Table of Content

15 August 2020, Volume 22 Issue 8

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Current Status and Perspectives in the Development of Crop Genomic Design Breeding

LI Xinhai1,2, GU Xiaofeng2, MA Youzhi1, QIU Lijuan1, LI Yu1, WAN Jianmin1*

2020, 22(8):  1-4.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0636

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At present, with the rapid development of genomics, computational biology, synthetic biology and other basic sciences, the multi-disciplinary cross-integration of cutting-edge technologies including biotechnology, information technology, artificial intelligence et al., have given birth to a new breeding method “intelligent design and precision breeding”, driving crop breeding to the development of precision, efficiency and intelligence. The crop genomic design breeding has become the hot spot of crop seed industry in the new era. In this paper, we provided an overview on the international advancement in crop genomic design breeding, analyzed its status and challenges, and proposed the development strategies for innovation ability of crop breeding, which was significant for national food security in China in the new era.

Development Status and Countermeasures of Pond Aquaculture Industry in China

TONG Xinyu1,2, JIANG Senhao1,2,3*, GE Baoming1, TANG Boping1, LU Zhishen3, JIANG Congbing3, XU Hairong3

2020, 22(8):  5-13.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0890

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Since the founding of this new country for more than 70 years, Chinas pond aquaculture industry has made remarkable achievements. With the continuous deepening of supply-side structural reform, the new pattern of green development in pond culture has gradually formed, and the initial results have been achieved in industrial transformation and upgrading. This paper deeply analyzed the development and technique statuses of pond aquaculture industry in China, and then pointed out the problems in this industry. On this basis, this paper put forward the specific countermeasures that depended on the deepening industrial structure adjustment, perfecting laws and regulations, strengthening the construction of standards and technical systems, accelerating the application of new technologies and models and cultivating new scientific and technological talents etc. to promote the modernization process and green development of pond aquaculture industry in China.

Identification, Evolution and Stress Response of RCAR Family Genes in Wheat (Trticum aestivum L.)

SHI Mengmeng1, WEN Siyu1, ZHAO Jiajia2, QIAO Ling2, WU Bangbang2, ZHENG Xingwei1,2*, ZHENG Jun1,2*

2020, 22(8):  14-24.  DOI: doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.1027

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Evolution analysis and stress response of RCAR gene family in wheat is helpful for understanding the regulatory mechanism of RCAR genes in stress resistance. Based on conserved domains, 27 RCARs were identified from the whole wheat genome. They distributed on the chromosomes except chromosomes 5 and 6. The wheat RACRs were classified into 6 groups based on their evolutionary relationship, and 12 TaRCARs from GroupA and GroupB exhibited rapid evolution, with the ω values of 0349 and 0321, respectively. For GroupA, 3 sites (P>099) were identified to experience positive selection. 4 main cisacting elements were identified in the promoters of TaRCARs, which involved in abiotic stress response, light response, hormone response and plant growth and development. RNAseq expression profiles showed that TaRCAR1, TaRCAR2, TaRCAR4 and TaRCAR7 were constitutively expressed, whereas others showed tissue specificity. The RCARs showed different response patterns under drought and heat stress, the expressions of TaRCAR3 and TaRCAR6 increased within 12 h after heat stress, TaRCAR1, TaRCAR3 and TaRCAR6 increased in both drought stress and heat stress within 6 h, expression of TaRCAR5 was upregulated only after drought stress, and expression of TaRCAR7 was downregulated only under heat stress.

