Table of Content

15 February 2018, Volume 20 Issue 2

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Review on Agricultural Technology Innovation Diffusion in China

SHU Quanfeng, WANG Yahua*

2018, 20(2):  1-9.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0252

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Agricultural technology innovation has played an important role in the development of modern agriculture. Its contribution rate to progress of agricultural science and technology(S&T) has reached 56%. S&T has become the main driving force for Chinas agricultural development. But agricultural S&T still lacks a major breakthrough in core areas, and its overall level is not high, the transformation and promotion ability of these innovation results is obviously weak, and can not quide and support the development of modern agriculture. This paper evaluated the research papers in the fields of agricultural technology innovation and diffusion in China; analyzed the existing problems in previous research activities; pointed out that the institutional basis and social cultural background of agricultural technology innovation and diffusion should be paid more attention. Scholars could analyze the current difficulties and way out in the diffusion of agricultural technology innovation from the rural governance structure in the future.

Research Progress on Nanocapsules Formulations of Pesticides

WANG Anqi, WANG Yan, WANG Chunxin, CUI Bo, SUN Changjiao, ZHAO Xiang, ZENG Zhanghua, YAO Junwei, LIU Guoqiang, CUI Haixin*

2018, 20(2):  10-18.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0262

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Pesticide is an important material basis for national food security. Due to the heave usage of pesticide and its low effective utilization rate, serious problems of environmental pollution, excessive pesticide residues of agricultural products, crop phytotoxicity, etc. were occurred. So, improving the effective utilization rate of pesticides is a great strategic demand for the country. The microcapsule pesticide formulations possess the advantages of controlling release, reducing toxicity, preventing light degradation, etc., which could improve the effective availability of pesticides and reduce residue and pollution. But at present, the research of microcapsules mostly focus on micro-scale, as the result of nanocapsules have the properties of small size and large specific surface, so it has conspicuous advantages in improving deposition and distribution in leaves and enhancing bioactivity. To prepare nanoscale microcapsule is a big challenge of technology, this paper analyzed the current situation, features and development of nanocapsules in pesticides, and also discussed manufacturing principle, application conditions, merits and demerits, and exisiting problems in detail. However, the preparation methods still have low coverage rate for the functional components, and can not precisely control the size, uniformity of the nanocapsules, and remain at the laboratory level. Therefore, in view of the different physicochemical property and drug delivery system of pesticides, exploring a gentle and mass-produced method to prepare pesticide nanoparticles is the future development direction.

Studies on Development Characteristics of Azadirachtin Industry and Countermeasures Based on Patent Analysis

LIU Xidong1, CHEN Lingshi1, XU Hanhong2*

2018, 20(2):  19-26.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0288

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In order to understand the development status and development trends of azadirachtin industry, and clarify innovation direction, this paper analyzed the global patent information about azadirachtin by patent analysis method. The results indicated that the development of azadirachtin had gained its 3rd boom in the world, especially in China and India, who was the major force in azadirachtin study. The development direction for azadirachtin industry was green environment protection, with research focus on formulation, essential oil and fertilizer, mainly applying in 4 areas, including biopesticide, healthcare, organic fertilizer, food and fodder. Before ending, the paper put forward the following countermeasures as strengthening the cooperation between learning and study, culturing leading enterprises, integrating industrial chain, strengthening studies on popularization and application, and developing healthy and household chemicals, etc..

Antihypertensive Effect and Its Effect on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor of Sinapine of Rapeseed Meal

WANG Huiguo1, ZHANG Nannan1, ZHAO Xiaohong1, QIN Haihong2,LU Xuan1, FENG Baomin1*

2018, 20(2):  27-32.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0236

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To investigate the antihypertensive effect and its influence on vascular endothelial growth factor of sinapine chlorate of rapeseed meal, the antihypertensive effect of sinapine chlorate on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure was detected by arterial intubation into New Zealand white rabbits. The levels of prostacyclin (PGI2), thromboxane A2(TXA2) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The level of NO in serum was detected by nitrate reductase method. The results showed that sinapine chlorate could significantly decrease the systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and mean pressure in the range of 0.025~12.5 mg/kg. While with the dose increasing, the depressurization rate would be raised and holding time be prolonged. The results of ELISA showed that there was no significant effect on PGI2 and ET-1 in serum of experimental animals, and the level of TXA2 could be significantly reduced by the sinapine chlorate in 2.4 mg/kg and 9.6 mg/kg. Above results indicated sinapine chlorate had a significant antihypertensive effect, and the antihypertensive mechanism might be achieved by inhibiting levels of vasoconstriction factor TXA2.

