Table of Content

15 January 2018, Volume 20 Issue 1

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Research Progress of Modern Agricultural Technology in China During “12th Five Year” Plan Period

WEI Xun1§, GE Qun2§, HONG Dengfeng3, HU Han4*, GE Yiqiang1*

2018, 20(1):  1-13.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0315

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The “12th Five-Year” plan period is the critical period for strategic development in China. 863 program established plant molecular design and variety creation, animal molecular and cell engineering breeding, agricultural biological preparation creation, agricultural biological environment control and repair, agricultural and forestry biomass conversion, digital agricultural and equipment, food manufacture and safety, 7 subjects of modern agriculture technology. This paper expounded the development of modern agricultural technology and emphasized the important achievements in various fields and summarized experience gained during the “12th Five-Year” plan period. The paper also provided suggestions for the future work and laid a solid foundation for the smooth implementation of key research and development programs in the “13th Five-Year” plan period.

Regulation of Oil Biosynthesis and Genetic Improvement in Plant: Advances and Prospects

ZHAO Yanpeng1, LIANG Wei1, WANG Dan1, WANG Yumei2, LIU Zhengjie1, CUI Yupeng1, HUA Jinping1*

2018, 20(1):  14-24.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0170

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Triglycerides is the main storage form of oil in plant seed. Both fatty acids and triglycerides possessed important functions in the process of plant growth and development. This paper analyzed the research progress in oil regulation and synthesis metabolism process of plant seed; and summarized the strategies for the improvement of plant seed oil: ① to regulate carbon distribution by inhibiting the expression of genes encoding key enzymes, allocating carbon source into the protein synthesis pathway; and enhancing the expression of key genes encoding key enzymes, leading carbon source into the synthesis pathway of fatty acid; ② to intervene lipid synthesis by promoting biosynthesis fatty acids, and improving the expression level of key genes encoding enzymes in TAG assembly process; ③ to improve seed oil quality by altering plant fatty acid composition, and regulating the gene expression of fatty acid desaturase; and introducing exogenous synthesis pathway of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid; ④ to regulate the expression of transcription factors for lipid synthesis metabolism to increase seed oil content. Besides, the paper also discussed the mechanism of TAG precursors synthesis and the co-regulation of multiple genes in the synthesis of plant seed oil.

Biological Function Insights into the Ubiquitin/26S Proteasome Pathway in Rice

XU Dandan1,2, SUN Fan2, WANG Yinxiao2, SHI Yingyao1*, WANG Wensheng2*, FU Binying2

2018, 20(1):  25-33.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0144

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There are two different protein degradation patterns in vivo, one pattern is energy-dependent and another is energy-independent. Ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway (UPP) is an exceedingly high-efficient, specific and ATP-dependent route for protein removal. In eukaryote, ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway is involved in 80%~85% protein degradation. In plant species, the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway regulates fundamental processes of growth and development, and it is one of the most important and fine regulation mechanisms for protein efficient and specific degradation in plants. This paper summarized the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, and emphasized on the protein structure of E2 and E3 and their biological function and mechanism in rice growth and development, hormone signaling, biotic and abiotic stress response. The paper also prospected the further study, which would be helpful for revealing the fine control process of ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway during rice growth and development, thus to provide guidance and reference for rice stress resistance breeding.

Genome-wide Analysis of the Phosphate Transporter Gene Family in Maize (Zea mays L.)

YU Lijuan1,2, ZHANG Yudong1, KANG M S3, DANIEL P Jeffers1, CHEN Xiuhua1, XU Chunxia1*

2018, 20(1):  34-46.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2016.0060

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Phosphate transporters (PTs) are crucial for uptake and transport of phosphate in maize (Zea mays L.), this study identified the number of PT genes in maize genome and characterized these PTs, including chromosomal organization, phylogenetic relations, gene and protein structures, motif composition, and possible cis-elements. 40 PTs were identified and found to be distributed across all chromosomes except chromosome 9 in the maize genome. These 40 PTs were grouped into 4 clusters and the majority of members in Clusters Ⅰ or Ⅳ shared similar gene structure and protein structure. Moreover, 14 conserved motifs were identified, and common motif compositions was found to be shared among almost all the members within a same cluster. Furthermore, 20 cis-elements were present in the promoter region of all the 40 PT genes, and were potentially involved in Pi starvation response as well as abiotic stress responses, photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and root development, which suggested that transcriptional regulation of PT genes were complicated. And, it was revealed that 13 PTs in Cluster Ⅰ had different expression patterns, displaying tissue- and development-specificity. Above results offered information for analyzing the functions and regulatory mechanisms of maize PTs, and might provide ideas for improvement of phosphorus use efficiency in maize production.