Adaptability Analysis of Different Soybean Varieties Based on Agronomic and Quality Traits

ZHANG Yongfang, GAO Zhihui, SHI Pengqing, HAN Zhiping*

2020, 22(8):  25-32.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0499

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In order to screen and introduce soybean varieties suitable for planting in Datong area of Shanxi province, seven soybean varieties including three fresh soybean varieties and four common soybean varieties were used as test materials; seven main agronomic characteristics including seedling period, growth period, plant height, pod number per main stem, number of branches, pod number per main stem and 100seed weight, and three main quality characteristics, including protein content, fat content and soluble sugar content were detected and analyzed using correlation analysis, principal component analysis and comprehensive score evaluation. The results showed that all seven soybean varieties could mature normally in Datong area of Shanxi province, and the adaptability of each characteristics was good. The coefficient of variation of seed number per pod and pod number per main stem were 173 and 062, respectively. Lyu 75 had the characteristics of early emergence, short growth period and good taste, therefore it could be introduced to Datong area as vegetable soybean variety. Cuishandadou and Zhonghuang 35 had the characteristics of excellent agronomic and quality characteristics, therefore they could be introduced to Datong area as main soybean variety. Correlation analysis indicated that seedling period, plant height were significantly positively correlated with pod number per main stem. Protein content showed a significant positive correlation with soluble sugar content, while fat content showed a significant negative correlation with number of branches. Principal component analysis and comprehensive evaluation analysis showed that Cuishandadou, Lyu 75 and Zhonghuang 35 had the highest comprehensive score, therefore they were the best varieties suitable for introduction and planting in Datong area. This study provided references for breeding and production of soybean in Datong area of Shanxi province.

Adaptability Evaluation of Different Common Buckwheat Varieties (Lines) in Northern Shanxi

WANG Hui, YANG Yuan, SHI Jinbo

2020, 22(8):  33-40.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0602

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In order to screen the best common buckwheat varieties suitable for local cultivation, the agronomic traits and yields traits of 12 common buckwheat varieties (lines) were collected in field trials from 2014 to 2016 in Northern Shanxi. Using high stability coefficient method, combining with the coefficient of variation of yield, high yield stability of varieties were evaluated.
Their adaptability were analyzed using principal component analysis. The results showed that the varieties of Qiaoza1, Tongqiao 1 had better yields. The stability of Zongtianqiao 2 and Tongqiao 1 were better. The cumulative contribution rate of three principal components of 12 common buckwheat varieties (lines) was 85947%. According to the comprehensive scores of varieties (lines), Youyutianqiao, Meng 0530 and Ningqiao1 were selected as the best varieties, and these varieties had the best traits in Northern Shanxi area. 12 common buckwheat varieties (lines) were divided into two categories by cluster analysis. Common buckwheat varieties in Type Ⅰhad the higher plant height, larger node number of main stems, larger branches number and heavier grain quality than those in Type Ⅱ.  The present research provided theoretical reference for the breeding of common buckwheat.

Germination Dynamics and Physiological Changes of Metabolism in Sesame Seed

SUN Jian, ZHOU Hongying, LE Meiwang*, YAN Tingxian, RAO Yueliang, YAN Xiaowen, LIANG Junchao, YE Yanying

2020, 22(8):  41-48.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0452

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In order to clarify the metabolic physiological changes of sesame seeds during germination and enrich seed biology of sesame seed, the germination of two sesame varieties was studied at 25 ℃ under dark condition. The changes of morphological changes, water absorption, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, amino acid content, crude fat content, free fatty acid content and lipase activity during seed germination course of 0 ～ 72 h were tested. The results showed that sesame seeds started to expand at 6 h after soaking, protruded at 12 h, the radicle began to grow rapidly at 24 h, the germ began to grow rapidly at 48 h, and germinated 72 h later. Water absorption rate showed a rising trend, which showed a rapid increase during 0 ～ 6 h and 24 ～ 60 h. Water absorption speed showed a change process of first decreasing, then increasing and decreasing again, among which the fastest decline appeared at 0 ～ 3 h, and a large increase again after the embryo began to grow at 48 h after water absorption. With the development of seed germination, content of soluble sugar and protein decreased first and then increased; the content of amino acid decreased continuously, and the content of crude fat was after 24 h; the content of free fatty acids decreased first, then increased and decreased again; lipase activity increased continuously; and the composition of main fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid changed very little. Therefore, during the process of seed germination, sugar metabolism initiated firstly, followed by protein and fat metabolism. The present research provided a reference for further study on seed germination mechanism of sesame.

