Table of Content

15 July 2020, Volume 22 Issue 7

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Study on Popularization and Application of Wheat Production Standardization——Taking Xinxiang County of Henan Province as an Example

AN Zhaoli, JIANG Heping, YANG Dongqun*

2020, 22(7):  1-9.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0859

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The popularization and application of agricultural standardization production has improved the production potential of national agricultural products and ensured national food security. It also plays an obvious role in improving the output of agricultural products, the quality of agricultural products and the agricultural production environment. Taking Xinxiang County of Henan Province as a typical case, the present situation of the development of wheat standardized production counties was analyzed. The results showed that the input cost and output value of standardized production increased compared with non-standardized production. The cost of land circulation was the key factor restricting the economic benefit of standardized production. In the process of standardization promotion, the popularization of wheat standardization production was blocked because of the frequent disasters, the limitation of production conditions, the high cost of land transfer, the lack of talents and the mismatch between the quality and price of wheat. In order to improve the efficiency of wheat standardization promotion, this study suggested to improve the ability of natural early warning, strengthen infrastructure construction, cultivate new agricultural operators and grass-roots service personnel of agricultural technology, improve production technology, establishing brand consciousness and so on.

Preliminary Exploration on Current Situation and Development of Maize Production in China

CUI Aimin, ZHANG Jiugang, ZHANG Hu, SHAN Hao, CHEN Wei

2020, 22(7):  10-19.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0508

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In recent years, with the implementation of the structural reform of the agricultural supply side, the price of maize has fallen back. There are some outstanding problems in the production of maize, such as high production, high inventory, low efficiency, difficult to sell grain and other prominent problems. Farmers’ enthusiasm for planting is frustrated, and maize production facing change. To position and develop maize industry in the future,the reduction of planting area is only the first step, and more importantly, the optimization and upgrading of all links of maize production. Based on the current situation of maize production, consumption and demand in China, this paper analyzed and studied the agricultural planting structure, labor force structure change, production and operation mode, variety innovation, quality and safety, production potential improvement, etc.. It also put forward some concrete measures, such as optimizing industrial structure, stabilizing corn production, adapting to the changes of labor force, speeding up the centralized cultivation of land, improving the planting efficiency, speeding up the original innovation of corn varieties, cultivating multiple highquality and efficient varieties, taking multiple measures at the same time, improving the safety quality of corn, combining utilization and improvement, fertilizing the soil and continuously improving the production potential of corn. Finally, the modernization of corn production would be realized, which was diversified, highquality, highyield, efficient, ecological, intelligent and sustainable.

Drought Resistance Analysis of 7 Foxtail Millet Hybrids and Their Parents

LI Huixia1§, ZHENG Zhiyin2§, TIAN Gang1, LIU Xin1, WANG Yuwen1, LIU Hong1, SHI Guanyan3*

2020, 22(7):  20-28.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0545

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Breeding for droughttolerant millet variety is the most important way to alleviate yield reduction caused by drought stress. Drought resistance of 7 millet hybrids and their parents was evaluated by investigating and testing their relative water content (RWC) of plants dug out from the soil after 12 h, and their root top ratio (R/T) in jointing stage, early heading stage and peak flower stage, and their drought resistance index (DI) of yield. The results showed that under drought stress conditions, Changzagu 466, Changzagu 333 and 17-400 had higher average value of RWC after plant leaving soil for 12 h in different growth stages. They were 5690%, 5452% and 5427%, respectively. Under drought stress conditions, 17-400, Changzagu 333, and Changzagu 281 had higher average value of R/T. They were 0223, 0218 and 0217, respectively. Changzagu 466 had the smallest difference value of R/T between treatments of drought stress and CK(D) in three growth stages. The average value of D was 0015. Changzagu 281 and 17-400 came the second. The average value of D of them were 0031and 0032, respectively. The value of D of male parents were basically consistent with their hybrids (correlation coefficient was 0818 5). Changzagu 466 had the highest drought DI. The DI value was 1019. Moderate drought resistant hybrids were 17-400, Changzagu 281 and Changzagu 333. There was certain correlation between the drought resistance of hybrids and their male parents. These findings provided a theoretical basis and guidance recommendations for breeding of droughtresistant millet hybrids.

Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Light Energy and Electric Energy Efficiency of Strawberry Under Different Light Supplement Positions

WANG Hao1, MA Wenli1, CHEN Yongwei1, BO Jianhua1, LI Zongze1, JIN Wei1, WEI Feng1,2*

2020, 22(7):  29-36.  DOI: doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0140

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Using strawberry as material and laser plant growth lamp (light quality composition red: blue=7:1) as light source, this paper studied the effects of different light supplement positions (top light supplement C1, horizontal light supplement C2 and no light supplement CK) on photosynthetic characteristics, light use efficiency (LUE) and electric use efficiency (EUE) in solar greenhouse. The results showed that: ①Compared with CK, C1, C2 significantly increased plant growth, and root development was better under C1. ② Through the observation of the photosynthetic characteristics of plants from north to south (I~V) in the greenhouse on cloudy days, it was found that the difference of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) between north and south was the largest in CK and the smallest in C2. ③The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves at 10:00 and 14:00 were measured under cloudy sky. It was found that the highest value of Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo was C2, and CK was the lowest; the highest value of NPQ was CK, and C2 was the lowest. ④ During the ripening process, the LUE in each treatment of strawberry fruit declined first, then increased and then decreased, and reached the maximum at 21 d after flowering. The variation trend of the EUE in each treatment was the same as that of light energy, reaching the maximum 14 d after the flowering. The quantum of light required to produce strawberry fruit per unit mass was the maximum CK (4905) and the minimum C1 (3171). The energy consumption per unit mass produced by C1 and C2 was 8207 and 8507 kJ·g-1, respectively. ⑤ The single fruit weight, yield, sugar, acid and VC of strawberry fruits treated with C1 and C2 were better than CK.

Characteristics Analysis of Mineral Element Contents in Wuyi Mingcong Tea Plant Germplasm Resources

SHI Yutao1, ZHENG Shulin1, WANG Feiquan1, CHEN Rongbing1, LI Yuanhua1, ZHANG Bo1, WANG Han2, LIN Li2

2020, 22(7):  37-50.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0018

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In order to investigate and evaluate the characteristics of mineral elements in Wuyi Mingcong tea plant germplasms form Wuyi mountain tea area, the content of 18 mineral elements in 28 Wuyi Mingcong tea plant germplasms were determined by ICP-OES and analyzed by factor analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that: there were abundant genetic variations among the 28 Wuyi Mingcong tea plant germplasms in the content of mineral elements. The average contents of 18 mineral elements were followed by the order of K>P>S>Mg>Ca>Mn>Al>Fe>Na>Zn>Cu>Ba>B>Ti>Ni>Cr>Co>Se. The coefficient of variation was ranged from 12.65% (P) to 47.86% (Fe) and the genetic diversity index was ranged from 1.66(Ti) to 2.47(Ca). Contents of Ca, K, P, S, Al, B, Na, Cr, Cu, Mn, Se, Zn obeyed the normal distribution and contents of Mg, Ba, Co, Fe, Ni, Ti obeyed skew distribution by W test. Correlation analysis showed that there was a complex correlation among these elements. The 28 Wuyi Mingcong tea germplasm samples were divided into 3 groups by cluster analysis. The result of factor analysis showed that Al, Fe, Cu, P, Mg and Co were the characteristic elements of Wuyi Mingcong tea germplasm, and 6 principal components were attributed from 18 mineral elements traits, which covered 78.30% message of 18 kinds of mineral elements .The top five Wuyi Mingcong tea cultivars for synthesis scores were followed by the order of ‘Shiru’, ‘Xiaohongpao’, ‘Dahongpao’, ‘Zuiguiji’ and ‘Xiangtianmei’, which could be used as good materials in Oolong tea plant cultivating. Our results could provide a scientific basis for the utilization of Wuyi Mingcong tea germplasms, new variety breeding and product developing of Oolong tea.

