Table of Content

15 December 2023, Volume 25 Issue 12

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Countermeasures and Suggestions for Promoting the Industrialization of China’s Biological Breeding Technology

Jingli GUO, Yuhong ZHANG, Caijiao SHENG

2023, 25(12):  1-5.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0608

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Compared with traditional breeding technology， modern biological breeding technology has many advantages， such as high efficiency， good precision and short R&D cycle. It has become the research focus in the global seed industry. This article summarized the current development status of biological breeding industrialization in China， and proposed promotion strategies and suggestions based on the problems existing in the industrialization development. In China， modern biological breeding technologies represented by transgenic， gene editing， and genomic selection technologies are progressing in parallel with developed countries， and pilot projects for the industrialization of biological breeding have been initiated. Positive progress has been made in the industrialization of biological breeding in China， with the biological breeding industry becoming an important driver of rural economic development， the establishment of a preliminary technological innovation system across the entire industry chain， and the formation of a basic industrial policy and regulatory system. However， there are still prominent issues that need to be addressed， such as a high dependence on foreign R&D equipment in biological breeding， constraints on key core technologies， weak market competitiveness， and a lag in the supporting system for intellectual property rights in industrial applications of biological breeding. It is urgent to strengthen the construction of the biological breeding organization system， the technology research and development system， the scientific and technological equipment system， and the market supervision system. Emphasis should be placed on cultivating large multinational market entities to provide support for the orderly development of China’s industrialization of biological breeding.

Global Genetically Modified Crop Industrialization Trends in 2022

Haohui LI, Caiyue LIU, Haiwen ZHANG, Xujing WANG, Qiaoling TANG, Youhua WANG

2023, 25(12):  6-16.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0756

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Since the commercialization of genetically modified （GM） crops in 1996， their industrial applications have developed rapidly in worldwide with increasing planting area and crop types， which have significant economic and social benefits. This paper analyzed the global situation of GM crops cultivation in 2022， and the development trends of major countries and regions planting GM crops. In 2022， the planting area of GM crops accounted for about 12% of the total arable land area with an increase of 3.3%. The number of the countries approved to cultivate GM crops increased to 29， and 71 countries and regions approved the commercial application of GM products. Based on the planting area of GM crops， the GM corn and soybean were dominant， and the planting area of the GM crops with multiple traits was also constantly expanding. The industrial applications of GM crops will become new growth driver for agricultural production and economic development， and the applications and effects of GM crops will continuously increase with the iterative upgrading of bioengineering breeding technologies.

Development Status and Prospects of Rice Industry in Heilongjiang Province

Yingnan GU, Xin LIU, Jingyuan WANG, Xinyu DUAN, Ying HUANG, Qingjuan LIN, Yanxia LIU, Hongwen BI

2023, 25(12):  17-25.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1005

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In recent years， the rice industry in Heilongjiang province has developed well in planting， production and marketing， but there are still some problems such as quality degradation and low efficiency of processing enterprises. In order to promote the development of high-quality rice industry in Heilongjiang province， and improve productivity and efficiency，based on the statistical yearbook data of Heilongjiang province， field survey information and literature data， this paper analyzed the change characteristics of rice variety breeding， production and planting， quality， processing and sales of japonica rice in Heilongjiang province from 2016 to 2021， put forward suggestions to accelerate the development of rice industry in Heilongjiang province， including the construction of research and innovation center of seed industry， the construction of green ecological demonstration area and the strengthening of rice processing industry， which provided a variety of feasible ideas for the development of rice industry in Heilongjiang province.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Meta-analysis of QTL for Salt Tolerance-related Traits at Seeding Stage in Cotton

Wenjun YANG, Yuting ZHU, Jie ZHANG, Kaixiang XU, Congmin WEI, Quanjia CHEN

2023, 25(12):  26-34.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0283

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To explore the real quantitative trait loci （QTL） controlling salt tolerance at seeding stage in cotton， 194 QTLs for 19 traits from 3 mapping populations were integrated， mapped and QTL meta-analysis by BioMercator V4.2.3 software， which the high-density genetic linkage map of cotton was as a reference. The results showed that a total of 11 meta quantitative trait loci （MQTL） of salt tolerance-related traits at seeding stage were mined by the QTL consensus map in cotton， and each MQTL contained at least 3 original QTLs， which located on 10 chromosomes including A03， A06， A11， A12， A13， D01， D06， D07 and D08. The shortest confidence interval narrowed to 0.92 cM. Candidate gene prediction of MQTL intervals on chromosome A11 showed that 14 candidate genes were associated with salt tolerance at seeding stage in cotton. These results provided a theoretical basis for fine mapping of QTL for salt tolerance-related traits at seeding stage in cotton and molecular selection-assisted breeding.