Effects of NaCl Stress on Leaf Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Vitis sp. Rootstocks

YIN Yonggang, YUAN Junwei, LIU Changjiang, HAN Bin, LI Minmin, SUN Yan, JIA Nan, GUO Zijuan, ZHAO Shengjian*

2020, 22(8):  49-55.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0837

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In order to explore the response mechanism of grape (Vitis sp.) rootstocks to salt stress, one-year potted cuttings of 101-14M (V. riparia×V. rupestris, resistant to salt stress) and 188-08 (V. berlandieri × V. riparia, sensitive to salt stress) were irrigated with 0, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g·kg-1 of NaCl solution, and changes of chlorophyll content, photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were studied. The results showed that: with increasing NaCl concentration, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) decreased significantly, and the maximal fluorescence (Fm), potential photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), maximum quanta yield (Yield) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) showed a decreasing trend , while instantaneous fluorescence emission (F0), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) and chlorophyll content increased first and then decreased. These results demonstrated that the decrease of chlorophyll contents instead of stomatal limitation mainly caused photosynthesis reduction of 188-08 when NaCl concentration was 6 g·kg-1, and PSⅡ was impaired severely when NaCl concentration was 8 g·kg-1. However, chlorophyll restrictions mainly caused photosynthesis Ⅱ reduction of 101-14M when the concentration of NaCl reached to 8 g·kg-1, and PSⅡ damage of 101-14M occurred when concentration of NaCl came up to 10 g·kg-1.

Expression and Characterization of  Glucose Oxidase HaGOX From Helicoverpa armigera  in Pichia pastoris

ZHANG Yanli1,2, REN Liu3, ZHANG Yuhong1*, ZHANG Wei1

2020, 22(8):  56-63.  DOI: doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0435

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Pichia pastoris is one of the most widely used and most promising heterologous protein expression systems. In the study, Helicoverpa armigera glucose oxidase (hagox) gene was expressed in Pichia pastoris. The hagox gene was ligated into the pPICZαA plasmid to construct the Pichia pastoris recombinant expression vector. The Pichia pastoris recombinant strain containing hagox gene was constructed by electroporating the recombinant plasmid into Pichia pastoris GS115H. Then, the expression of recombinant protein HaGOX was detected by plate coloring, enzyme activity determination and SDS-PAGE. HaGOX encoded 606 amino acids, theoretical molecular weight was 66.9 kD and isoelectric point was 4.78. The optimal pH and temperature were pH 6.0～7.0 and 40 ℃, respectively, and optimal substrate were 6-deoxy-glucose and D-glucose. The specific activity of the recombinant enzyme was determined to be 13.63 U·mg-1 by using D-glucose as substrate, and there was no catalytic activity for other pyranose and disaccharide.

Experimental Study and Simulation Analysis of Rotary TillerAutomatic Leveling System Based on AMESim

WU Fan， JIANG Pin*， HU Wenwu， JIN Sheng， CHEN Geng

2020, 22(8):  64-74.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0834

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In order to maintain the level of rotary tiller in field operation, an automatic leveling system of rotary tiller was designed in this paper. The system consisted of control system, hydraulic system, threepoint suspension mechanism and actuator. The mathematical model of the machine was established under different conditions, and the simulation model of the hydraulic system was built based on AMESim software. The simulation results showed that the overshoot of the conventional PID algorithm was very obvious, and the stability time required after continuous leveling was more than 2 s, the overall adjustment time is long, which could not meet the requirements of the system, while the response time of the fuzzy PID algorithm was about 1 s, which was basically not overshoot, and the target time and stability time were significantly shorter. Field operation of rotary tiller with or without automatic leveling function was carried out. The results showed that the system with automatic leveling function had a significant improvement over the system without automatic leveling function. The maximum difference of tillage depth and height between the former was 23 cm and the latter was 94 cm. The stability coefficient of the former was 947%, while the latter was 94 cm. The former was less than 108 cm and the latter was less than 28 cm. In this paper, the influence of hydraulic system on leveling was studied, and the response speed of leveling, leveling control precision and system stability were analyzed in depth, which provided a basis for the uniformity of soil leveling and tillage depth of rotary tillage machine.

