Table of Content

15 March 2020, Volume 22 Issue 3

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Current Advances and Proposals for the Development of Commercialized Breeding System of Rice in China

WANG Zhenzhong1§, LIU Zuokai1§, LI Xiang2, LIU Gang3, LU Bingyou1*

2020, 22(3):  1-5.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0536

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Crop seed industry is a national strategic core industry, which is of great importance for accelerating the development of modern agriculture for long-term social stability and national food security. This paper analyzed current advances and existing problems of rice commercialized breeding system in China from the perspective of scientific and technological innovation, and dissected the existed problems. Furthermore, to develop a healthy and stable rice commercialized breeding system, this paper  suggested to put the enterprise on the leading position for the innovation, strengthen the basic and public researches in seed industry, deepen the reform of research institutes and colleges or universities conducting rice germplams analysis and breeding, establish an intellectual property protection system for rice seed industry, improve the supervision system of laws and regulations for biotechnology, and increase financial support for seed industry etc.

Research Advances on the Role of Selenium in Plants Resistance to Stress

CHEN Simeng, LI Ziwei, ZHANG Luxiang, WEI Yanqiu, ZHU Zhiwei, ZHANG Huanwei, XU Zicheng, HUANG Wuxing, SHAO Huifang*

2020, 22(3):  6-13.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0084

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Selenium is one of the trace elements beneficial to plant growth, and plays an important role in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Based on the metabolic pathway of selenium in plants, this paper introduced the mechanism of selenium on stress resistance in different environmental stresses, and reviewed the role of selenium in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, as well as the interaction between selenium and other elements, so as to provide reference for the future research and application of selenium in the field of agro-ecological security.

Evolution and Relevant Analysis of Agronomic Characters of Wheat in Shanxi Province

LIU Xiaoying1§, LI Xiaohua2§, ZHENG Xingwei2*, QIAO Ling2, ZHAO Jiajia2, GE Chuan3, QIAO Linyi2, ZHANG Shuwei2, ZHENG Jun2*

2020, 22(3):  14-23.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0385

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In order to understand the characters of wheat in Shanxi prorince, phenotypes of wheat varieties registered since the founding of China were tested both in the field and indoor experiments. 17 agronomic characters such as heading date, spike length, spikelet number, grains per spike, plant height, neck length of spike, internode length below the spike, flag leaf length, flag leaf width and 1 000grain weight were analyzed. The results showed that the neck length of spike had the highest coefficient of variation, while spikelet number had the lowest. The agronomic characters of wheat varieties displayed regularity changes with breeding eras. The mean plant height decreased from 110～120 cm to 75～90 cm, which indicated that the plant type was evolved from high stalkhorizontal type towards dwarferect type. The main yield components, 1 000grain weight, grains per spike and spikelet number continued to increase stably. There was no significant correlation among the three yield factors, while the grains per spike correlated significantly with spikelet number, indicating a together improvement with the two characters during the development of wheat breeding in Shanxi. Association analysis showed that 33 SSR markers were significantly correlated with agronomic traits. The explanatory rate of phenotypic variation by single marker was 5.6%~25.3%. These markers could provide theoretical reference for molecular markerassisted breeding.

Effect of Drought Stress on Root Morphology and Physiological Characteristics of Malus micromalus cv. ‘Ruby’

ZHENG Miao, GUO Yi, WANG Limin

2020, 22(3):  24-30.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0143

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In order to study the effects of drought stress on root of Malus micromalus cv. ‘Ruby’, 1-year-old sapling of M. micromalus cv. ‘Ruby’ seedlings were selected as materials, 5 drought stress treatments including 85%±5% (CK), 70%±5% (T1), 55%±5% (T2), 40%±5% (T3), and 25%±5% (T4) were set up, the root morphology, activity and physiological characteristics of M. micromalus seedlings under different treatments were detected. The results showed that mild drought stress significantly increased root total length, surface area, total volume and root tips quantity of M. micromalus seedlings, and the continuous increase of drought stress intensity significantly reduced these morphological indexes. Root activity increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of stress degree, which of T4 decreased 15196% compared to CK. The contents of proline (Pro), soluble sugar (SS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in roots increased with the increase of drought stress, those of T4 increased by 1.37, 1.68 and 2.82 times compared to CK, respectively. The content of soluble protein (SP) increased first and then decreased with the increase of drought stress degree. With the increase of drought stress, the activity of peroxidase (POD) in roots increased, however the activity of catalase (CAT) increased firstly and then decreased. Therefore, the appropriate water management measures should be formulated in the cultivation of M. micromalus. The relative soil water content should be maintained at the level of  more than 55%, otherwise, the development of root system and the growth of M. micromalus could be affected.