Study on Phosphorus Efficiency and Root Architecture of Stylosanthes spp. Under Different Phosphorus Levels Treatments

WEN Yifu, CHEN Dafei, SHAN Guilian, ZHAO Xiaoxue, DUAN Xinhui, HAN Bo, ZHOU Kai

2020, 22(7):  51-60.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0462

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In order to study the genotypic differences of phosphorus efficiency and relationship between phosphorus efficiency and root structure of Stylosanthes spp. under different phosphorus levels, three genotypes of Stylosanthes, including Pinefficient, Pefficient and Psensitive, were used as materials. Phosphorus nutrition characteristics of different genotypes of Stylosanthes spp. under 7 phosphorus treatments with concentrations of 0, 0020, 0035, 0050, 0075, 0100 and 0200 g·kg-1 were investigated. Root growth status of seedling stage of two representative genotypes (Pinefficient and Pefficient) were detected under phosphorus treatments of control (0 g·kg-1), Pdeficiency (0010 g·kg-1), and normal (0025 g·kg-1), so as to determine the relationship between root structure and phosphorus efficiency. The results showed that phosphorus content and phosphorus uptake of different Stylosanthes genotypes increased with the increase of phosphorus concentration, while phosphorus utilization efficiency had an opposite tendency. Phosphorus use efficiency of Pefficient genotype in all phosphorus treatments was the highest. With the increase of phosphorus concentration, the change ranges of phosphorus use efficiency of different genotypes showed the trend as following: Pefficient < Pinefficient < Psensitive. With the increase of phosphorus stress, number of lateral root, length of main root, root volume, surface area of root and active absorption area of root in Pefficient and Pinefficient genotypes both increased, while the root diameter both decreased. Root volume of Pefficient genotype was significantly higher than that of Pinefficient genotype, and it was better than that of Pinefficient genotype in other root configuration indexes. Varieties of Pefficient genotype were more tolerant to low phosphorus condition. Moreover, root morphology of Stylosanthes spp. was an important mechanism for adapting to low phosphorus stress. Present research provided a theoretical basis for high quality cultivation of Stylosanthes spp..

Developmental Rule and Correlation of Testicular and Semen Quality in Different Breeds of Boars

ZHAO Yunxiang1,2§*, GAO Guangxiong1§, FANG Cheng2, ZHU Lin2, LI Xiaohui1, YANG Wenjun1, ZHAN Conglin2

2020, 22(7):  61-68.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0160

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In order to clarify the significance of boar testicles in selection, the developmental rule of testicular and semen quality parameters and their correlation between them were studied. In this experiment, 936 boars distributed in the age of 280～1 409 d were selected as materials including 589 Duroc, 233  Landrace and 114 Yorkshire. Multivariate analysis of testicular  and semen quality parameters was performed by using a general linear model with fixed factors of variety and day-age grouping. Time-development curve fitting of total testicular volume and effective sperm count was carried out separately using a quadratic model depending on the variety. Partial correlation analysis between testicular  and semen quality parameters was performed by controlling age variables. Comparison of testicular size parameters showed Duroc> Yorkshire > Landrace, in which Duroc and Yorkshire were not significantly different (P>0.05), but both were extremely significant (P<0.01) higher than Landrace. In terms of semen quality, Landrace was better than Duroc, and Duroc was better than Yorkshire, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). However, in the volume, density, vigor and deformity rate, the differences were significant (P>0.05) or extremely significant (P<001) among the three breeds of boars. The testicles increased first and then atrophied with aging, and the overall quality of semen decreased with aging. The size parameters of the testes in three boar breeds were positively correlated with the amount of semen and the number of effective sperm, and most of them were significant (P<0.05) or extremely significant (P<0.01). At the same age, the testicular size of the three breeds of boars was Duroc> Landrace> Yorkshire, in which the fact that Landrace was  universally greater than Yorkshire. Taken together, the results of the semen quality comparison of the three varieties showed Landrace was better than Duroc, Duroc was better than Yorkshire, and Landrace was superior to Yorkshire which was universal.  The age when boar testicular atrophy begins could be used to establish a boar elimination time. When selecting a boar, one with the larger testicl should be focused on.

Effect of Rearing Density on Life Table Parameters of the Laboratory Population of Galleria mellonella L.