Automatic Counting Method of Wheat Grain Based on Improved Bayes Matting Algorithm

LIU Zhe, YUAG Donggen, WANG EN

2020, 22(8):  75-82.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0461

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For yield evaluation, the number of ear and spikelet in the field unit area is acquired manually, which often takes time and energy. In order to realize efficient and automatic spikelet counting, this paper proposed an automatic spikelet counting method based on improved Bayes image matting algorithm. Firstly, the improved Bayes matting algorithm was used to mat the wheat ear image under the natural growth condition of the acquired land to separate wheat ear from the natural background. Then the image was smoothed and binarized, and the iterative limit corrosion operation was used to corrode the binarized image, remove the awn in the wheat ear image, and separate each individual wheat ear and spikelets on the wheat ear. The area filter was applied to remove the area that was too small, and the black hole of the remaining area was filled, so that each individual wheat ear spikelet formed a separate connected region. Finally, the connected region was marked and counted, and the automatic counting of wheat ear spikelet was completed. In this paper, the spikelets of four wheat varieties were counted and validated by using the image of spikelets. The experimental results showed that the average counting accuracy of spikelets in single image of four wheat varieties was 94.53% and the average relative error was 5.47%. Compared with the automatic counting method of spikelets in the literature, the counting accuracy of spikelets of four wheat varieties was significantly improved.

Identification of Nitrogen Nutrition in Rice Based on BP Neural Network Optimized by Genetic Algorithms

LUO Jianjun 1, YANG Hongyun 2*, LU Yan1, YI Wenlong 2, SUN Aizhen1

2020, 22(8):  83-92.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.1058

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The genetic algorithm was used to optimize the BP neural network for rice nitrogen nutrition diagnosis, which provided theoretical guidance for the rational nitrogen application of rice. The rice variety used in field experiment was ‘Liangyoupei 9’, and four nitrogen levels (0, 210, 300, 390 kg·hm-2) were set. During the young panicle stage, the image of the third fully expanded leaf on the top of the rice was scanned, and the color and geometric features of the 19-dimensional rice images were obtained through image processing technology. Normalized processing, discrete wavelet transform and principal component analysis were used to preprocess the original data, and BP neural network optimized by genetic algorithm was used to diagnose nitrogen nutrition of rice. The rice nitrogen diagnosis model established by this method was better than the single BP neural network model and the traditional genetic algorithm optimized BP neural network model. The average recognition rates of the four nitrogen application levels obtained by the model tests were 100.000%, 99.000%, 97.000% and 100.000%, respectively, and the average total recognition rate of the test set samples reached 99.000%. The rice nitrogen nutrition diagnosis model established based on the genetic algorithm optimized BP neural network had strong learning ability and generalization ability, and could also well identify the lack of rice nitrogen nutrition, which indicated that the application of this method could be used to diagnose and identify nitrogen nutrition in rice very well.

Segmentation and Reconstruction of Overlapping Citrus Based on Contour Curvature and Distance Analysis

LIU Yu1, LIU Sa1, YANG Changhui1,2, WANG Zhuo1, XIONG Longye1

2020, 22(8):  93-101.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0200

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Accurate identification of overlapped fruits in natural environment is one of the problems that need to be solved in intelligent picking. In this paper, a new method of segmentation for mature overlapping citrus in the natural environment was proposed based on contour curvature and distance analysis. Firstly, the contours of overlapping citrus fruits were extracted and Gaussian smoothing was performed. The abnormal contour pixel points were found by means of the curvature analysis. Secondly, the two adjacent abnormal pixel points were sequentially connected to form a line segment, and the distance from the pixel point to the contour on the line segment was analyzed. The overlapping citrus contour segmentation was completed at the intersection of two adjacent normal segments, and the corresponding non-citrus contour pixels were eliminated by finding the abnormal line segment. Finally, the obtained citrus target was reconstructed by the least squares ellipse fitting method. The experimental results showed that the average error, non-coincidence and time of the citrus targets obtained by this method were 4.903%, 5.593% and 0.408 s, respectively, which were better than those of Hough transform algorithm and RANSAC algorithm, and could meet the intelligent identification requirements of mature overlapping fruits in natural environment.