Effect of Different Biochar Extracts on Seed Germination and Seedling Fluorescence of Brassica campestris

XIA Hongxia, YU Dayan, ZHU Qihong*, LIU Xidong, LI Qiang, WANG Shumin, DING Wuquan

2020, 22(3):  31-37.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0051

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Biochar was widely used for improving low-yield farmland and restoring heavy-metal polluted soil, but its application might have potential toxicity to plants. In order to reveal the potential toxicity of biochar, this paper took biochar extracts from different origins and with different concentrations to treat seedling of Brassica campestris; and detected relevant indexes of seed germination and seedling growth. The results showed that biochar extracts of distillers grain and pearwood had significant effect on seed germination and seedling growth of B. campestris, but there were significant differences among different kinds and different concentrations of biochar extracts. ① The original biochar extracts of wine lees and pearwood all could significantly decrease seed germination (P<0.05), but their diluted extracts could improve seed germination, especially the seed germination rate treated with pearwood diluted biochar extract and wine lees biochar extract after 50 times dilution  were 16.67% and 8.33% higher than those of the contrast, respectively. ② Biochar extracts could improve seedling height and root activity. The seedling heights and root activities of the plants treated with the original biochar extract were obviously higher than those of the contrast (P<0.05). The improving effect of wine lees biochar extract was lower than that of pearwood biochar extract. ③ Biochar extracts could increase the chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield (PSⅡ) and apparent photoelectron transfer rate (ETR) of seedling leaves, and these parameters increased with the increasing of biochar extract concentrations, while biochar extracts could significantly decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) contents (P<0.05), and they increased with the decreasing of extract concentrations, indicating both wine lees biochar extract and pearwood biochar extract could increase seed germination, seedling root activities and fluorescence effect, but the effect of wine lees biochar extract was lower than that of pearwood biochar extract.

Differences of Morphological Characterization and Key Genes Expression in Tobacco Leaf Shape Mutants

ZHOU Lei1,2, ZHANG Yan1,2, ZHANG Juan1,2, WU Xiaoying1,2, MA Xinghua1*

2020, 22(3):  38-45.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0721

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In order to analyze the differences in tobacco leaf size, the morphological and anatomical changes, and some key leaf developmental genes were examined in wild type tobacco (Honghua Dajinyuan) and two leaf mutants (mutant 1, mutant 2). Results showed that the leaf length, leaf width and leaf area of mutant 1 was 61.88%, 25.87%, 10.12% of wild type respectively, while its LMA was 1.91 times more than that of wild type. Similarly, the leaf length, leaf width and leaf area of mutant 2 was 78.82%, 106.63%, and 83.92% of the wild type respectively, and its LMA was 1.35 times greater than that of the wild type tobacco. The total number of sponge tissue cells in the same layer of mutant 1 was 10.93% of the wild type with a reduction in the volume of sponge tissue cells as compared with the wild type. The leaf thickness of mutant 1 was significantly increased by 23.15% of that of the wild type. Similarly, we also witnessed 18.03% increment in the leaf thickness of the mutant 2 when compared with the wild type tobacco plant. Reduction in the number of spongy tissues cells of mutant 2 was also observed as the total number of the spongy tissue cells were only 48.12% of that of the wild type, and the volume of spongy tissue cells was larger than wild type. The expression of NtARF2-1, NtDA1, NtTOR1, NtARF10-1, NtEBP1, NtGRF8 and NtGRF16 genes in mutant 1 was significantly different compared with the wild type. NtEBP1 was 2.22 times up-regulated significantly, while NtGRF8 and NtGRF16 were down-regulated and its expression levels were 16.06% and 13.07% of the wild type, respectively. Similarly, NtTOR1, NtTOR2, NtARF10-1, and NtEBP1 were significantly up-regulated in mutant 2 in comparison with the wild type in which the up-regulation of NtTOR1 was 3.17 times more among the other genes expression. The expression of NtARF2-1, NtARF2-2, NtDA1, NtGRF8 and NtGRF16 was significantly down-regulated in mutant 2. NtGRF8 and NtGRF16 were the most significantly down-regulated genes and its expression levels were 13.43% and 21.68%, respectively, of that of the wild type. The above results indicated that the decrease in the leaf area of mutant 1 and mutant 2 was closely related to the decrease in the total cell number. The changes in the size and number of leaf cells of mutant 1 and mutant 2 maybe related to the expression of NtTOR1, NtEBP1, NtGRF8 and NtGRF16 genes.