Study on Productivity Differences and Correlation of Sugarcane Varieties with Different Tillering Characteristics

Yegeng FAN, Lihang QIU, Rongfa CHEN, Huiwen ZHOU, Yanjiao LI, Haifeng YAN, Hanmin LUO, Zhongfeng ZHOU, Yuchi DENG, Jianming WU

2023, 25(12):  35-43.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0287

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In order to provide a reference basis for reasonably promoting sugarcane tillering and constructing a reasonable population structure， the productivity differences and internal relationships of sugarcane varieties with different tillering characteristics were analyzed. 3 varieties including Guitang 29 with strong tillering， Guitang 42 with medium tillering and Guitang 03-2112 with weak tillering were selected as materials， the two-year field plot experiment was conducted to explore the characteristics of sugarcane varieties with different tillering characteristics and the factors involved in yield and their relationship. The results of the two-year experiment showed that the tillering ability of sugarcane was directly proportional to the tillering rate， and the difference of tillering rate among strong， medium and weak varieties reached a very significant level. The number of effective stems among different varieties also showed similar results. The effective stems of Guitang 29 with strong tillers was 20 575·hm^-2 more than that of Guitang 03-2112 with weak tillers， and the difference reached a significant level. Through the analysis of sugarcane quality， it was found that the sucrose content of Guitang 29 with strong tillering and Guitang 42 with medium tillering were significantly higher than that of Guitang 03-2112. The sucrose content of the main stems of these 3 varieties were higher than that of their tillering stems. Among them， the sucrose content of the main stems of these 3 varieties in 2019 were significantly higher than that of the tillering stems. The results of correlation analysis showed that in the process of sugarcane yield formation， the contribution of tillering rate and seedling emergence rate to yield was independent. There was a highly significant positive correlation between the number of effective stems per unit area and the tillering rate of sugarcane， but there was no significant negative correlation between the plant height and stem diameter of varieties with different tillering capacity and the tillering rate. Interestingly， there was a significant positive correlation between tillering rate and sucrose content. The above results showed that there was no internal correlation between the emergence and tillering of varieties in the process of sugarcane yield formation. Sugarcane varieties with strong tillering ability had high tillering rate， and more effective stems could be obtained by promoting tillering into stems， but varieties with medium and weak tillering ability had obvious advantages in plant height and stem diameter in yield formation. It could be seen that sugarcane varieties with different tillering ability could coordinate the situation of main seedlings and tillering seedlings， integrate the growth and development of important yield traits to form a reasonable proportion of main stem and tiller stem， so as to achieve high yield of sugarcane. Therefore， this study would provide a theoretical basis for building robust individuals and high-yield groups， giving full play to the productivity of sugarcane tillers， and realizing stable and high-yield cultivation.

Analysis of ‘Daqing Grape’ Quality Index Based on Big-trellis in Open Field Cultivation

Yinan JIA, Zhongwu WAN, Chang XU, Guangdi ZHANG, Jianglong WANG, Kunming ZHANG, Xiaojian HOU, Wenyi BAO, Yu WANG, Weijun CHEN