Effect of Different Mediums on the Growth of Rubber Small Polytube-Raised Buddings

ZHOU Jun1,2, CHEN Qing1, WANG Jun1,2*, LIN Weifu1

2018, 20(2):  33-38.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0203

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The comparative experiment was conducted on the growth and leaf nutrients of aboveground and underground small polytube-raised buddings, taking nursery substrates from different ratio of sphagnum peat and coconut bran, and combining with rubber small polytube-raised buddings device and suspension culture method, so as to select and screen the simplified substrates for rubber seedling culture. The results showed that substrate with 1 ∶1 ratio of sphagnum peat and coconut bran had higher nutrient content, more accumulation of seedlings aboveground biomass, and higher out nursery rate. Due to the limitation of container space, there was no obvious effect of nursery substrate with different ratio on the growth of underground rubber small polytube-raised buddings. The mixed sphagnum peat and coconut bran substrate had no significant effect on the leaf blade nutrient of rubber small polytube-raised buddings. Comprehensively considering the above factors, the paper suggested to select 1∶1 ratio of sphagnum peat and coconut bran as nursery substrates for rubber small polytube-raised buddings. The ratio could also be mixed according to the actual cost of production.

Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Rhizosphere Soil of Continuous Cropping Flue-cured Tobacco Using 16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE

GONG Zhixiang1, MA Xiaohan1, REN Zhiguang1, ZHU Jinfeng2,HUANG Yuanjiong3, WANG Mengmeng1, CHEN Zheng1, XU Zicheng1*

2018, 20(2):  39-47.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0231

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The bacterial colonies of soil samples were analyzed by PCR-DGGE technique in order to provide theoretical basis for controlling obstacles of tobacco continuous cropping. The results showed that soil bacterial community was rich in flue-cured tobacco mid-late growing period. There were differences in the structure of bacterial community in field soil by different continuous tobacco cropping, most of the bacterial types were common, and there were few unique bacterial types. The change of bacterial abundance in continuous cropping soil was very stable, and the continuous cropping increased the abundance of soil bacteria, and showed a tendency of firstly increasing and then decreasing. The dominant populations of rotation bacteria were stable in the field period, while the bacterial flora in continuous cropping soil had greater changes. The activities of bacteria in warm-curvae, acid bacillus door and corynebacteriaceae had strong impact on soil nutritional metabolism, the pathogens were increased, which was unfavorable for the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco. Different continuous cropping years had greater impacts on the soil bacterial population structure in flue-cured tobacco. The changes in bacterial population structure of flue-cured tobacco after continuous cropping could be one of the main reasons causing obstacles in flue-cured tobacco continuous cropping.

Construction of a New Pichia pastoris Engineering Strain for High-level β-carotene Production

ZHANG Qipei1, LI Yanan2, MENG Kun1, BAI Yingguo1, HUANG Huoqing1*, LUO Huiying1

2018, 20(2):  48-55.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0116

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As a high-level efficient expressive host bacteria, methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is widely used to produce various feed enzymes like phytase and mannanase by high-density culture. However, the large amount of yeast cells produced during the fermentation process are discarded or just used as microbial protein with low values. To improve the utilization efficiency of these by-products, this study intended to introduce the key gene (idi,crtE,crtYB and crtI) involved in the β-carotene biosynthesis of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous into P. pastoris GS115 to gain an engineering strain P. pastoris GS115-CARO with high β-carotene yield and to realize utilization of mycoprotein with high additional value in industrial production. An extracellular mannanase gene Man5T from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 was as a reference to prove the differences of host bacteria P. pastoris GS115 and P. pastoris GS115-CARO in expression of exogenous protein. The results showed that the mannanase yields had no significant difference (280 U/mL vs. 286 U/mL) in both strains, but the yield of intracellular β-carotene was up to 31.27 mg/g (dcw) in P. pastoris GS115-CARO. The constructed strain herein could not only achieve high-level expression of exogenous enzymes and efficiently upgrade the utilization of yeast resources, but also alleviate to certain extent the environment pollution by yeast by-products.