Analysis of Glandular Hair Secretion, Some Organic Acids and Higher Fatty Acids in Different Varieties of Flue-cured Tobacco

LIU Xiaoyun1, LIU Yan2, ZU Qingxue3, LIAO Heng1, FENG Yuyang3, ZU Wanbin3, LI Bikuan3, LU Yingang1*

2020, 22(3):  46-55.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0373

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In order to explore the metabolic characteristics of glandular hairs and glandular hairs secretions of different Fluef|cured tobacco varieties under the same ecological and cultivation conditions, and the relationship between glandular hairs and glandular hairs secretions and some organic acids and higher fatty acids, the varieties suitable for cultivation in Guizhou were screened out.The main varieties of Guizhou (K326, Safflower Dajinyuan, Yunyan 87, Yunyan 97) were used as materials to bacco leaf glandular hair density, petroleum ether extract, cypress triene diol, some organic acids and some higher fatty acid content to determine and compare.The results showed:①the gland hair density, α-cetotrienediol and β-cetotrienediol content of flue-cured tobacco increased first and then decreased with the increase of growth period;the content of petroleum ether extract increases as the growth period increases.②the overall density of glandular hair is Honghua Daikin> K326> Yunyan 87> Yunyan 97;at the maturity stage, the rate of glandular hair loss of Yunyan 87 was relatively low. ③α-cembrietrienediol, β-cembtrionediol, (α + β)-cembtriene diol content as a whole cloud smoke 87>Honghua Daikin> K326> Yunyan 97. ④ the content of malic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid in Yunyan 87 is higher than that of the other three varieties.The overall content of citric acid was Yunyan 97>Honghua Daikin and Yunyan87>K326. ⑤ the content of malic acid in the stalk period was positively correlated with the short-handed glandular hairs and β-cetotrienediol.Citric acid was positively correlated with α-cetotrienediol;in the long-term, petroleum ether extract was positively correlated with long and short-handed glandular hairs;at maturity, malic acid was positively correlated with short-handed glandular hairs.Citric acid was negatively correlated with short-handed glandular hairs and malic acid, and long-handled glandular hairs were negatively correlated with linoleic acid.α-cetotrienediol, β-cetotrienediol, (α+β)-cembtrienediol, malic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid content, and shedding rate of mature glandular hairs in integrated tobacco leaves,it was recommended to plant Yunyan 87 and Honghua Daikin.

Research and Experiment on Monolithic Photogrammetry for Smartphone

LIAN Yining1, FENG Zhongke1*, LIU Peibin2, CHEN Shilin1,2

2020, 22(3):  56-63.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0693

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Forest factor acquisition is the most important part of forestry observation. And the smartphone has opened up a new world for forestry survey. Based on smartphone, photogrammetry and tree measurement principles, and taking Java as the development language, this paper designed a single photogrammetric tree measurement system in order to carry out forest observation more efficiently and accurately. This system could get the individual tree diameter at breast height (DBH), individual tree height, individual tree volume, stand average DBH, stand volume and stand density only using the fixed focus lens of the smartphone to shoot a photo. The estimates from the smartphone were compared to traditional forestry survey tools. The data consisted of 200 individual tree and 15 sample plots. The results showed that the Bias% of individual tree factor was 4.95%～5.86%, the relative rootmeansquare error (RMSE) of individual tree factor was 6.09%～7.46%. The Bias% of stand factor was 0.51%～1.46% and the RMSE% of stand factor was 7.47%～8.6%. The above indexes were higher than the precision requirements of traditional forestry survey, and this technology could be popularized and used in forestry survey.

Effective Wavelengths Study on the Identification of Slight Bruises of Apples Based on Hyperspectral Imaging