XUE Qiqi1§, MEN Lina1§, ZHANG Qian1, QI Jingyu1, LIU Chunyu1, FENG Dandan1, ZHANG Yuhong2*, ZHANG Zhiwei1,3*

2020, 22(7):  69-78.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0383

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The Galleria mellonella L. is a serious pest of honey bee colony, and also is one of the most important research model insect. The optimization of rearing conditions is very important for maintaining mass-rearing system and promoting research on insect immunity and insect pathology. Density is one of the most important biological factors in the rearing process, so it has an important effect on the growth and development of laboratory insect population or individual. Four densities of G. mellonella population were set at 20, 30, 40, 60 individuals·300 cm-3 in the present paper to explore suitable rearing density for laboratory population. The population and individual parameters were analyzed by age-stage two-sex life table to evaluate the effect caused by the rearing density. The results showed that the intrinsic rate of increase (r=0.136 3±0.003 7 d-1) and the finite rate of increase (λ=1.146 0±0.004 2 d-1) were the highest at the lowest rearing density (20 individuals·300 cm-3) among 4 treatments (P<0.05), and the net reproductive rate (R0=724.50±112.09 eggs) was the highest as well. The r and λ decreased significantly (P<0.05) when the rearing density increased, and R0 decreased as well. The age-stage-specific survival rate (sxj), cohort age-specific fecundity (mx) and age-specific maternity (lxmx) reached high level in the population at 20 individuals·300 cm-3, and the values decreased obviously when the rearing density increased. The pupal harvest rate of population was above 99% in all treatments. Given enough food, more individuals could be obtained in the same space at higher rearing density, but the developmental period of the population was significantly shorter at the lower rearing density. It was suitable for maintaining the population in the laboratory to rear G. mellonella at the lower rearing density, with higher reproductive potential. Therefore, the rearing density should be set reasonably according to the research purpose. The results provided a theoretical basis for further optimizing the laboratory population rearing of G. mellonella and promoting the study as a model insect.

A Review and Future Prospects on Cattle Recognition Based on  Non-contact Identification

XU Beibei1, WANG Wensheng1,2*, GUO Leifeng1, CHEN Guipeng3

2020, 22(7):  79-89.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0580

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Quick and accurate recognition of individual cattle is of great significance for disease prevention and control, genetic improvement of varieties, traceability of dairy products and meat products, and improvement of agricultural false insurance claims. Traditional cattle identification methods such as   hot iron branding, ear tattooing, ear tagging and radio frequency identification, are subject to equipment loss, duplication, fraud, animal welfare security, monitoring cost and distance challenges. Instead, based on biometrics, non-contact identification is a new trend in cattle identification due to its uniqueness, invariance, low cost, easy operation and high animal welfare. This paper reviewed several research progress based on non-contact cattle identification, mainly focused on the latest achievements of cattle face recognition, and discussed current challenges faced in the practical application of cattle face recognition. The design and future prospects of the application of deep learning in cattle recognition were proposed in this paper.

Research and Experiment on Obstacle Avoidance  of Citrus Harvesting Robot Arm Based on 3D Reconstruction

MA Jitong1, XU Hongbin1,2, WANG Yi1,2*, LIU Yanping1, XIONG Longye1, WANG Zhuo1, HE Yu1

2020, 22(7):  90-98.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0088

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In order to harvest citrus fruits smoothly, the problem of obstacle perception and obstacle avoidance needed to be resolved in the movement of the robot arm. In this paper, the branches were segmented according to the characteristics of the branches, and the deep learning Mask R-CNN neural network was used for training and recognition. Then, the three-dimensional information of the key points of the branch obstacles was obtained with the Kinect v2 camera for reconstruction. Improved algorithm of rapidly-exploring random trees (RRT) was used to plan the obstacle avoidance motion of the manipulator. The simulation and control platform was built, and the citrus harvesting robot developed by the research group was verified in the laboratory environment. The results showed that the successful rate of obstacle avoidance is was 90.7% and the average planning time  was 1.5 s. This study laid a foundation for further practical environmental harvesting.