2023, 25(12):  44-57.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0366

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In order to realize the quality directional control and establish the quality evaluation system of open-field cultivation with big-trellis for‘Daqing grape’ （Vitis vinifera L. Daqing）， at fruit mature stage， the related components of chemical， texture indicators and volatile organic compounds of ‘Daqing grape’ fruits at different spatial positions on the big-trellis and per grape-cluster were determined by texture profile （TPA） analysis and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） technology. The results showed that compared with‘the middle fruit of big-trellis’（TMF） and‘the anterior fruit of big-trellis’（TAF）， the contents of total sugar （Ts） and vitamin c （Vc） in‘the posterior fruit of big-trellis’（TPF） fruit significantly （P<0.05） increased by 8.92% and 10.38%， 22.29% and 62%， respectively， but total acid （Ta），TAF fruit had the highest content， which increased by 11.81% and 17.21%， respectively， compared with TMF and TPF； the contents of soluble solids （Tss）， Ts and Vc of ‘the shoulder fruit of single ear grapes’（TSF） were significantly （P<0.05） higher than those of the tip fruit of single ear grapes（TTF）， and increased by 5.62 %， 6.10 % and 13.02 %， respectively. The Ta content of TTF was the highest， which was 9.46% higher than that of TSF. The analysis of physical indicators showed that the single grain weight and hardness of TPF fruit were higher than those of TMF and TAF， and increased by 14.84 % and 19.12 %， 4.44 % and 5.36 %， with significant differences （P<0.05）； the fruit single grain weight and hardness of TSF were higher than those of TTF， and with increasing of 6.02 % and 3.22 %. The visualization analysis of volatile organic compounds for fruit by GC-IMS technology showed that TAF fruits possessed the aroma characteristics of grass and malt. TMF showed a kind of fat aroma； and the fruit （pineapple， citrus）， green grass aroma characteristics were shown at TPF； concomitantly， the peak volume of esters and terpenoids in TPF fruit was significantly （P<0.05） higher than those in TMF and TAF， such as ethyl acetate， ethyl propionate， α-terpinene， etc.， with increasing of 602.00%， 98.10%， 372.13% and 5 897.80%， 744.00%， 1 969.28% ； and the aromas of green grass and cream （E-2-hexenal， 3-hydroxy-2-butanone） were prominent in TTF， while the aroma of fruit and nut （n-pentyl butanoate， acetoxyacetone， guaiacol） were obvious in TSF； the accumulation of some esters and terpenoids （ β-pinene， α-phellandrene， ethyl acetate， etc. ） in the TSF fruit were significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in the TTF， with the increasing of 27.68%， 50.88%， and 785.43%.This paper combined the chemical indicators， with physical indicators and volatile organic compounds characteristics， the quality orders of ‘Daqing grape’ fruits at different spatial positions on the big-trellis were TPF>TMF>TAF， and TSF>TTF at different spatial positions of per grape-cluster. It was found that there were differences in fruit quality and volatile organic compounds at different spatial positions on the big-trellis in open field cultivation of ‘Daqing grape’， and it also showed that quality differences of per grape-cluster fruit at different spatial positions. Above results indicated that the importance of directional regulation of pre-harvest quality and establishment quality evaluation system for‘Daqing grape’ fruit， to guide post-harvest fresh-keeping and supply of different target markets.

Effects of Early Bolting on Growth and Quality of Angelica dahurica

Ping WU, Xiaoyu WANG, Junxia GUO, Songlin ZHANG, Qingmiao LI, Qingmao FANG

2023, 25(12):  58-66.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0334

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In order to explore the effects of early bolting on the growth and quality of Angelica dahurica， 8 different sampling times were set during the growth of early bolting and non-bolting （normal growth） of Angelica dahurica to analyze agronomic characters of plant and the coumarins content in the roots were determined. The results showed that the plant height， number of fresh leaves， aboveground fresh weight and aboveground dry weight of early bolting and non-bolting plants of Angelica dahurica increased at first and then decreased during the growth， while the root length， root diameter， root fresh weight， root dry weight and root shoot ratio increased gradually. There were significant differences in plant height， aboveground fresh weight， aboveground dry weight， root dry weight， and root drying rate between early bolting and non-bolting plants of Angelica dahurica. In the whole growth process， the plant height， aboveground fresh weight and aboveground dry weight of early bolting plants were significantly higher than those of non-bolting plants， and the root drying rate of early bolting plants was significantly lower than non-bolting plants. In the early growth stage （before April 6）， imperatorin and isoimperatorin content in the roots of non-bolting plants were significantly higher than those of early bolting plants. The content of imperatorin and isoimperatorin alternated between non-bolting and early bolting plants in the middle growth period. At harvest time （July 14）， the content of imperatorin and isoimperatorin in non-bolting plants were 0.283 8% and 0.157 9%， which were higher than 0.268 8% and 0.068 0% of early bolting plants， and the content of isoimperatorin was significantly different. Early bolting not only affected the aboveground growth of Angelica dahurica， but also affected the underground root weight and coumarins content.