SHEN Yu1,2, FANG Sheng2, WANG Fengyun1, LI Zhe2, ZHANG Chen1,2, ZHENG Jiye1*

2020, 22(3):  64-71.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0704

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In order to choose the effective band suitable for the development of automatic grading instruments for slight bruises on apples, the experiment took 200 Yantai Fuji apples as the research object. Firstly, hyperspectral images of intact and bruised samples after 0, 0.5, 1 h were obtained by hyperspectral imaging system across the wavelength rande of 400～1 000 nm, and reflectance of all pixels in region of interest (ROI) was extracted by ENVI 5.2 software. Then, the characteristic wavelengths, were extracted by different effective wavelengths selection methods including successive projections algorithm(SPA), xloading weights(xLW) and second derivative, and each method extracts 3, 9 and 20 characteristic wavelengths, respectively. The support vector machine (SVM) and BP neural network model based on genetic algorithm (GABP) optimization were built respectively through the feature wavebands selected by three methods. The results showed that the accuracy rate of three SVM models for the test set were built through the feature wavebands were higher than the models based on GABP. Finally, the SVM model was established respectively by using each of the characteristic wavelengths extracted by the three methods as variables. It was found that the recognition rate of the band 811 nm reached 90.625%, which was better than other bands, and was determined as the optimal band for the recognition of slight bruises on apples.

Volume Model by Handheld Super Station Photogrammetry

CHENG Zhuxin1, WANG Xiulan1*, SHEN Yajun1, CHANG Chen1, FENG Zhongke1, JIANG Junzhiwei1, SUN Sufen2, ZHANG Lang3,4, MA Wenyuan1

2020, 22(3):  72-78.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0542

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To accurately and quickly measure the standing wood chest diameter, tree height, material accumulation and other basic information has been the hot issues of forestry investigation. Handheld superstation is a new type of forest resource measuring instrument which could solve the needs of forest measurement for nondestructive measurement, high precision, portable and easy to operate. To establish tree volume tables and acquire accurate volume models within Liaoyang district, oneway and standard volume models and DBHheight models for 10 tree species were established by using the method of linear regression and evaluated the models by using six evaluation indicator regression models. The ten main tree species in Liaoyang district were Pinus sylvestris, Chinese pine, Dahurian larch, Oak, Robinia pseudoacacia, hardwood, softwood, fast poplar, medium poplar and slow poplar.The results showed that the MSE and TRE in 10 tree species were kept within 3% and the R2 in oneway and standard volume models were higher than 90% except Mongolian scotch pine; and the MPSE in oneway volume model and DBHheight model had good fitting effect except softwood forest. In general, all models achieved good fitting effect, and this method could be applied in the field forest resource investigation and tree volume establishment.

Study on Cultural Conditions of Penicillium spinulosum Causing Chestnut Rot and Fungicides Screening

WANG Junfeng1§, WEN Xiaolei1§, SUN Weiming1, LIU Yijian1, SHI Luting2, ZHANG Nana1, YANG Wenjie1, CHEN Weidong3, QI Huixia1*

2020, 22(3):  79-84.  DOI: Doi：10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0724

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Chestnut rot is the main disease caused serious loss to the chestnut industry during storage. Penicillium spinulosum is one of the main pathogens causing the disease, so the culture conditions were studied and 6 fungicides were screened through mycelial growth method to effectively control it.The results showed that the best mycelial growth medium was chestnut for Penicillium spinulosum with colony 3.72 cm. The PDA medium was most suitable for sporulation, and the amount of sporulation was 2.40×108 cell·L-1. The optimum nitrogen source was yeast extract for mycelial growth and sporulation, and the mycelial growth and sporulation were 3.42 cm and 2.93×108 cell·L-1, respectively. The optimum carbon source for mycelia growth was soluble starch, the colony diameter was 3.35 cm, and the optimum carbon source for sporulation was mannitol, the spore amount was 1.97×108 cell·L-1. The darkness was most suitable for mycelial growth, the colony diameter was 4.35 cm. Sporulation was not strict with lighting condition. The suitable temperature for mycelial growth was 20 ℃; suitable pH was 7.0. The laboratory toxicity result indicated that all Flusilazole 40% EC, flucarbonitrile 50% WP, prochloraz 45% EW, carbendazim 80% WP, propiconazole 25% EC, and thiofuramide 24% SC showed higher effective on Penicillium spinulosum, with EC50 values of 0.007 8, 0.543 5, 0.058 8, 0.065 0, 0.631 7 and 4.732 3 mg·L-1, respectively.

Research Progress on Live Vectored Vaccine of Avian Herpes Virus

WANG Mengge, WU Ying*, CHENG Anchun*, WANG Mingshu, ZHU Dekang, JIA Renyong, LIU Mafeng, CHEN Shun, ZHAO Xinxin, YANG Qiao, ZHANG Shaqiu, HUANG Juan, LIU Yunya, ZHANG Ling, YU Yanling

2020, 22(3):  85-93.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0535

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Avian herpesvirus mainly includes Mareks disease virus (MDV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (IBDV) and duck enteritis virus (DEV), which all belong to α-herpes virus subfamily. As a member of the herpesvirus family, avian herpesvirus has a huge genome, and it has many replication non-essential regions, which can accommodate the insertion of multi-exogenous genes. Thus it is an ideal vector for expressing other avian pathogenic antigen genes. This paper summarized the construction method and expression level of exogenous gene of avian herpesvirus, the immune effect evaluation of different recombinant virus vaccines of MDV, IBDV and DEV was summarized as well, thus providing reference for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in livestock and poultry.