Differences of Toxin Activities Among Different Pathogenic Strains of Fusarium verticillioides

LIU Mengli1, LI Jin2, ZHANG Jungao2, ZHOU Xiaoyun2, DU Pengcheng1, GUO Qingyuan1*, LEI Bin2*

2020, 22(7):  99-105.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0789

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In order to study the relationship between pathogenicity and toxin activity of Fusarium verticillioides, as well the effect of toxin on root protective enzymes of cotton seedlings, the cotton seeds and seedlings of variety ‘Xinluzao 82’ were treated with crude toxin solution of F. verticillioides hydroponically. Seed germination rate, radicle inhibition rate, seedling wilting degree, root conductivity, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in root were measured. The results showed that the activities of F. verticillioides mycotoxin was positively correlated with the pathogenicity of cotton seedlings and the activities of root protective enzymes. Toxins extracted from different pathogenic strains and their different concentrations had significant effects on germination rate and radicle inhibition rate of cotton seeds. After being treated with pathogenic bacteria toxin solution, the activities of SOD, PAL, POD and PPO in cotton seedling roots all increased first and then decreased, with the highest activity occurring within 12~24 h after treated. This study provided reference for understanding the interaction between host and pathogenic bacteria, and for the application of toxins in disease resistance breeding and new methods of disease control.

Identification and Characterization of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and P. atrosepticum of Potato Pathogenic Bacteria in Northwest China

CHENG Liang1,2

2020, 22(7):  106-116.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0138

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Northwest China is an important potato producing area in China, so to identify tuber soft rot and stem black leg pathogens of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, this paper constructed phylogenetic tree from 28 standard potato tuber soft rot and stem blackleg pathogen strains and 48 pathogenetic strains isolated from 5 provinces in China based on the 16S rDNA gene sequences. Pathogenic bacterial strains isolated from infected potato tuber and stem collected from 5 provinces were identified based on their morphological and cultural characteristics, biochemical and physiological methods, 16S rDNA sequences as well as subspecies/species region analysis. Pathogenicity difference among disease-causing isolates was analyzed by potato tuber inoculation method. The pel specific primers showed that all the 48 bacterial strains have pectolytic characteristics. 16 strains were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum with a frequency of 31.25% and 30 strains as Pectobacterium atrosepticum with a frequency of 64.50%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pectobacterium atrosepticum isolates clustered together with those identified in other parts of the world with 97% and 99% bootstrap support values, respectively. Pathogenicity assays using isolated representative strains showed varied levels of tuber maceration ability. Aggressive of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pectobacterium atrosepticum isolated strains were less than that of the standard strains. These results indicated that the causing agents of potatoes in Northwest region were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pectobacterium atrosepticum.

Genetic Variation Analysis of ROP16 Gene in Toxoplasma gondii From Different  Isolates

HUANG Mian1, FENG Weili2, ZHI Guanglin1, YANG Zipeng2, ZUO Kejing1, YANG Xiaoying2, CHEN Xuanjiao1, YUAN Hao2, YUAN Ziguo2*

2020, 22(7):  117-123.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0553

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To study the heritable variation of ROP16 gene (TgROP16) of   different Toxoplasma gondii strain, this paper amplified and analyzed TgROP16 gene sequences of the strains from different hosts and geographical locations. Phylogenetic analysis of TgROP16 genes from the examined T.gondii isolates was conducted with MEGA 5.05 using the Maximum Likelihood method program. Variation in TgROP16 sequences among the 9  examined T. gondii isolates were low with a homology of more than 99.0%. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of TgROP16 gene showed that the clustering of the 9 T. gondii isolates was not matched to the three classical genotypes. The results suggested that TgROP16 gene might be a promising vaccine candidate against all genotypes of toxoplasmosis because of its highly conservation among different strains.

Effects of Planting Density on Agronomic Traits and Yield of Mung Bean in North Shanxi Province

YIN Lili1, XING Baolong2*, CHEN Xiaoliang3

2020, 22(7):  124-129.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0647

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To investigate a suitable sowing density and evaluate the effects of densitieson mung bean in north Shanxi province, agronomic characters,  and yield of Jinlyudou 9 under six different planting densities were investigated and analyzed.The results showed that: plant height and yield displayed an increased trend first and then decreased with the increase of planting densities. Branch number, number of nodes, pods number per plant, grain number per plant and grain weight per plant showed  decreased trend, and 1 000-grains weight was not significantly changed. Correlation  and path analysis showed that yield was positively correlated to branch number, grain number per plant and grain weight per plant. Under the suitable planting density, increasing the branch number and grain number per plant could  appropriately improve production. The optimal prediction model for the relationship between planting density and yield was y=246.23+169.66x-5.67x2. The optimum planting density was 14.96×104 plants·hm-2 and the yield was 1 515.37 kg·hm-2.