Effects of Estrus Cycle on Expression of Ovarian Biological Clock-related Genes of Xiang Pig

Liangting TANG, Shihui HUANG, Xi NIU, Sheng LI, Jiafu WANG, Xueqin RAN

2023, 25(12):  67-84.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0132

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The biological clock plays a critical role in the reproductive system of various living organisms like swine. To examine the effects of estrus cycle on the expression of ovarian biological clock-related gene in Xiang pig， this study analyzed the expression and alternative splicing of biological clock-related genes in ovary during estrus and diestrus periods. In total， 90 clock-related genes expressed in the ovaries of the Xiang pig were detected and 33 clock-related genes differentially expressed between estrous and diestrous stages. 44 differential splicing events were identified from the transcripts of 34 biological clock-related genes. Furthermore， it was found 20 genes including the core clock components， arntl and cry1 were differentially regulated only at AS level and 14 genes， including per1 and clock， were differentially regulated at both expression and AS levels. We also proved that the core clock genes per1， cry1， clock and arntl and the clock-related genes， ppp1cb and ntrk1 were rhythmically expressed in Xiang pig ovaries by RT-qPCR experiments. The results demonstrated that the biological clock in the ovaries of Xiang pig might play an important role in regulating the ovarian physiological functions by the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation.

Lavender LaGGPPS5 Gene Catalyzing Terpenoids Synthesis in Escherichia coli

Junqi YUE, Yueriyeti Sali, Kelaremu Kelimujiang, Yongkun CHEN

2023, 25(12):  85-92.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0759

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Isoprenyl diphosphate synthase （IDS） plays an important role in the the diversification of plant terpene synthesis.. LaGGPPS5 was cloned from lavender plant， and its open reading frame of LaGGPPS5 was 1 038 bp and encoded 345 amino acids with a relative molecular mass of 37.20 kD. LaGGPPS5 expressed significantly higher level in lavender stems and leaves compared to other plant tissues， while it nearly was absent in flower buds and flowers. A recombinant Escherichia coli strain was constructed through multiplasmid co-transformation， utilizing fundamental vectors contained upstream genes in MVA pathway. The recombination LaGGPPS5 displayed a 37 kD band following induction by IPTG， consistent with the anticapted molecular weight of the protein. The GC-MS analysis of fermentation products demonstrated that the BL21 （DE3） strain of recombinant LaGGPPS5 successfully synthesized a total of 25 monoterpenes， sesquiterpenes and their derivatives， including geranyl acetate， trans， trans-farnesyl acetate， citronellol acetate， nerol acetate， 2，3-dihydro farnesyl acetate， trans-farnesol， geraniol， etc. The terpenoid components constituted a significant proportion of 88.2% of the overall volatile matter. Notably， geranyl acetate and trans， trans-farnesyl acetate accounted for 43.21% and 20.36% of the total content， and the volatile compounds of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenes accounted for 65.38% and 34.62% of the total terpenoids， respectively. These findings indicated that LaGGPPS5 had dual functionality as both geranyl diphosphate synthase （GPPS） and farnesyl diphosphate synthase （FPPS）. The results of this study offered valuable insights for enhancing the molecular composition of plant aromatic constituents and the fermentation of terpenes through the manipulation of E. coli engineering bacteria utilizing LaGGPPS5 gene.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Optimization of Air Duct Parameters of Air Supply Spray Device Based on CFD

Shaobo LI, Kuo ZHANG, Jia WANG, Jianping LI, Shuteng LIU

2023, 25(12):  93-102.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0586

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The wind filtering performance of air duct in the spray device has an important influence on the operation quality of the orchard air feeder. The outlet wind speed of air duct and the longitudinal width of wind field are the essential indexes to determine the performance of the spray system. The air duct wind field was simulated and the reliability of the simulation model and calculation was confirmed by the benchmarking test. Single factor test and response surface parameter optimization test were constructed to analyze the influence of angle between cylinder wall and axis， cone length and fan speed on wind gathering performance of air duct. The results showed that the wind speed was significantly affected by the length of the fan and the rotational speed of the fan. Increasing the rotational speed of the fan or decreasing the length of the fan was helpful to improve the wind speed. The length of air duct， angle between cylinder wall and axis and fan speed had significant influence on the longitudinal width， and the significant influence order was length of air duct > angle between cylinder wall and axis > fan speed. The optimal design combination of air duct parameters was the length of the air duct was 540 mm， angle between cylinder wall and axis was 3°， and the rotational speed of the fan was 2 000 r·min^-1. Under this combination， the wind speed was 8.98 m·s^-1， and the longitudinal width of the wind field was 1 627 mm. This paper provided references for the structural design of sprayer.