Screening of Zinc Rich Corn and the Investigation of Mineral Element in Corn Grain Sprayed with Zinc Fertilizer

LI Wenzong, ZHANG Lan, XU Miaoyun, WANG Lei*

2018, 20(1):  47-54.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0098

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Zinc is an essential trace mineral element in living body and plays an important role in the growth and development of plant, animal and human body. In order to increase zinc content in corn grain, this experiment took 102 corn germplasm resources as materials and analyzed the zinc contents in corn kernel. The results showed that the variation range of zinc contents in 102 corn germplasm was 8.42~33.7 mg/kg, with an average of 19.61 mg/kg, and the variation coefficient was 28.45％, indicating obvious diversity of zinc content in corn germplasm. In order to further analyze the relationship between zinc content and zinc uptake efficiency, 2 lines were picked out with remarkable differences in zinc contents and sprayed zinc fertilizer on their leaves. The results showed that zinc contents of corn grain in Jingke 2010 (JK2010) and Jingke 928 (JK928) were significantly increased by 87.5% and 135%, respectively. The zinc content in JK2010 grain was increased with the raising of zinc spraying concentration, whereas the zinc content in JK928 with low zinc content was not affected by the spraying zinc concentration and iron. Iron could promote zinc absorption in JK2010 line. It was also discovered that spraying zinc fertilizer could affect the absorption of some other mineral elements.

Inhibitory Effects of Exogenous Nitric Oxide on Lipid Peroxidation of Flue-Cured Tobacco Under Drought Stress

LIN Erge1, LI Chunguang2, CHEN Mengqi2, LI Yaoguang2, WANG Xingwei3,ZHANG Xiaojuan4, XIAO Xianyi5, LIU Yingjie6, YU Baohua7, JING Yanqiu1*

2018, 20(1):  55-62.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0092

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In order to explore the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide on lipid peroxidation in flue-cured tobacco under drought stress, the pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different concentrations of exogenous NO donor (sodium nitroprusside, SNP) on the membrane permeability of leaf and root system of flue-cured tobacco, MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activity and content of osmotic adjustment substances under drought stress. The results showed that membrane permeability of leaf and root system, the contents of MDA, soluble protein, soluble sugar, proline (Pro) and K+, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (POD) of the leaves and roots of tobacco increased significantly under drought stress, while the content of catalase (CAT) decreased significantly. The membrane permeability of leaf and root system and MDA content decreased significantly after spraying 0.25 mmol/L and 0.5 mmol/L, while the activity of antioxidant enzymes and content of osmotic adjustment substances increased significantly. This indicated that exogenous SNP could effectively improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes and content of osmotic adjustment substances, maintain the stability of cell membrane, and alleviate the oxidative damage of lipid membranes of flue cured tobacco under drought stress. It also showed that the concentration effect of SNP on alleviating drought damage, and different organs of flue-cured tobacco had different response to SNP concentration.

Cellular and Humoral Local Immuneresponses in Mongolian Horse Infected with Rhinoestrus spp.

DONG Junbin1, BAO Haiquan2*, MANG Lai3*

2018, 20(1):  63-68.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0176

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In order to investigate the situation of cellular and humoral immunity infected by Rhinoestrus spp. larva in Mongolian horse, this experiment selected 8 horses infected by Rhinoestrus spp. larva from slaughter house in Hohhot as infected group and 5 healthy horses as the control group. The presence of larvae induced a huge local recruitment of either leucocytes (macrophages) or granulocytes (eosinophils, mast cells). This cellular response was pronounced in the Mongolian horse pharyngeal (development sites of second and third instar larvae). Infected horse produced Rhinoestrus spp. specific IgG antibodies in their mucus and serum. Compared to the control group, the sinusal mucosa of infected animals was extremely thickened and the epithelium exhibited hyperplasia, metaplasia and eosinophilic exocytosis. This experiment initially explored the pathological changes and immunologic mechanism of horse infected by Rhinoestrus spp. larvae.