Effects of Different Fertilization Methods on Soil Enzyme Activity, Soil Nutrients and Quality of Spring Cabbage

PU Quanming1, YANG Peng1*, DENG Yuchuan2, XIANG Chengyong1, LIN Bangmin1, LIU Lisha1, SHI Songmei3, HE Zemin1, YONG Lei1

2020, 22(7):  130-139.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0525

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Fertilization is an important factor affecting soil nutrients, soil biological characteristics and crop quality. In order to investigate the effects of cultivation methods on soil enzyme activities, soil nutrients in spring cabbage rhizosphere and cabbage quality in purple soil area of Southwest China, two types of earlymaturing and boltingresistant spring cabbage varieties were used as experimental materials using openfield cultivation experiments in Nanchong, Sichuan province. Four fertilization treatments, including 100% chemical fertilizer (CK), 70% chemical fertilizer + 30% organic fertilizer (T1), 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% organic fertilizer (T2) and 100% organic fertilizer (T3), were used to comparatively study the effect of applying organic fertilizer on enzyme activities and nutrients in rhizosphere soil of spring cabbage, and cabbage quality. The results showed that the application of organic fertilizer had obvious effects on soil enzyme activities, soil nutrient contents and cabbage quality. The activities of invertase, βglucosidase, urease, protease, acid phosphatase and catalase in rhizosphere soil of the same cabbage material showed the trend of T3>T2>T1>CK. Soil enzyme activities in treatments of T3 and T2 were significantly higher than those in CK. The contents of soil organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium in T3 and T2 treatments were significantly higher than those in CK, and T3 had the highest values. However, there was no significant difference in the content of soil available nitrogen between different fertilization treatments. There was a significant correlation between soil enzyme activities and soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium and other nutrient indicators. Under the same fertilization treatment, soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient content of different cabbage materials had no significant difference, but the quality of cabbage had significant difference. Increased the application of organic fertilizer can improve soil quality in purple soil region of southwest China, and thus could promote the improvement of comprehensive quality of spring cabbage. The present research provided a basis for the production of safe and highquality vegetable products and the development of sustainable agriculture.

Sap Flux Density Characteristics of Apple Orchards and Their Relationship with Environmental Factors in Gully Region of Loess Plateau

WANG Mengmeng1, DANG Hongzhong2*, LI Gangtie1, FENG Jinchao2, YAN Jingqiuzi1, HU Yang1, LI Xing1, YANG Chao1

2020, 22(7):  140-147.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0467

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In order to study water use characteristics of apple orchard in the loess gully region of Western Shanxi Province, the sap flow rate of Apple trunk in the main growing season (from April to September) was measured and compared with the environmental factors. The results showed that: (1) the trend of seasonal dynamics of sap flow rate in apple tree trunk was June > May > September > July > August > April. The diurnal variation of sap flow in typical sunny days from April to September showed a single peak curve. The peak values of sap flow rate in April to September were 1496, 1736, 1607, 1537, 1474 and 1674 cm3·cm-2·h-1 in turn. (2) The sap flow rate in the daytime was different from that at night. It showed an obvious circadian rhythm. (3) There was a positive correlation between sap flow rate and solar radiation (PY), net radiation (Rn) and atmospheric water deficit (VPD), and a negative correlation between sap flow rate and relative humidity (RH). The correlation coefficients between sap flow rate and environmental factors PY, Rn, VPD and RH were 0789, 0783, 0619 and -0482, respectively. The present research was of great significance for strengthening the management level of apple orchard and improving the quality and yield of apple.