Effects of Different Decorticators on the Yield and Quality of Ramie Fiber

OU Wenjing, WANG Xiaofei, YU Chunming, ZHU Aiguo, CHEN Jikang, CHEN Ping*

2020, 22(8):  102-107.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0930

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In this study, 3 kinds of ramie decorticators simple, pull-back drawing and reverse drawing  were set up to check the effects of different peeling technologies on the fresh weight stripping percentage, color difference, single fiber strength and chemical components of ramie fiber. The results showed that the yield and quality of ramie fiber produced by different decorticators were significantly different. All kinds of fibers were nearly yellow, simple-peeled fiber was the brightest, while the color of reverse-peeled fiber was the reddest. There were no significant differences on the fresh weight stripping percentage between the simple and pull-back drawing decorticator, which was significantly lower than that of reverse drawing decorticator. However, the main reason for the higher fresh weight stripping percentage of the reverse drawing decorticator was the significantly higher total gum content (28.21%). There were significant differences in single fiber strength among 3 kinds of fibers, and the single fiber strength, from high to low, was simple peeled>pull-back peeled>reverse peeled (25.86 cN). In conclusion, the quality of ramie peeled by simple drawing decorticators was best, pull-back drawing decorticator was better than reverse drawing decorticator. The results provided a theoretical basis for decorticator selection.

Mechanism of Insect Resistance of  Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)and Progress on Molecular Breeding

LIU Jianfeng1, YAO Ying1, ZHAO Jie1, SU Zhi2, WEI Jianrong1*

2020, 22(8):  108-115.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0875

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There are abundant germplasm resources of seabuckthorn in China, and they widely distributed in arid and semi-arid areas of north, northwest and southwest  China. The seabuckthorn can resist the bad environment and became an important ecological tree species for vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. Seabuckthorn has economic benefits. Its fruit has rich nutrition and is widely used as a food raw material. It is also widely used in health care products and cosmetics with its anti-oxidation and other effects. Because of few insect-resistant plants in the planting area, the insects problems are increasing by years. Due to the increasingly prominent problem of seabuckthorn pests, screening or breeding the excellent seabuckthorn varieties with strong insect resistance is important for vegetation reconstruction and ecological restoration. This paper summarized the insect-resistant mechanism and molecular breeding, and proposed some suggestions as follows: ① to carry out long-term field tracking investigation, and then select the insect-resistant plants of seabuckthorn. ② the key genes of insect resistance would be identified by using insect resistance traits which function would be verified to provide genetic resources for further breeding of seabuckthorn insect resistance varieties. ③ the biological functions of key genes would be analyzed by using the methods of omics and molecular biology, and molecular mechanism of insect resistance would be analyzed to  cultivate trees with  resistance to insects.④the biological functions and mechanisms of key anti-insect genes in the regulation of plant anti-insect should be researching via transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics and other omics and molecular biology methods.⑤ the cross-analysis with other disciplines from the molecular, cell, ecological and phenotypic aspects of comprehensive evaluation should be carrying out. In this way, the genetic mechanism of trees could be analyzed comprehensively from the integration of various disciplines. Those were aimed to provide references for molecular breeding research and application in genetic engineering, which was of great significance for further cultivation of trees with excellent insect resistance.