Effects of Different Dry Sex Traps and Cobs on Trapping of Male Moths of Ostrinia furnacalis

QU Mingbo, ZHOU Xu, CHEN Rizhao*

2020, 22(3):  94-99.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0372

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Sex pheromone control technology has always been one of the important ways to control Asian corn borer in China. In order to test the trapping effect of different dry trap and different concentration of trap core on male moth of Asian corn borer, the trapping experiment of male moth of corn borer was carried out with fixed or swing trap chamber, borer caliber and trap type. The trapping effect of barrel trap with 4 kinds of sex trap core was studied in experimental fields of different crops. The results showed that:  ① the trapping effect of the trap with fixed trap was better than that with swaying trap in trapping the male moths of corn borer. ② among the plastic traps with different caliber, the outer orifice diameter of 14 cm trap displayed a better effect on trapping male moths, and for the same caliber trap, rubber trap was better than toothpick trap in trapping male moths. ③ compared with bucket trap, plastic trap and triangular plate trap, bucket trap had the best effect on trapping male moths. ④ in corn and rice fields, there were more male moths trapped with 2.6∶1-XP traps, and in soybean fields there were more male moths trapped with 1∶1 traps. To sum up, the larger the trap entered the moths, the better the effect of trapping the male moths of corn borer was, and the better the effect of trapping male moths when the trap was fixed.  The better the effect of trapping male moths with rubber core when the male moths of corn borer were trapped with the same trap. The best sex-inducing cores of different crop fields are different. These  results provided a theoretical basis for the rational use of the sex trap and the sex-induced core to control the Asian corn field.

Spatio-temporal Variability of Soil Organic Carbon in Semi-arid Area

LI Long1, QIN Fucang1*, JIANG Lina2, YAO Xueling3

2020, 22(3):  100-107.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0068

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A clear understanding of the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of soil organic carbon can provide an important guarantee for the dynamic monitoring of soil quality and the scientific utilization of land resources. The geostatistic was used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of SOC content in Aohan Chifeng based on soil survey data. The result showed that the mean contents of SOC in 1985 and 2014 were 6.91 and 7.49 g·kg-1. And the spatial distribution characteristics gradually decreased from south to north. In 1985, soil organic carbon content had a strong spatial autocorrelation in the research scale. After 30 a of change, the average increase of soil organic carbon in agriculture, forestry and grassland was 5.92%, 10.22% and 8.47%, respectively. The soil organic carbon content was significantly improved after the restoration of forest return, grass and sandy vegetation.The spatial autocorrelation distance of soil organic carbon was shortened. The soil organic carbon content was significantly improved after the restoration of forest return, grass and sandy vegetation.

Effects of Reducing Nitrogen Applications on Yield and Biomass Distribution of Mechanized Harvesting Maize Varieties

ZHANG Panpan, LIU Jingbao*, HUANG Lu, QIAO Jiangfang, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei

2020, 22(3):  108-118.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0251

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Excessive nitrogen fertilizer application would lead to resource waste and environment pollution, and hinder agriculture production. To optimize the input of nitrogen fertilizer, a field experiment used 20 mechanized harvesting maize varieties in Huang-Huai-Hai Region was conducted, 5 treatments including N fertilization with 0 kg N·hm-2 (no nitrogen, N0)、120 kg N·hm-2 (reducing 1/2 N fertilization, N1)、160 kg N·hm-2 (reducing 1/3 N, N2)、200 kg N·hm-2 (reducing 1/6 N, N3) and 240 kg N·hm-2 (normal N fertilization, N4). Effects of reducing nitrogen applications on the yield, biomass distribution and the relationship between yield and biomass were researched. The result indicated that no significant difference on the yield was found among N2, N3 and N4. Varieties of WY178 and WK518 had
high yield. Compared to N0, grain yield of N2, N3 and N4 increased significantly averagely by 18.0% in Dancheng, Henan. WY178 had high yield under N0, N2 and N4 treatments. In Huxian, Shaanxi, there was no significant difference between N3 and N4 for grain yield, which averagely increased by 13.3% than that of N0. N0, N2 and N4 treatments of WK518 and DH528 had high yield. With the increasing of nitrogen application, shoot biomass increased first then decreased in Dancheng, highest biomass was in treatment of N2 by 19.12 t·hm-2, while no significant difference was obtained in Huxian. WY178 and WK518 had the highest shoot biomass content in Dancheng, while WK518’s in Huxian was 22.18 t·hm-2. The difference of biomass resulted from the difference of grain and stem. Grain weight of WK518 and stem weight of XD724 were the highest with 10.61 and 5.48 t·hm-2, respectively. The correlations between nitrogen application, yield and shoot biomass was significant, as well as regression equation between shoot biomass and yield. In conclusion, using high yield varieties such as WK518 and WY178, as well as reducing 1/3~1/6 nitrogen applications (160~200 kg N·hm-2) in the field could achieve high yield and high efficiency in maize production in Huang-Huai-Hai Region.