Design and Experimentation on End-effector of Citrus Picking Robot

WANG Yi1,2, FU Shun2, ZHANG Zhe2, MA Jitong2, XU Hongbin1,2*

2018, 20(1):  69-77.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0195

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As an important component of picking robot, end-effector directly interacts with picking object. Because of the particularity of its picking object, the development of end-effector was one of the key technologies for agriculture-used robot，especially for fruit and vegetable harvesting robot. Its performance directly affected the robot picking efficiency. Based on the bionics principle, the configuration of end-effector transmission mechanism was designed with snake mouth as especial prototype. The preliminary model of end-effector was completed, and the design of pneumatic driving and control systems were also achieved. The communication of lower controller arduino was ensured and host computer-PC was completed. Based on the growth of citrus fruit and operation principle of end-effector, the end effector picking experiment was designed and achieved. Then, the picking success-rate analysis and picking executive system optimization were all completed.

Effect of Drying Processing on Drying Characteristics and Color Changing of Apricot

WANG Qinghui, LI Zhongxin, YAN Shengkun, Abulizi

2018, 20(1):  78-84.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0164

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In order to improve apricot drying quality and shorten its drying time, this paper carried out studies on drying characteristics and color changing under different methods and conditions by natural drying and other 4 hot-air drying technology. The results showed that increasing air temperature or decreasing humidity would be useful to shorten the drying time. The experiment T1 was chosen as better drying processing technology for apricot color changing, while the L* and b* values were 50.28 and 27.45, respectively. Under same drying conditions, the drying rates ranked in descending order were the apricot cut and stones removed > apricot stones removed > whole apricot. The cut and stones removed method could not only shorten the drying time, but also gain better apricot color and lustre. This study provided theoretical references for applying hot-air drying technology in apricot drying.

Changing Characteristics and Trends of Agricultural Water and Thermal Resources in Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province in Recent 55 Years

LIU Hongrun1, GAO Xuechun1, PENG Yanxin1, ZHAO Yangjia1,LI Runzhi1*, SONG Zhenwei2*

2018, 20(1):  85-94.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0166

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Climate change has significant impact on agricultural water thermal resources. Evaluating its potential influence could provide scientific basis for formulating future regional agricultural development strategy. Based on the weather data of 13 meteorological stations in Hexi Corridor, this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and trends of agro-climatic resources from 1960-2014. The results indicated that during the recent 55 a, the day of mean temperature over 0℃ advanced at the rate of 1.8 d/10 a, whereas mean temperature during crop growing period ≥10℃ accumulated temperature, and length of growing season showed a significant increasing trend, with the rates of 0.30 ℃/10 a, 77.1 ℃/10 a, and 2.8 d/10 a, respectively. The area with ≥10℃ accumulated temperature >3 000℃ and length of growing season >170 d had extended to the most part of the Shule River Basin, Heihe River Basin, and northern part of the Shiyang River Basin. The sunshine hour also showed an increased trend with a rate of 9.0 h/10 a. However, the precipitation, reference evapotranspiration, and humidity index did not show remarkable changing trend during crop growing period. The regional drought condition was unrelieved. In general, the changes of agro-climatic resources in Hexi Corridor were characterized as “increased air temperature, improved heat condition, and enhanced sunshine hour”. These changes were in favor of satisfying the heat conditions needed by crop growth and development, and providing possibility to expand the planting area of grain and oil crops, and to apply sequential cropping of cereal and forage crops in Hexi Corridor.

Analysis of Soil Particle Characteristics and Its Influencing Factors Under the Canopy of Artemisia ordosica in Mu Us Sandy Land

ZHANG Junhong1,2, HOU Xin2

2018, 20(1):  95-102.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0133

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In order to explore the relationship between soil structure and soil stability of Artemisia ordosica community in Mu Us sandy land, this paper analyzed the characteristics of soil particle size and its related factors. The results showed that the soil particle under the canopy of Artemisia ordosica was mainly composed of sand, accounting for 90.23% of the total, then powder, 8.31%, clay content of the least, 1.46%. The average content of organic matter and total nitrogen were 2.67 g/kg, 0.12 g/kg, respectively. Influenced by the morphological and structural characteristics of Artemisia ordosica, the soil composition and nutrient status under the canopy of Artemisia ordosica were different in different directions, and the same direction with different distance. The fractal dimension of soil particles under the canopy of Artemisia ordosica were between 1.689 and 1.860, which had a significant negative correlation with sand content (P<0.05), and a positive correlation with powder (P<0.05), clay, and total nitrogen, respectively. There was an extremely positive correlation with organic matter (P<0.01). Soil microaggregate as the basic unit of soil structure and main carrier of soil nutrient, its content and composition are closely related to soil fertility and erosion resistance. So, during the process of restoration and reconstruction of Artemisia ordosica community, more attention should be paid to the characteristics of soil particle in the microenvironment-under the canopy of Artemisia ordosica.

