ZHOU Qingming1, LIU Yongjun2, LI Juan1*, ZHANG Liming3, ZHANG Mingfa3

2017, 19(10):  73-81.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0360

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In order to improve the quality of tobacco leaf and probe the optimum application amounts of biochar, this paper systematically expounded the effects of biochar on the growth of flue-cured tobacco and quality of tobacco leaf. This paper took Yunyan 87 as experimental material and studied the effects of 3 application amounts of biochar (3 000 kg/hm2, 3 750 kg/hm2, 4 500 kg/hm2) on the growth of flue-cured tobacco and quality of tobacco leaf by field test. The partial least squares path modeling was constructed by R programming language. The results showed that biochar application could significantly decrease the disease morbidity and disease-infected indexes of black shank of flue-cured tobacco. The lower level application of biochar could promote the growth of flue-cured tobacco in the earlier growing stage, development of root system, and coordinate the chemical compositions in tobacco leaf. The overdose of biochar had negative effect on the quality of tobacco leaf. The partial least squares path model made clear the relationship between flue-cured tobacco growth and indexes of tobacco leaf quality after applying biochar, and systematically clarified the action mechanism of promoting flue-cured tobacco growth and quality of tobacco leaf by application of biochar. In summary, the optimum application amounts of biochar was 3 750 kg/hm2

Analysis on Variations and Influencing Factors of CO2 Fluxes in Flue-cured Tobacco Field During the Mature Stage

WANG Shujian1,2, SHEN Guoming1, GAO Lin1, WANG Rui3, WANG Yingqi2,

2017, 19(10):  82-88.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0009

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Carbon fluxes variation rule of field ecosystem and source sink relationship is a hot topic for study in the international carbon cycle. In order to expound the characteristics of carbon fluxes variations and its influencing factors in tobacco field ecosystem during tobacco harvesting stage, this paper measured the carbon emission fluxes from flue-cured tobacco field in harvest period under 2 different fertilizer treatments （NPK and NPKOM）by closed chamber-infrared method. The results showed that carbon fluxes in tobacco field ecosystem changed from assimilation to emission and mainly showed in carbon assimilation during the observation period. Carbon fluxes in NPKOM treatment were significantly higher than that in NPK treatment, especially in the middle of harvest period. The maximum net carbon assimilation was appeared after harvest. And the value in NPK and NPKOM treatments were 79.2 mg/m2·h and 81.8 mg/m2·h, separately. Judging from the entire harvest period, all environmental temperature variables (air temperature, surface temperature, 5 cm and 10 cm soil temperature) were significantly correlated with each other, while the soil humidity was extreme significant negatively correlated with surface soil temperature and air temperature. Carbon fluxes were significantly or extreme significantly correlated with soil surface temperature, 5 cm and 10 cm soil temperatures, air temperature and soil humidity. And 5 cm and 10 cm soil temperature were the dominant factors among all environmental factors affecting carbon flux in tobacco ecosystem during the mature stage by principal component analysis. We also found that the carbon fluxes in tobacco field ecosystem present a “W” type fluctuation in harvest period. Meanwhile, the carbon fluxes were significantly correlated with the number of effective tobacco leaves by parabolic relationship.

Composition Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil from Cymbopogon citratus

LIN Shuangshuang1,2, QIU Shanlian1, ZHENG Kaibin1,2*, LIU Huajian3,

2017, 19(10):  89-95.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.756

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In order to investigate the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus and the antimicrobial activities of its predominant element, to provide a theoretical basis for further exploitation of plant pesticide, this paper extracted essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus by steam distillation and analyzed the component of essential oil by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total 26 components were identified representing 9357% of the essential oil，including citral (75.73%)，the most predominant compound, terpenoids having the highest relative content (93.13%). Besides, aldehyde took the highest proportion of essential oil by 76.35%, followed by alcohol, ketone, cyclic ether and ester. The bacteriostatic activities of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and citral against 4 important pathogenic fungi from vegetables and fruits Pythium, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria and Fusarium oxysporum were tested in vitro. The results indicated that among these 4 pathogens, both essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus and citral had the best antibacterial effect against Pythium aphanidermatum, especially the effect of citral is 35.30% higher than that of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus.

Combustion Characteristic and Interaction of Coal and Salix psammophila under O2/CO2 Atmosphere