Effects of Maize Root Exudates on Allelopathy of Phenolic Acids in Soil of Continuous Cropping Peanut

LI Qingkai1,2,3, LIU Ping2,3*, ZHAO Haijun3, SONG Xiaozong2, LIN Haitao2, SHEN Yuwen2, LI Lin1, WAN Shubo1,3*

2020, 22(3):  119-130.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0482

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In order to explore the mechanism of the effect of maize root exudates on the allelopathic of phenolic acids in continuous cropping peanut soil in the maize intercropping peanut system, root exudates of maize during tasseling stage were extracted by CH2Cl2, and the effects of maize root exudates on the micro-ecological environment of soil containing different concentrations of cinnamic acid, phthalic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid through indoor simulated culture method were investigated. The results showed that phenolic acids significantly reduced soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents, inhibited soil microbial activity, soil enzyme (urea, acid phosphatase and sucrase) activities and nutrient content (alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus and the effective potassium), and the higher the concentration, the stronger the allelopathy inhibition (P<0.05). The allelopathic index of phenolic acids to soil microbial activity, microbial biomass, enzyme activity and nutrient content were decreased by the root exudates of maize, and the decrease of low concentration treatment was larger. Moreover, the soil respiration intensity, enzyme activity, microbial biomass and nutrient content of the three phenolic acids treatments were significantly (P<0.05) increased on the 5th and 10th day of root exudates treatments, and the allelopathic inhibition of phthalic acid on soil was the most affected among three phenolic acids. During the whole culture period, the effect of maize root exudates on the allelopathy of phenolic acids was the strongest on the 5th day, followed by the weakening trend. The allelopathic index of soil microbial biomass, microbial activity, enzyme activity and nutrient content decreased by 10.03%~64.13%, 9.72%~57.51%, 13.16%~78.85% and 5.88%~59.71%, respectively after root exudates treatments. Maize root exudates can reduce the allelopathy of cinnamic acid, phthalic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid on soil micro-ecological environment by increasing soil microbial biomass, microbial activity and nutrient content. Present research provided a theoretical basis for the technology of maize intercropping peanut to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of peanut.

Assessment on Water Requirement of Oat in Different Areas Using SIMETAW Model

WANG Chong1, LIN Qian2, SHI Xiaoyu1, LI Shuo1, JIE Xiaojing1, CHU Qingquan1*

2020, 22(3):  131-139.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0017

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To investigate the water demand characteristics of oat in North and Northeast China, the water requirement, moisture loss index, and coupled rainfall degree of early sowing oat (April to July) and late sowing oat (May to August) throughout the whole growing period from 1960 to 2014 were estimated by using SIMETAW model. The results indicated that average water requirement of late sowing oat was less than that of early sowing oat, but average effective rainfall was greater than that of early sowing oat. There were differences in spatial distribution characteristics of water requirement, and the spatial distribution of effective rainfall increased from south to north and from west to east. The moisture loss index of each site was less than 0, showing the effective rainfall of oat during the growth period couldnot meet the water requirement if irrigation is not carried out. The water requirement situations during the growth season of oat did not match the coupled rainfall degree, which caused precipitation to be insufficiently utilized. What’s more, coupled rainfall degree of late sowing oat was greater compared to early sowing oat. Consequently, it was approved to postpone oat date of seeding in time under appropriate soil and climate conditions, which was helpful to make full use of precipitation and reduce irrigation. The results provided reference for rational utilization of water and scientific planting of oat in study areas.

Analysis of Meteorological Factors Influencing the Variation of Main Agronomic Traits of Northern Winter Rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.)