Analysis of Nitrogen Composition and its Absorption and Utilization Efficiency in Rhizosphere Soil of Tea Tree

ZHAO Hu1,2, WANG Haibin2,3*, CHEN Xiaoting2,3, WANG Yuhua2, ZHANG Huabin2, DING Li2, KONG Xianghai2, SHI Guiying1*

2020, 22(7):  148-153.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0175

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In order to explore the effect of tea planting years on soil nitrogen composition, nitrogen absorption and utilization of tea trees, the rhizosphere soils from Tieguanyin tea plantations of 0, 4, 9 and 30 years old were used to analyze the soluble organic nitrogen (SON) composition in rhizosphere soil of different age tea trees, nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency of tea trees. The results showed that the content of amino acid SON in rhizosphere soil decreased from 46.83% to 22.71%, and the content of non-amino acid SON increased from 53.17% to 77.29%, with the increase of tea tree age. Analysis of the amino acid contents indicated that 14 kinds of amino acids were detected in the rhizosphere soil of tea trees of different ages, among which 5 kinds of hydrophobic amino acids were significantly increased with the increase of tea tree age, and 8 kinds of hydrophilic amino acids were significantly decreased with the increase of tea tree age. The results of nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency of tea tree showed that the nitrogen absorption efficiency, physiological nitrogen utilization rate, nitrogen efficiency and nitrogen economic benefits of tea tree were all decreased with the increasing of tea tree age. Correlation analysis results showed that soil age was significantly negatively correlated with soil amino acid SON, hydrophilic amino acid content, nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen absorption efficiency, nitrogen physiological utilization efficiency, and nitrogen economic efficiency, etc., while other indexes were the opposite correlated. In conclusion, with the increase of tea tree age, the soil nitrogen components and amino acid contents changed significantly, which further affected the nitrogen absorption and utilization of tea tree. The present research provided some theoretical basis for soil remediation of acidified tea plantation.

Sap Flow Variation Characteristics and Its Relationship with Meteorological Factors of artificial Haloxylon ammodendron(C. A. Mey.) Bunge in Summer in Ulan Buh Desert

HUANG Yaru1, LI Yonghua2*, XIN Zhiming1, MA Yingbin1, DONG Xue1, LI Xinle1, DUAN Ruibing1, LUO Fengmin1, BIAN Kai1

2020, 22(7):  155-165.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0431

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In order to investigate the water use process of artificial planted Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge in Ulan Buh Desert, and reveal the ecological adaptability of artificial planted H. ammodendron, the sap flow of artificial planted H. ammodendron planted in 1979 and its environmental factors in Ulan Buh Desert were tested and observed by using PSTDP8 sap flow testing system and automatic meteorological station. The fluctuation law of sap flow and its relationship with total solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, soil temperature and soil water content were studied by stepwise regression and correlation analysis. The results showed that the diurnal variation of sap flow in H. ammodendron stem was “single peak type” in sunny days and “double peak type” in rainy days. In summer, the sap flow started at about 7:00 in sunny days, peaked at about 9:30, and began to decline rapidly after 10:20, and basically dropped to a very low value at 21:30; there was still liquid flow appeared at night. The daily accumulation in H. ammodendron with diameter of 125 and 895 cm was 1423 and 260 L, respectively. In sunny days, the velocity of sap flow varied greatly, the flow velocity in the daytime was higher than that at night. The peak value of sap flow velocity in rainy days was significantly lower than that in sunny days, and the liquid flow at night in rainy days was less than that in sunny days. Correlation analysis showed that the environmental factors affecting the sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron were total solar radiation, soil moisture content, air temperature, air relative humidity, soil temperature and wind speed in sequence in sunny days, and the main environmental factors affecting the sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron were total solar radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity, soil temperature, wind speed and soil moisture content in sequence in rainy days. The present research provided theoretical support for the management of artificial H. ammodendron plantation, and had important theoretical and practical significance for management and protection of artificial H. ammodendron plantation in desert areas.