Cloning and Functional Studies of Carbazole Degradation Gene carB from Sphingosinicella sp. Strain B1

BIAN Chenkai, ZHANG Yu, CHEN Duyu, WANG Sen, XU Lei*

2018, 20(2):  56-64.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0274

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The composition and expression pattern of the car gene cluster were studied using carbazole-degrading bacterial Sphingosinicella sp. strain B1 as material, and the key enzyme mechanism was explained in carbazole degradation process. By analyzing the conserved regions of the genes in the car gene cluster of different strains, carAa, carBa, carBb and carC genes were successfully cloned from bacterial strain B1. The RT-PCR test confirmed that the car gene cluster of bacterial strain B1 was induced expression. The degraded key gene carB, and 2 calveolin genes carBa and carBb were homologously cloned and heterologously expressed in E.coli. The enzymatic properties of CarB were analyzed by catalyzing 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl. The results showed that the optimal pH value and temperature of CarB were 7.4 and 30℃, respectively, and Fe2+ could significantly improve the enzyme catalytic activity.

Wheat Growth Simulation and 3D Visualization System Construction Technology

LI Shuqin1, ZHU Yeping2*, LIU Hailong2, LI Shijuan2, LIU Shengping2, LIU Wenchao2

2018, 20(2):  65-71.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0291

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Crop growth process 3D visualization is one of the key technologies of virtual crop research, since morphological structure of wheat is complex and wheat growth visualization is not easy to realize. This study took wheat as the subject, on the basis of existing research results, combined with wheat growth simulation model and the morphological structure model, started with the system structure and function, system design and implementation, realistic graphics rendering technique (color rendering, texture mapping and light processing) and other aspects, built the wheat growth simulation and 3D visualization system, realized the combination of wheat growth model and morphological structure model, and finally realized 3D visualization of wheat growth process. Wheat growth simulation and 3D visualization system would provide visualization tools for wheat growth dynamic prediction, cultivation management control, crop plant type design, etc. and provide technical support for wheat ideal plant type selection, design of high yield, high efficiency, lodging resistance and optimization, etc..

Experimental Research on a Small Rapeseed Circulating Dryer Machine by Solar Hot Air

ZHANG Peng, FAN Qizhou*, HUANG Yu, LIU Guoshan

2018, 20(2):  72-79.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0189

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In order to further meet the requirements of low energy consumption and high efficiency in rapeseed drying process, this paper designed a small rapeseed circulating and drying machine by solar hot air. Its device relied on solar collector to provide hot air. The drying chamber provided a pair of screen impeller turning in the opposite direction. The rotating impeller could extend the rapeseed retention time on air, and the bucket elevator could make rapeseed move circularly in the drying device. Rapeseed was tested as a drying object to find out the changes in moisture content, hot air wind speed from the drying room inlet, screen impeller rotation speed, material circulation rate, etc., so as to obtain optimal equipment operating conditions combined with these experimental results. The results showed that by the corrugated solar collectors, the inlet hot air speed, material circulation speed and rotation speed of screen impeller were 5 m/s, 800 kg/h and 50 r/min, respectively. The drying efficiency of rapeseed could reach a maximum level, which could met daily drying requirement of 250 kg could be met.

Change of Food Consumption Structure in Japan and Its Enlightenment on China

ZHOU Xiaoyu, PANG Xuesi, GUO Yanzhi, SUN Junmao*

2018, 20(2):  80-85.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0415

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Food consumption structure of Japan and China belong to “dual-purpose type of plants and animals”, and the consumption concepts in these 2 countries are based on grain. The living standard of Japanese people have entered into the very wealth stage since the early 1980s. And its food consumption structure has verged to stable and reasonable. Therefore, analyzing the changing course of food consumption structure in Japan has a referential significance for guiding the improvement of food consumption structure in China. The food consumption structure in Japan and the intake changes of energy, protein and fat) were analyzed using FAO food balance sheets (from 1961-2013). This paper also compared the phases developmental rule of food consumption structure and nutrient intake quantity between Chinese and Japanese people, and put forward policy suggestions for further optimization of food consumption structure in China, stabilizing food consumption structure as soon as possible, keeping on taking plant-based food as main staple and popularizing more nutrition related knowledge to the general public.