JIN Jiaojiao1, HOU Xianfei2, LI Qiang2, JIA Donghai2, GU Yuanguo2, WANG Xuan1, ZENG Rui1, PU Yuanyuan1, WU Junyan1, FANG Yan1, LI Xuecai1, MA Li1, LIU Lijun1, SUN Wancang1*

2020, 22(3):  140-151.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0686

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In order to explore the meteorological factors affecting the agronomic characteristics of winter rape in northern China, three localities, including Altay, Urumqi and Kashgar in Xinjiang Autonomous region were selected; six cabbage winter rape varieties with different levels of cold resistance (Longyou 6, Longyou 7, Longyou 8, Tianyou 2, Tianyou 4 and Tianyou 7) were selected as research materials; and the methods of appropriateness analysis and correlation analysis were used. The effects of meteorological factors on agronomic characteristics, such as plant height, pod number of main inflorescence, pod number per plant and pod number of winter rape were studied. The results showed that with the decrease of latitude, overwintering rate increased, and agronomic characteristics became worse as well, in which the coefficients of variation of 1 000seed weight, plant height and pod number were 5.86%, 6.23% and 12.63%, respectively, and the coefficient of variation of pods per plant was 28.25%. Among the tested varieties, the coefficient of variation of agronomic characteristics of strong coldresistant varieties (Longyou 6 and Longyou 7) was smaller than that of other varieties, while that of weak coldresistant varieties Tianyou 2 was larger than that of other varieties. There was a significant positive correlation between agronomic traits and overwintering rate (P< 0.05), of which there was a significant correlation between pod number and meteorological factors (P< 0.05). Days of snow covered, annual rainfall and maximum snow thickness had positive effects on agronomic characteristics, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 0.877, while the lowest temperature in the coldest month, extreme low temperature on the ground, negative temperature and average annual temperature had negative effects on agronomic characteristics, and the cumulative contribution rate reached -0.871. Therefore, in northern cold region, the selection of winter rape varieties with strong cold resistance was beneficial to maintain the stability of agronomic characteristics and obtain better yield and economic benefit.

Study on Arthropod Community Structure Characteristics and Niche of the Main Groups in Different Kiwifruit Varieties Orchard

KANG Juxia1, CAI Peng2, WU Yaru2

2020, 22(3):  152-159.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0013

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Insect pest problem is increasingly serious with the continuous expansion of kiwifruit planting scale. To explore pest ecological regulation theory of different kiwifruit varieties, this paper chosed kiwifruit orchards in Guanzhong Region of Shaanxi Province mainly planting Hongyang, Haiwode, and Cuixiang 3 varieties; systematically investigated arthropod species and quantity of each kiwifruit variety orchards using 5 random points sampling method, net method, trap method and light trap method; and analyzed the community richness, diversity, evenness and dominance degree and two-dimensional ecological niches of main class groups. Results showed that the dominant pests in Hongyang kiwifruit orchard were Carabidae and Latridiidae, and dominance index were 0.309 4 and 0.224 5, respectively. While, that in Haiwode and Cuixiang kiwifruit orchards were both Latridiidae, and dominance index were 0.471 0 and 0.550 9, separately. There was no significant difference in arthropods community stability among 3 kiwifruit varieties. In pests-natural enemies system, the space-time niches overlap value of Chrysopidae and Aphididae in Hongyan kiwifruit orchard was higher, reaching 0.90. The niches overlap value of Eulophidae and Coccidae/Aphididae in Haiwode kiwifruit orchard were higher, reaching 0.84 and 0.79, separately. While, the niches overlap values of Chrysopidae and Aphididae were higher, reaching 0.91. That of Coccinellidae and Coccidae/Aphididae were also higher, reaching 0.82 and 0.75, separately in Cuixiang kiwifruit orchard. The results showed that there were differences in arthropod community structure and pest-natural enimals system in kiwifruit orchard with different kiwifruit varieties. Therefore, we can differentially use natural enemies to control insect pests. The results provided theoretical basis for protect orchard ecosystem and improve kiwifruit yield and quality.