Spatial Distribution and Sampling Technique of the Overwintering Eggs of Apolygus lucorum in the Vineyard

GAO Suhong1,2, WU Haiyan2, WEN Xiaolei2, LU Changkuan2, ZHAO Chunming2, ZHANG Qi2, DING Yuanyuan2

2020, 22(8):  116-122.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.1007

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This paper used the frequency distribution, six aggregation indexes, Taylor power rule and Iwaos regression equation to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of the overwintering eggs of Apolygus lucorum in the vineyard. In addition, the aggregation reason of the overwintering eggs of Apolygus lucorum was analyzed and the theoretical sampling number was calculated. The results showed that: the spatial distribution pattern of the overwintering eggs of Apolygus lucorum in the  vineyard was aggregation distribution, and the higher the density of overwintering eggs, the more aggregation the distribution. Using the Iwao regression equation and Taylor power rule test, it could be found that the basic component of the distribution of Apolygus lucorum overwintering eggs  was the individual group, which attracted each other, and its aggregation degree had a great relationship with the worm density. The linear regression equation of mean aggregation number (λ) and average density (x) was λ = 0.931x-0.184 1(r=0.940 5). Under different densities, the mean aggregation number (λ) was less than 2, which indicated that the worm aggregation of the overwintering eggs of Apolygus lucorum was mainly caused by the effect of environment. Combined with the field investigation, the environmental factors such as the growth of grapevines, the density of winter buds scales, and the worm density may be the reasons for the aggregation and distribution of the overwintering eggs of Apolygus lucorum. The Iwao theoretical sampling number model was established by using the spatial distribution parameters of the overwintering eggs of Apolygus lucorum, which could determine the theoretical sampling number of the overwintering eggs of Apolygus lucorum under different worm density, and provided a theoretical basis for the accurate prediction of the density of the overwintering eggs of Apolygus lucorum in the vineyard in the future. The results not only enriched the spatial distribution pattern and sampling technology of the overwintering eggs of Apolygus lucorum on wine grape, but also provided a reference for the prediction and control of Apolygus lucorum in early spring wine vineyard.

Study on the Fusion Mechanism of Multi-system Food Classification and Coding in the National Health Commission

XIE Shuang1, XIAO Gexing2, ZHANG Chengmei3, WANG Yanan4, ZHANG Chaozheng5, LU Yang6, SUN Xiaohong1, TAN Hong1,7*

2020, 22(8):  123-131.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0093

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There are some problems among several monitoring systems of the National Health Commission, such as non-standard food classification and codings, non-unified hierarchy, difficulty in effective data correlation and deep mining. In order to solve the above problems: firstly, taking the food classification and coding related data in the existing National Food Contamination Reporting System, Foodborne Disease Outbreak Monitoring System and National Food Microbiological Risk Monitoring Data Summary Information Platform as research objects, compared the composition of food categories, design goals, classification levels and basis, coding digits and rules between the three major food monitoring systems; secondly, combined with Chinese complex diet structure characteristics, established a theoretical method and coding rules based on food classification + natures multivariate combination; thirdly, a food mapping and labeling system network platform based on the general standard system was established and a data mapping fusion mechanism was formed; finally, the mapping of food classification and coding in the three monitoring systems of the Health Commission was basically completed, and data fusion was realized. The general standard system established in this study has features of strong compatibility, evolvability and extensibility, which could realize cross-database query and statistics of existing food safety data. Provided a solution to further achieve cross-system, cross-department, and full-chain food safety business data fusion.

Drying Characteristics of Platycodon grandiflorum Slice by Hot-Wind Based on Weibull Distribution Function