Comparative Study on Characterization and Field Efficacy Evaluation of New Pesticide Nanodispersion

YANG Dongsheng, CUI Bo, ZHAO Xiang, ZENG Zhanghua, WANG Yan, SUN Changjiao, LIU Guoqiang, CUI Haixin*

2018, 20(1):  103-112.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0038

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In order to clarify the physicochemical properties and field efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin solid nanodispersions against Lepidoptera pests, commercial pesticide formulation semulsifiable concentrates and micro-capsule suspending agents were used as the control formulations, the morphology, dispersibility, contact angles and retention volumes were measured, the dispersion and interfacial properties were characterized and analyzed, and field efficacy test was also carried out to study its quick effect and persistent effect. The results showed that the mean particle size and polydispersion index (20.63 nm and 0.36) were all lower than those of emulsifiable concentrates (460.60 nm and 0.455) and micro-capsule suspensions (1 077.00 nm and 0.505), the rice contact angle was 9° (left) and 6° (right) smaller than emulsifiable concentrates. The contact angle of cabbage leaf was 46° (left) and 41° (right) smaller than micro-capsule suspending agents, and the retention amount of solid nano-dispersion on cabbage leaf was larger than that of micro-capsule suspending agent as 4.83 mg/cm2. Nanocrystallization reduced the particle size, improved dispersion characteristics, reduced contact angle and increased retention volume. The results of field efficacy showed that the solid nanodispersion of lambda-cyhalothrin had good rapid and persistent effects. When the dosage of solid nano-dispersion was 43.2% of the recommended dosage of emulsifiable concentrate (18.75 g a.i./hm2), the control effect of white head and protection effect upon seedling of the rice stem borer were 85.64% and 90.18%, respectively. The control effect was significantly better than that of emulsifiable concentrate, showing excellent quick effect. When the dosage of the solid nano-dispersion was equal to the recommended dosage (11.25 g a.i./hm2) of the commercial microcapsule suspension, the control effect to the cabbage caterpillar after applying pesticide 1 d, 3 d, 7 d and 14 d were 83.55%, 90.00%, 93.48% and 88.00%, respectively, which showed a good persistence. The results indicated that the solid nano-dispersion of lambda-cyhalothrin could effectively enhance the bioactivity of pesticide, because of its small size effect, surface effect, dispersive property, target spreading attachment and penetration force, quick effect and long persistence. It could also reduce the dosage and frequency of application. Therefore, it is a new type of safe and environment friendly pesticide formulation.

Influence of Spraying Mo Under Different Nitrogen Levels on Physiological Characteristics and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

GONG Zhixiang1, HUANG Yuanjiong2, REN Zhiguang1, XIE Lili1, CHEN Zheng1, XU Zicheng1*

2018, 20(1):  113-120.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0147

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This paper took Yuyan 12 as experiment material and studied the effects of spraying Mo under different nitrogen levels on physiological characteristics and quality of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that under different nitrogen levels, spraying Mo had different results. Spraying Mo under low nitrogen levels had unconspicuous promotion role on the biomass of each growing stage & chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a +b and carotenoids contents. Spraying Mo under medium and high nitrogen levels could significantly increase dry weight of flue-cured tobacco both underground and overground, and contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a +b and carotenoids in early growing stage. The increase of NR content and decrease of NO-3-N content with spraying Mo during late growing stage would become more sever along with the increase of nitrogen levels. Spraying Mo under different nitrogen levels could obviously increase Mo contents and Mo accumulation rate, which showed the rule of increasing first and then reducing during the whole growing period. Spraying Mo under low nitrogen levels could significantly increase sugar and potassium contents, reduce nicotine content, and improve coordinate ability of chemical component. Spraying Mo under medium nitrogen level, the differences of various chemical component were not distinguish. Spraying Mo under high nitrogen levels could significantly reduce the sugar(total and reduced) contents, sugar and nicotine ratio, potassium and chloride rate and significantly increase the contents of total nitrogen, nicotine and protein.