Effects of Nomadic Grazing and Settled Grazing on the Diversity of Fungi Community in Seriphidium transiliense Desert Grassland

YANG Jingjing, ZHANG Qingqing*, Tuerxunnayi·Reyimu, Amanula·Yimingniyazi, Xueretijiang·Maitinuri

2020, 22(7):  166-173.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0116

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Taking the S. transiliense desert degraded grassland in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain as the research object, this paper studied the effects of nomadic and settled on soil properties, soil fungi community composition and diversity in S. transiliense desert grassland by setting two gradients of light grazing (LG) and heavy grazing (HG) in nomadic and settled plots. The results showed that ：The content of soil organic carbon and available phosphorus in nomadic plots were significantly higher than that in settled plots (P<0.05), and the content of LG-N was the highest. A total of 590 662 valid sequences and 7 124 OTUs were detected in soil samples, including 8 phyla, 337 genera of fungi in which Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes were dominant phylum, and  Mycocentrospora and Penicillium were the dominant genus of nomadic and settled plots respectively. The relative abundance of unidentified genera reached 41.73% and 54.31% respectively. The Chao1 richness index of the LG-N was significantly higher than that of the LG-S, which were 730.350 and 497.446, respectively. There was no significant difference in the Shannon diversity index. Correlation analysis showed that soil organic carbon and available phosphorus were significantly positively correlated with Ascomycota and Zygomycetes, and negatively correlated with Unidentified; soil total phosphorus, available phosphorus and Glomeromycota, soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen and Rozellomycota gates showed significantly positive correlation. In summary, the nomadic light grazing soil fungi information was abundant, which could provide theoretical basis for the restoration and sustainable development of the degraded grassland of S. transiliense desert degraded grassland.

Development of a Universal Detection Method for cry1A Gene

DONG Mei, HU Xiaoying, MENG Lixia, WAN Yusong, LIU Weixiao, JIN Wujun, LI Liang*

2020, 22(7):  174-180.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0330

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cry1A gene encodes Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein, which is the most widely used insectresistant gene in genetically modified (GM) plants, including cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1A.105, cry1Ab/Ac, etc.. The detection method on targeting cry1A gene has particularly important in GM plants safety supervision and detection. Several cry1A gene detection method has been developed, but because of much difference among this gene sequences, the detection method can’t cover major GM events. Thus, this paper adopted the strategy of degenerate primers to develop a universal detection method for cry1A gene, detection capability covered 16 GM events. The development process included the establishment of detection method in the internal laboratory and the collaborative validation between laboratories. The results showed that this method could specifically detect the cry1A gene in the samples and limit of detection (LOD) was 01% under the condition of 04 μmol·L-1 primer concentration and 64 ℃ annealing temperature. The detection method of cry1A gene had comprehensive parameters, good repeatability and reproducibility, which providing a method reference of GMO supervision and detection.

Detection of Aflatoxin in Different Samples by Immunoaffinity Purification Combined with Photochemical Derivatization High-performance Liquid Chromatography

HUA Lixia, ZENG Hualan, JIANG Qiuping, HE Lian, YE Pengsheng*, ZHANG Xiaojun, WEI Shugu, ZHANG Xiaohong, ZHANG Min, WANG Mingjuan, HE Xiaomin, CHEN Chao

2020, 22(7):  181-187.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0393

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Aflatoxin （AFT） is a type of mycotoxin that is considered to be a human carcinogen, which commonly includes AFTB1, AFTB2, AFTG1 and AFTG2. Rapid and accurate detection of AFT is important for food safety security. In this paper, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method combined immunoaffinity column (IAC) with post-column derivation by photochemical reactor was carried out for sensitive detection of AFTB1, AFTB2, AFTG1, AFTG2 from 3 types of samples, including oil, nut and Aspergillus flavus cultures. The results showed that: IAC had good purification effect on the 3 types of samples, and could specifically adsorb AFT without obvious interference peak. After photochemical derivatization, AFTB1, AFTB2, AFTG1 and AFTG2 could be separated clearly within 25 min. AFTB1 and AFTG1 had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.1~40.0 ng·mL-1, and AFTB2 and AFTG2 had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.03~12.0 ng·mL-1. The application of immunoaffinity purification combined with photochemical derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography could not only accurately detect AFT in oil and nut samples, but also monitor the toxin production and toxin accumulation of AFT strains, which would provide important technical support for AFT research and prevention and control.