LUO Yan, LI Wuqiang, WAN Fangxin, HUANG Xiaopeng*

2020, 22(8):  132-140.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0459

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In order to improve the drying rate and quality of Platycodon grandiflorum slices, by using hot-air drying technology, the effects of drying temperature and slice thickness on the drying characteristics of Platycodon grandiflorum slices were studied, and the Weibull distribution function was used to fit the drying curve and calculate the effective water diffusion coefficient, evaluated the quality of dried products by comparing the water activity and color under different drying conditions. The results showed that: the drying   was mainly  at lower speed, and increased the hot-air temperature and decreased the slice thickness to improve the drying rate. The suitable parameters of hot-air drying were drying temperature  55 ℃ and slice thickness  4 mm. The Weibull distribution function was used to simulate the drying data, and the determination coefficient R2 was 0.995 3~0.999 5, and the sum of squares of deviations 2 was 0.449 9×10-4~4.136 3×10-4, which could fit the hot-air drying process of platycodon slices well. Scale parameter α was inversely proportional to hot air temperature. The shape parameter β was mainly affected by slice thickness. Hot-air drying technology could significantly increase the chromatic aberration of platycodon grandiflorum and reduce the water activity of dry products. By comparing the microstructure of dry products under different drying conditions, it was found that the hot air treatment could reduce the surface cell damage and increase the drying rate. The results provided reference for the industrial production of platycodon grandiflorum under hot-air drying condition.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Analysis of Salinealkali Land in Northern Xinjiang

LIU Xinghong1, ZHANG Qingqing1*, ZHANG Peng2, ZHANG Guangpeng2

2020, 22(8):  141-148.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0476

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In order to explore the relationship between salinization degree and longitude, latitude and altitude in spatial distribution of salinealkali land in northern Xinjiang, based on soil survey results in 1985, combined with the results removing artificial oasis by Landest 8 remote sensing interpretation in 2015, taken the ratio of the area of salinealkali land to total area as an indicator of the degree of salinization in the test area, the distribution of salinealkali land in the area was analyzed by using 2 km × 2 km grid unit. The results showed that the degree of salinization in northern Xinjiang was obviously affected by topography and precipitation, especially by soil types. The degree of salinization in northern Xinjiang region increased from west to east (P=0838), mainly concentrated in the range of E90°～E96°, and salinealkaline soil accounted for 7562% to the total area. It tended to decrease from south to north (P=-0768), mainly concentrated in the range of N40°～N43°. The proportion of salinealkali soil area in the total area is 7782%. From low to high along the altitude, the trend was decreasing (P=-0774), mainly concentrated in the range of -160～500 m, and the ratio of salinealkaline soil to total area was 4741%. Analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics of salinealkali land in northern Xinjiang was of great significance for revealing the variation law of salinization degree in northern Xinjiang, promoting the rational development of salinealkaline soil resources in northern Xinjiang and maintaining regional ecological security.

Effect of Reducing Fertilizer Application on Dry Matter Accumulation, Yield and Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency of Beer Barely

BAO Qijun, PAN Yongdong*, ZHANG Huayu, LIU Xiaoning, ZHANG Dongjia, ZHAO Feng

2020, 22(8):  149-158.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0044

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In order to optimize northwest beer barley fertilization measures, this paper studied the effects of reduced fertilization on the growth, dry matter accumulation, yield, quality and fertilizer utilization of high-yield and high-quality beer barley ‘Ganpi 7’ selected by Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences.  4 treatments were set up including T1(N 0 kg·hm-2+P2O5 0 kg·hm-2), T2 (N 50 kg·hm-2+P2O5 50 kg·hm-2),  T3 (N 100 kg·hm-2+P2O5 100 kg·hm-2) and local conventional fertilization (N 150 kg·hm-2+P2O5 150 kg·hm-2) as a control (CK). The results showed that with the reduction of fertilization amount, the growth period of beer barley was advanced. The plant height, ear length and stem length increased, and the dry matter quality of leaves, leaf sheaths, stems and grains were lower than the control, resulting in both grain yield and net income were  significantly lower than the control. With the increasing of fertilization reduction, the reduced fertilization improved the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen and the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer, saved the fertilizer application rate and improved the fertilizer utilization efficiency and grain quality,  the grain protein content decreased, 1 000-grain weight increased, fullness (abdominal diameter ≥2.5 mm) increased. The comprehensive results showed that proper reduction of fertilizer application was one of the ways to improve the fertilizer utilization rate. However, if the fertilizer application was too low, the yield would be seriously reduced. T3 had no significant effect on the net income, which can not only reduced the fertilizer input, but also improved the utilization of fertilizers and grain quality of beer barley. Above results provided the theoretical and technical basis for achieving the goal of zero growth of fertilizer.