Research Progress of Heavy Metal Immobilization and Its Mechanism During Composting

LI Ran1,2, ZHAO Lixin1, MENG Haibo1, ZHOU Haibin1, WANG Jian1, SHEN Yujun1*

2018, 20(1):  121-129.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0065

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With fast development of large-scale farming, owing to the heavy application of animal food additives containing heavy metals, large amounts of heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and so on, were discharged into the environment with animal manure. Composting is a major method for the resource utilization of animal manure. Previous studies showed that heavy metals contained in the animal manure could be passivated by the huminification effect of composting, and the biological activities of them could also be reduced during composting. The research progress of heavy metals content and chemical state variations in animal manure during the composting process, heavy metal immobilization mechanism, as well as the effects of different immobilization agents on heavy metals immobilization, were reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, the current defects and focus of further research on the research of heavy metal immobilization were also proposed. Current results showed that, the concentrations of heavy metals mainly increased during the composting process, By means of physical adsorption, complexation and microbial enhancement, the chemical state of heavy metals could be transformed from unstable state to stable state Nevertheless, the immobilization mechanisms of heavy metals during the animal manure composting process are not completely understood, and the immobilization mechanisms of immobilization agents on heavy metals need further study. Moreover, novel composite material for high efficient heavy metal immobilization need to be developed.

Research Advance on the Application of Chitin Fertilizer

YANG Zhengtao1§, XIN Shurong1§, WANG Xingjie2, ZHANG Changai1*

2018, 20(1):  130-136.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0086

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As an emerging functional fertilizer, chitin fertilizer has gradually got more attention in agriculture production, for its promising effect in improving the quality of vegetables and fruits. This paper analyzed the water holding capacity, sterilization and bacteriostasis, nutrition coordination, and physiological adjustment of chitin; expounded its roles in stress resistance, yield increase, quality upgrading, and soil environment improvement; summarized the application status of chitin fertilizer from the aspect of utilizing way, production technology, detection method and popularization and extension, hoping to help the popularization and application of chitin fertilizer.

Establishment of NIRS Models for the Content of Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose in Sweet Corn

YANG Quannv, ZHOU Quanju, WANG Yunbo*, HONG Yu, ZHANG Min, NONG Huazhan, HUANG Chaohong

2018, 20(1):  137-146.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0244

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Sweet corn is an important fruit and vegetable crop in the world. It is of great significance to establish a rapid and non-destructive method detecting sweet corn sugar content for the identification and screening of sweet corn materials for quality breeding. This experiment selected 104 sweet corn samples with high sugar content, and carried out near infrared spectroscopy analysis on them. Combined with the chemical value measured by enzymatic method, partial least square method and different spectral pretreatment and mathematical treatment were adopted to conduct stoichiometric analysis on the total spectral band and constructed the near infrared spectroscopy calibration model of glucose, fructose and sucrose content. External verification was carried out by sample set of external validation, and the actual prediction of the constructed model was tested. The results showed that the optimal spectral treatment of glucose was a weighted multicomponent scattering correction, fructose and sucrose were standard normalized plus descattering treatment. The optimal derivative treatment of glucose was a second derivative, fructose and sucrose were the 1st and 3rd derivatives. The correlation coefficients of glucose, fructose and sucrose were 0.646, 0.645 and 0.820, respectively. The standard deviation of interaction validation was 0.321, 0.275 and 1.508, respectively. The predicted correlation coefficients of glucose, fructose and sucrose were 0.593, 0.780 and 0.891, respectively. These results indicated that the established fructose and sucrose prediction models had better predictability and could be applied to select sweet corn germplasm resources, while the predictability of glucose model was poor and needed to be improved.

Study of Hybrid Orchid Seedlings on Virus Elimination Using Cryopreservation Technology

LI Han, LU Lin, QU Suping, TIAN Min, ZOU Ling, LI Huimin, LI Xia, CAO Hua*

2018, 20(1):  147-153.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0122

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Taking rhizomes of hybrid Cymbidium with CyMV and ORSV as test material, the paper studied virus elimination of hybrid orchid by encapsulation vitrification cryopreservation method. The results showed that treating shoot tips under low temperature for 21 d then cultured in 0.5 mol/L sucrose of preculture medium for 3 d，and immersed them in the liquid culture medium with 0.4 mol/L high sucrose for 90 min, and put into PVS2 for 6 h on ice, then preserved in liquid nitrogen for 1 h and cultured in liquid medium with 1.2 mol/L high sucrose for 20 min afterwards treated at 37℃ for 2~3 min. Their survival rate was over 64% after being cultured for recovery. 30 samples were selected randomly for virus detection, 2 of them were virus-free seedlings. Their virus detoxification rates were 100%. This study laid certain theoretical basis for virus detoxification of hybrid orchid seedlings.