GONG Juhui, SHAO Tingting, LU Ping, WU Yanwei, GAO Xueyi, WANG Kebing*

2017, 19(10):  96-106.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.722

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This experiment analyzed different blending ratio of Salix psammophila and coal(coal:Salix psammophila=1∶4, coal:Salix psammophila =5∶5, coal: Salix psammophila =4∶1 ) under different O2/CO2(pure O2, pure CO2, O2/CO2=1∶4, O2/CO2=5∶5, O2/CO2=4∶1) atmosphere using temperature programmed thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the combustion characteristic of samples had some regularities along with the change of oxygen concentration and its mixing ratio. The combustion mechanism of samples with oxygen content ≥50% was multiphase combustion. The combustion mechanism of samples with oxygen content ≤20% was homogeneous combustion. A mixture of Salix psammophila and coal had varying degrees of mutual coordination/inhibition within the range of different pyrolysis of interval. And the best coordination were mixture of Salix psammophila content about 20% and O2:CO2=4∶1 atmosphere. The best inhibition was mixture of Salix psammophila content about 20% and pure O2 atmosphere. The innovation of this study relied at studying the analysis on combustion characteristics of biomass and coal mixtures and their interactions under different O2/CO2 atmosphere. To determine the reasonable blends of coal/biomass and O2/CO2 atmosphere could make sure the best synergistic effect in the process of pyrolysis of biomass and coal. Studying the combustion characteristics and synergistic/inhibitory effects of biomass and coal could play an active role in effective clean utilization of coal and biomass, and reduction of environmental pollution.

Initial Exploration on Effect of Saline-alkali Land Rebuilding and Utilization by Fenlong

WEI Benhui, SHEN Zhangyou, ZHOU Jia, GAN Xiuqin, LAO Chengying,

2017, 19(10):  107-112.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0129

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In order to explore the effect of Fenlong remold in rebuilding and utilization of salin-alkali land, this paper invented Fenlong machine and technology, and carried out experiments from 2015-2016 in Xinjiang Autonomous Region and Shaanxi province, respectively. The results showed that in Xinjiang after Fenlong one season of cotton was grown on heavy saline-alkali soil, the total salt content in soil decreased 31.31%, while cotton yield increased 48.80%. The soil salinity level was fallen from “severe” to “moderate”. In Shaanxi, summer corn was grown after Felong on mild saline-alkali soil. The total salt content in soil decreased 42.37%, while corn yield increased 34.83%, and the soil salinity degree was changed from “mild desalination” to “normal farmland”. The paper provided the mechanism and reasons for pale salt in soil and yield increase by Fenlong.

Characteristics of Chilean Jack Mackerel Fishing Ground Distribution and Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll-a

YANG Jialiang1,2, HUANG Hongliang1,2*, LIU Jian1,2, LI Lingzhi1,2,

2017, 19(10):  113-120.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0357

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According to the statistical data of Chilean jack mackerel from 2015 in fishing vessel “KAI FU HAO”, the sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a content obtained by satellite remote sensing from NOAA between March to July, 2015 in east offshore waters of Chile (38°~47°S, 78°~93°W), the characteristics of resource distribution and SST, and the characteristics of resource distribution and chlorophyll-a had been analyzed in this study. The results were as follows: ① The average daily catch of Chilean jack mackerel was 146.33 t in survey duration, and the highest catch month and lowest catch month was April and March, respectively. ② The average CPUE of Chilean jack mackerel was 10.49 t/h, and the highest CPUE month and lowest CPUE month was July and March, respectively. ③ The fishing ground moved from south to north in survey duration, and the fishing ground moved from east to west in autumn and moved from west to east in winter. ④ The SST of Chilean jack mackerel fishing ground was distributed sea area between 10~18℃, the highest CPUE was between 13~14℃. ⑤ The chlorophyll-a of Chilean jack mackerel fishing ground was between 0.12~0.26 mg/m3, the highest CPUE between 0.14~0.18 mg/m3. ⑥ The Chilean jack mackerel fishing ground was divided into 2 fishing grounds, and the west fishing ground was probably composed of adult fish.

Optimization of Preservative Agent of Iris ensata Cut Flowers Based on Response Surface Methodology

YU Xiaomeng1, DU Yu1, HAO Hongjuan1, WANG Ling1*

2017, 19(10):  121-131.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.777

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To extend the view and admire time and improve visual quality of Iris. ensata cut flowers，Box-Behnken center-united experiment was designed on the basis of single-factor test including plant hormone, organic acid and mineral salt. Then the response surface regression analysis was conducted to optimize preservative formula for I. ensata cut flowers. The results showed that the optimal preservative formula was 30 mg/L sugar + 250 mg/L 8-HQ+10.66 mg/L 6-BA+108.95 mg/L CA+909.95 mg/L CaCl2. Under these conditions, the cut flower life were 6.8 d, 3.7 d longer than that of the control group. Meanwhile, this treatment could increase the fresh weight of flower stem, remit the degradation speed of soluble protein in cut flower petal, improve SOD activity, delay the increase of MDA. This preservative formula had important practical significance for the extension of I. ensata cut flowers.

Research Progress on Phenylethanolamine A and its Residual Detection Methods

LIU Yan1,2, WANG Jianming2*, WANG Min1*, ZHOU Jian1

2017, 19(10):  132-138.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0071

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As a new type of β-adrenergic agonist, phenylethanolamine A has the effect of promoting animal protein synthesis and improving feed conversion, but its residues in animal foods threaten the human health. Therefore, it has attracted wide attention from all walks of life in recent years. Hence, it is important to establish a convenient and high efficient method for testing phenylethanolamine A. This paper mainly introduced the physical and chemical properties, pharmacological effects, metabolic regulation, toxicity of phenylethanolamine A and the testing method for residue in different sample matrices, and provided beneficial help for the development and studies on these methods.