Determination of Glycerol Content in Honey by Enzymatic Method under Different Conditions

LI Liang1, SUN Ping1, NING Zhunmei2, JI Peijing1, JIA Yingjie1*

2018, 20(2):  86-92.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0502

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To explore the content of glycerol in honey under different conditions, this experiment determined the content of glycerol by glycerol enzyme method. The results showed that the glycerol enzyme preparation method could be used to determine the content of glycerol in honey. The recovery rate of oil content in this experiment was 95.7%~115.0%. The glycerol content of RSD was 2%~7% in the precision test and the glycerol content of RSD was 1%~5% in the repeatability test. In addition, the results was independent of pH when its level varied in the range of 3.00~7.00. Moreover, the content of glycerol in honey presented tiny variation by this method within 7 d. The content of glycerol in honey was stable under 4~25℃. Thus, this method could be used to determine the content of glycerol in different honey, and meet the requirements of basic determination in practical production.

Effects of Phosphorus Deficiency on Seed Yield and Quality of A Brassica napus Natural Population

WANG Xue1, FAN Junpeng1, LI Haitao2, SHI Lei1,2, CAI Hongmei1, XU Fangsen1,2, LIU Kede2, DING Guangda1*

2018, 20(2):  93-100.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0308

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Brassica napus, an important oil crop, is extraordinarily sensitive to low phosphorus (P) deficiency. In order to clarify the effects of low P deficiency on seed yield and quality traits of B. napus, 9 quality traits and seed yield per plant of natural population, containing 189 B. napus varieties were investigated by field trials under normal P and low P conditions. The results showed that: ① There were significant differences for the phenotypic variation among all traits of B. napus under both P treatments, and the variation coefficient of eicosenoic acid, oleic acid and single plant yield were greater. P deficiency impairs yield of B. napus, but had relatively smaller effects on seed quality. ② No difference could be observed for the correlations among all quality traits under both P levels, but P deficiency could significantly decrease the correlation between yield and 3 quality traits including protein, water and oil content under P stress condition. ③ The effects of P deprivation on seed quality traits were different among various B. napus cultivars. Generally, contents of oil, water, oleic acid and linolenic acid were less influenced by low P stress compared to that of other quality traits. The linoleic acid and palmitic acid contents of over 75% cultivars decreased under low P stress, while the eicosenoic acid and oleic contents of over 60% cultivars were increased under the same condition. ④ Based on the oil content and single plant seed yield of the 187 cultivars under normal and low P levels, 6 varieties were selected as candidates for P tolerance. These results provided useful information for further unravel the genotypic difference and genetic mechanism for quality traits under low P deficiency in Brassica napus.

Effects of Different Fertilizers on Photosynthetic Properties, Yield and Quality of Lycium barbarum L.in the Yellow River Irrigation Area

HAO Shuiyuan1, BAOGE Rile1, SU Xiaodong2, SU Kang3, LIU Zhuoen2,HAN Xue3, SHI Ruidong3

2018, 20(2):  101-107.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0295

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Lycium barbarum L. is an important medicinal plant resource. Unreasonable fertilizing measures can lead to decline of wolfberry quality, and cause environmental pollution and other problems. In order to determine the suitable fertilizing methods for Lycium barbarum L. growth in the Yellow River irrigation area, this paper set out 3 different fertilizing measures (T1: no dressing; T2: topdressing by 40 kg/hm2 of urea; T3: topdressing by 10 kg/hm2 of humic acid) to analyze photosynthesis and sugar contents of wolfberry leaf, and its yield and quality. The results showed that T3 treatment could significantly increase the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and decrease the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). Moreover, T3 treatment could significantly increase the leaf stomatal limitation value (Ls) and water utilization efficiency (WUE) in the harvest period. Compared with those under T1 treatment, their changing rates were 42.1% and 67.2%, respectively. The glucose, fructose and polysaccharide contents of the matured Chinese wolfberry fruits were following the order of T3>T2>T1 during the growing period. But sucrose content showed an opposite trend. Obviously topdressing had improved the commercial yield and medicinal qualities of Lycium barbarum L., and T3 treatment had better controlling and regulation effect. Application of humic acids in this area could significantly enhance the leaf photosynthesis role of Lycium barbarum L. and improve the fruit yield and quality of one-season Lycium barbarum L..