Ecological Effect of Root Exudates of Panax notoginseng on Continuous Cropping Obstacles and its Alleviating Methods

LI Haocheng1,2, ZUO Yingmei2, YANG Shaobing2, YANG Tianmei2, LI Jichao2, YANG Weize2, ZHANG Jinyu2*

2020, 22(8):  159-167.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0594

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As an important medicinal plant resource in Yunnan province, Panax notoginseng plays an important role in the field of medicine in China. Due to the serious continuous cropping obstacles in its production process, it restricts the development of planting industry, Chinese herbal slices industry, pharmaceutical industry and other related industries. In this paper, the species of root exudates of P. notoginseng and their effects on soil microbial community structure, soil physical and chemical properties, soil enzymes activities and plant growth of P. notoginseng were summarized. And the ecological effects of root exudates of P. notoginseng on continuous cropping obstacles were discussed, as well as the measures relieving and preventing continuous cropping obstacles of P. notoginseng.

Research on Leaf Characters and Nutrient Differences of Astragalus adsurgens under Photovoltaic Panel

TONG Xufang, WANG Ji*, MENG Zhongju, WEI Yajuan

2020, 22(8):  168-177.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0866

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In order to reveal the effect of photovoltaic panel arrangement on plant growth, this study selected Astragalus adsurgens as  subject  which were planted in 2016 at three typical parts such as the plate front edge, the plate back edge, and  under the plate,  and determined its plant height, leaf characters and stem and leaf nutrients. The results showed that: ① The plant height of Astragalus adsurgens was the under plate>the plate front edge>the plate back edge>the control group, and the maximal value which was the under plate was increased by 3070%、8750%、9997% than the control group, respectively. ② The specific leaf area of the under plate was increased from 18845 cm2·g-1 to 22024 cm2·g-1,but the specific leaf area of the control group was decreased from 13886 cm2·g-1 to 10214 cm2·g-1,the layout of photovoltaic panels made the leaves of Astragalus adsurgens grow longer and thinner and bigger. ③The N content and crude protein content of Astragalus adsurgens around the photovoltaic board were higher than the control group, while the P content increased significantly of the under plate from 008% to 019%, it could be seen that the photovoltaic panels were beneficial to the accumulation of N, crude protein and P. ④The fresh weight of aboveground biomass at each position was significantly higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the placement of photovoltaic panels could significantly promote the better growth and development of Astragalus adsurgens.

Diversity of Red Soil Bacterial Community in Coffee-growing Regions of Tropical Yunnan

FAN Fan1, LI Zhengtao1, LI Shiyu1,2, SHAN Yunhui3, HUANG Jiaxiong4, LYU Yulan4, HE Feifei1, Qin Shiwen1*

2020, 22(8):  178-186.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0801

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For better understanding the distribution of red soil bacterial community in tropical coffee-growing regions of Yunnan, diversity of red soil bacterial community with different coffee cultivation years in Lujiangba (dry tropical region of Yunnan) and Mang city (humid tropical region of Yunnan) were investigated by a high-throughput sequencing. The clean reads with an average number of 80 167 and the observed bacterial species with an average number of 3 118 were detected from five soil samples by using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing technique. A total of 39 bacterial phyla were detected, and Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla in all red soil bacterial communities. Bacterial community composition, abundance, diversity and dominant genera of red soil in Lujiangba and Mang city were apparently different. The species and richness of red soil bacterial community in coffee-growing region of Lujiangba planted for  5 and 8 a were more and higher than those in Mangshi for 4 and 6 a. But the species and richness of red soil bacterial community in coffee-growing region of Lujiangba had no significant difference with those in Mang city with 20 a cultivation. With increase of coffee cultivation years, the dominant genera of red soil bacterial communities changed, but the bacterial community richness and diversity had no significant difference. These results provided insight into the function of red soil bacterial community in coffee-growing regions of Tropical Yunnan and would contribute to the sustainable development of Yunnan coffee.