Progress and Prospect of Aquaponics Technology

LIU Shuang1, AN Shiqi2, YAN Ziwei2, WANG Luyao1,2, FU Xiaozhe2, ZHANG Peng1*

2020, 22(3):  160-166.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0124

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Traditional aquaculture consumes a huge amount of water resources and nutrient substances, and subsequently leads to severe water pollution. Sustainable development of aquaculture can be achieved by developing new technologies for the rational use of water resources and nutrient elements as well as reducing negative impacts on the environment. The modern technology of aquaponics, known as the integration of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with soilless cultivation (hydroponics), utilizes the ammonia nitrogen in aquaculture wastewater as the nutrient substance of hydroponic crops so as to achieve the dual purpose of wastewater treatment and the growth of plants. Aquaponics served as a model of agricultural modernization innovation can realize a win-win situation of fishing and agricultural food production. This review focused on the issues of aquaponics including its development history, global distribution, composition elements of system and key technical parameters. Furthermore, the research direction of aquaponics in the future was discussed.

The Role of miR-204 on Vascular Development in Zebrafish Embryos

CHEN Qi1, YAN Shuaishuai1, XU Qianghua1,2,3,4*

2020, 22(3):  167-172.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0245

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Antarctic icefish (Chionodraco hamatus) is the only known vertebrate that lacks hemoglobin and does not have functional red blood cells. Compared with other Antarctic fish, C. hamatus has thicker blood vessels and more capillaries. Preliminary study has showed that miR-204 was expressed at significantly lower levels in blood vessels of C. hamatus than that of Trematomus bernacchii, its relative species. It was suggested that miR-204 might play important roles in the regulation of vascular development. Aim to prove the hypothesis, this paper selected model animal zebrafish as experiment material, used molecular biology techniques including embryo micro-injection, target gene prediction and dual-luciferase reporter assay system, investigated the roles of miR-204 in vascular development. The results showed that inhibiting miR-204 caused capillary hyperplasia of the trunk blood vessels in C. hamatus embryos. The luciferase assay showed that miR-204 significantly repressed the transcriptional activity of its target gene trib3. Meanwhile, after injecting miR-204 and trib3 together into zebrafish embryos, the GFP fluorescence intensity and GFP protein quantity were significantly reduced, indicating that miR-204 had an inhibitory effect on trib3. Trib3 was demonstrated initially to be a pseudokinase that inhibited mitosis in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and germ cells, and subsequently found to participate the regulation of atherosclerosis and diabetic angiofibrosis. Therefore, we proposed that miR-204 possibly regulated vascular development by repressing gene expression of trib3.

Optimization of Protocorm Proliferation Medium of Dendrobium huoshanense by Response Surface Methodology

GUO Huihui, LIN Congfa, JIANG Yuanbin, LI Zhigang

2020, 22(3):  173-180.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0778

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In order to explore sustainable development of Dendrobium huoshanense resources, this paper used response surface method to optimize the protocorm multiplication medium. On the basis of singlefactor tests, the mathematical regression model was established about the dependent variable (proliferation rate) through BoxBenhnken center composite design and response surface analysis. The results showed that the concentration of NAA and 6benzylaminopurine (6BA) had the most significant effect on the proliferation rate, and the interaction between 6BA and potato was significant. The suitable concentrations of NAA, 6BA and potato were 0.05 mg·L-1, 0.70 mg·L-1 and 185 g·L-1, respectively. At this time, the proliferation rate was 2 989.82% +205.55%, which was consistent with the predicted value of the model. Above results indicated that the response surface methodology was viable for optimizing medium composition in improving proliferation rate.

Callus Induction and Differentiation of Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) Koidz.

JIA Mingliang, FANG Hefang, LI Tongjian, WEN Feng, HAN Xingjie，JIN Hongguang，XU Lingling, LIAO Liang*

2020, 22(3):  181-187.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0123

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Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) Koidz. has high development and application value, and it is very important to establish the tissue culture system for its excellent strains. Taking the young branches and leaves of Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) Koidz. as explants, this paper studied the processes of aseptic explants, callus induction and embryoid induction, and analyzed the factors influencing the inhibition of callus browning. The results showed that: after 75% ethanol disinfection of 1 min and mercuric chloride sterilization of 12 min, aseptic explants were obtained. After soaking 3 min in sterile water, then explants were inoculated to the culture medium (MS + NAA 0.4 mg·L-1 +2, 4D 4.0 mg·L-1 + characoal activited 1.0 g·L-1 + sucrose 30.0 g·L-1 + agar 6.0 g·L-1) culturing without light, callus could be obtained, and the browning of callus could be effectively inhibited. The obtained callus inoculated on the media of MS + NAA 0.4 mg·L-1 +6BA 2.0 mg·L-1 + sucrose 30.0 g·L-1 + agar 6.0 g·L-1 could obtain the embryos, and then seedlings could be obtained after inoculation into a hormone free MS medium.