Diurnal Temperature Changes of Root Zone and Lateral Side of Four Soil-Ridged Substrate-Embedded Cultivation Ridges Planted Sweet Pepper in Chinese Solar Greenhouse

LI Zonggeng, FU Guohai, LIU Wenke*

2018, 20(2):  108-115.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0180

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In order to solve the problems of low temperature stress in winter and spring, soil continuous cropping obstacle, low yield and low use rate of water resources in solar greenhouse in north China, this paper invented a new cultivation method naming “soil-ridged substrate-embedded cultivation(SSC)”. Diurnal root zone and lateral soil temperature changes of 5 different ridge types including soil ridge(SR), normal ridge(NR), short normal ridge(NRs), narrow normal ridge(NRn), and double plant density of normal ridge(NRd) were studied. The results showed that average indoor temperature, daytime temperature and nighttime temperature for continuous 5 d and night were 16.53℃, 20.44℃; and 14.12℃, 13.92℃; and 22.78℃, 10.16℃ during 2 growing period from Nov. 6~10, 2016, and Jan. 2~7, 2107. In November, the average temperature difference between day and night for 5 continuous days, and difference between the highest temperature and lowest temperature of SR were the highest, 2.04℃ and 6.06℃, respectively. While those of NRs were the lowest, 0.80℃ and 4.95℃, respectively. In January，the average temperature difference between day and night of SR was the highest, 1.18℃ and 6.24℃, respectively. While the difference between the highest temperature and lowest one of NRs (4.85℃) was the lowest; and difference between average day and night temperature of NRn (0.07℃) was the lowest. There was a very significant linear correlation between the root zone temperature and the soil temperature on the east side and west side in each ridge. The conclusion was that NR had better root zone temperature buffer capacity, and can increase the temperature of root zone at night, so NR pattern of SSC had better application prospect in vegetable production in winter and early spring season in solar greenhouse.

Effects of Environmental Factors on Coronatine Stability in Aqueous Solution

WANG Chunyan1, HU Tanglu1, JIANG Feng2, TAN Weiming1, DUAN Liusheng1*

2018, 20(2):  116-121.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0207

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Coronatine (COR) is a novel multifunctional plant growth regulator. In order to observe the stability of COR in aqueous solution and provide guidance for its production, storage and usage, this study measured the content of coronatine under various treatments by HPLC, and explored the effects of temperature, pH, light and oxidizing agent on the stability of coronatine. The results showed that under 25℃ and 50℃ and in 3 kinds of buffered solutions with pH 4.01, 6.86 and 9.18 for 180 d, the coronatine degradation rate was less than 16%. The half-life of being hydrolyzed was all over 1 year, and it was not easy to be hydrolyzed. High temperature could significantly stimulate COR hydrolyzation under extreme pH environment, especially in strong alkali condition. No significant hydrolysis was observed within 180 d under fluorescent lamp irradiation. The half-life of COR was only 61.9 h under UV light, which indicated that COR was sensitive to UV and stable to visible light. In the presence of H2O2, COR hydrolyzation was significantly speed up. With the treatment of H2O2 for 12 h at room temperature and 70℃, COR degraded 75% and 81%, respectively. The results suggested that COR was stable to temperature, pH and visible light, but sensitive to UV and oxidizing agent. It should be kept away from the agricultural chemicals with strong oxidation function during operation and storage.

Current Situation and Prospect of Carbon Sequestration Facility Agriculture

CHEN Danyan1, YANG Zhenchao1*, KONG Zheng2, HU Xiaoting1,WANG Xiaoxu1, HE Wei1, CHEN Lehan1

2018, 20(2):  122-128.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0260

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Almost all studies on agricultural carbon sequestration are concentrated in farmland soil carbon sequestration. Agricultural carbon sequestration is greatly influenced by climate, biology, soil and so on. Uncontrollable environmental factors lead to the low efficiency in agricultural carbon sequestration. At present, fewer agricultural carbon sequestration aims at facility agriculture. With modern facility agricultures development scale increasing day by day, the environmental regulate and control facilities and equipments being automatic and intelligentized, resource utilization efficiency, yield per unit area, and the production efficiency greatly improved. And to certain extent, it also helps upgrading the crop yield and efficiency of carbon sequestration. Therefore, this paper analyzed the present situation of facility agriculture development combined with the present status of agricultural carbon sequestration research, and existing problems. The paper also analyzed the advantages possessed by facility agriculture in carbon sequestration: Long production cycle, controllable environmental factors, semi closed production, rich usable resources, and high use ratio of resources. Besides, the paper explored the importance of studying on facility agriculture carbon sequestration, and put forward the thoughts and prospect for developing facility agriculture carbon sequestration on the basis of combining environmental needs and carbon trade.

Establishment of Lipid Droplets Formation and Degradation Models Induced by Oleic Acid in Zebrafish Hepatocyte

DING Qianwen1, ZHANG Zhen1, RAN Chao1, DU Zhenyu2, ZHOU Zhigang1*

2018, 20(2):  129-138.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0198

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In order to establish zebrafish hepatocytes lipid droplets formation and degradation models, this experiment cultured the zebrafish hepatocytes by different concentrations of oleic acid(OA) to find out the optimal OA concentration for the subsequent study by measuring cell viability and apoptosis with Alarmablue assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Subsequently, the cells were cultured with media added the optimal OA concentration for 72 h. At the end of OA incubation, the cells were cultured with media removed OA. During the OA-supplement and -free periods, the lipid accumulation status was detected by oil red staining and TAG quantify. The cells with different sizes of lipid droplets were observed by BODIPY/HOECHST staining. The percentage of cells with supersized lipid droplets reached the maximun at 72 h. Compared with 0 h, the mRNA level of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) was significantly upregulated from 6 h to 72 h after 100 μmol/L OA exposure. The mRNA level of Adipose differentiation-related protein（ADRP）was significantly upregulated at 24 h after removing OA. The mRNA level of fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein gene (FIT1) was significantly upregulated at 6 h after OA exposure. During the whole OA treatment and the OA removing period, the mRNA level of CIDEb, member of CIDE protein family, was significant upregulated. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the zebrafish hepatocytes models of lipid droplets formation and degradation induced by OA could mimic the process of lipid droplets formation and degradation in fish liver. The models have provided a model basis for further studies on lipid droplets protein.

Studies on Granulation Technology of Slow-release Granule Conditioner for Tapping Panel Dryness Control in Heveabrasiliensis

HU Yiyu, FENG Chengtian, SUN Liang, YUAN kun, WANG Zhenhui*

2018, 20(2):  139-145.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0278

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Tapping panel dryness（TPD） has become one of the important factors restricting the development of natural rubber production. It is an urgent task to develop simple and efficient prevention and treatment technology for TPD. This paper studied on pan granulation of humic acid based on slow-release conditioner for TPD recovery in Hevea brasiliensis. Through orthogonal experiment, this paper analyzed the effect of disc angle, disk speed and binder on slow-release particles granularity, particles strength and disintegration rate; decided the reasonable prilling, rotating speed 60 r/min, dip angle of 30° and chitosan as binder. The properties of the slow-release particles conditioner prepared by optimum process conditions were as following: the granularity was 91.5%, particle strength 34.1 N, and disintegration rate 10%. Granularity and particle strength had reached the national standard of compound fertilizer. Judging from the disintegration rate, preparation of particle had certain slow-release performance. This study provided technical support for simple and efficient prevention and control of rubber tree TPD.

A Review of Soil Absolute Dating Methods

WANG Jin, PAN Jinhua, ZHUANG Shunyao*

2018, 20(2):  146-154.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0227

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Soil age is closely correlated with various factors of pedogenesis and of significant importance to the studies on soil bio-geochemistry, soil environmental change, geological assessment and archaeology. Since soil samples have suffered from very complecated environment conditions and interference factors, the dating studies of soil is more difficult than that on normal archaeological samples. Soil ‘absolute’ dating method involves many sciences, including pedology, geology and archaeology etc.. Currently, soil dating techniques mainly include radioactive isotope dating, luminescence dating, electron spin resonance dating, palaeomagnetic dating and amino acid racemization dating etc.. This paper summarized, compared and discussed the principles and research progress on these methods. Radioactive isotope dating had a wide range of optional elements, soil materials and time scales. Luminescence dating and electron spin resonance method with a relative long time scale were used to determine the quartz minerals in the soil: Amino acid racemic dating was suitable for soils with higher organic matter content. Soil rich in magnetic minerals could be used for the paleomagnetic dating, the method had a longer time scale. In order to evaluate the soil age more accurately, it was believed that the soil dating method should be selected on the basis of soil clay minerals and organic matter with physical and chemical characteristics, and the soil age could be evaluated integratedly by various methods. Moreover, these soil dating methods could provide strong evidences for soil genesis, climate change and long-term C and N cycle research.