Ventilation Control Model of Cucumber in Facility Based on Environmental Factors

Pengju LIU, Pingzeng LIU, Dalei ZHANG, Yan ZHANG, Hui LI, Lining LIU, Fangjun DING

2023, 25(12):  103-110.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0035

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To precisely control the opening size of the cucumber greenhouse air vents in facilities， this paper studied prediction of temperature change in greenhouse. Taking the opening size and greenhouse tuyere both inside and outside environment factor as input factors， temperature prediction model was built by the method of stepwise regression.The results showed that the minimum determination coefficient R² was 0.941. Principal component analysis was used to establish the expression of cucumber growth potential， and Lasso regression method was used to build the greenhouse cucumber growth model based on environmental factors. Finally， the temperature prediction model was combined with the cucumber growth model to construct special tuyere control model， which realized the automatic control of the tuyere opening size of the greenhouse， and then improved the intelligent management level of the cucumber greenhouse.

Calibration of Interparticle Contact Parameters of Kitchen Waste Composition Based on EDEM

Miao YU, Haibin ZHOU, Jingtao DING, Hongsheng CHENG, Yujun SHEN, Shengyuan FAN, Xi ZHANG, Jian WANG, Pengxiang XU, Qiongyi CHENG

2023, 25(12):  111-120.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0601

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The complexity of kitchen waste raw materials leads to the problem that parameters are not easy to obtain in the simulation research of kitchen waste aerobic composting. This study calibrated the contact parameters of kitchen waste by combining physical accumulation test with EDEM simulation test. Plackett-Burman （P-B） test was used to screen the significance of 9 parameters to be calibrated. The results showed that the rolling friction coefficient between particles， Johnso-Kendall-Roberts （JKR） surface energy and the static friction coefficient between particles and geometry had significant effects on the stacking angle of kitchen waste. By using the climbing test and the Box-Behnken （B-B） test， the optimal value interval and the combination of the optimal values that significantly affected the parameters were obtained： the rolling friction coefficient of kitchen waste-kitchen waste was 0.11， the surface energy of JKR was 0.13 J·m^-2， the static friction coefficient of kitchen waste-stainless steel was 0.73. The simulation results showed that the average relative error was 4.3%， and the calibration of the contact parameters of kitchen waste was reliable. This study could provide reference for simulation research of kitchen waste treatment and resource utilization equipment.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Application of Functionalized Mesoporous Silica-based Nanomaterial in the Field of Pesticide

Tingze YANG, Yi JIANG, Meijing WANG, Zhongxuan HU, Weilan HUANG, Litao WU, Hua PAN, Fang ZHANG

2023, 25(12):  121-137.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0652

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With the rapid development of nanotechnology， nanomaterials have brought revolutionary changes to the field of agriculture due to their small size， special structure and other characteristics. Mesoporous silica is a new material with pore size between micropore and macropore， which can promote the growth of plant， and has good stability， adjusting control ability and biocompatibility. The new multifunctional mesoporous silica nanodelivery system can increase the effective utilization rate of pesticides， prolong the persistence， reduce the loss of pesticides， and effectively control environmental pollution， which is of great significance for the development of green agriculture and the protection of people’s safety. Here， the classification， characteristics， surface functionalization modification and internal structure transformation of mesoporous silica-based nanomaterials were summarized， as well as their application in the field of agriculture， which provided a theoretical basis for the large-scale popularization of mesoporous silica-based nanopesticides in the future.

Identification and Antifungal Activity of a Bacteria Strain Against Rhizoctonia solani

Yingchao NIU, Xing WANG, Qingyun GUO, Xiaohua DAI, Xiaoyong YUAN, Lin CHEN

2023, 25(12):  138-144.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0628

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In order to obtain the antagonistic bacteria against cotton damping-off， the bacteria W1 that effectively antagonize Rhizoctonia solani was isolated from cotton field soil. W1 was identified based on morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequence， and its antifungal activity was analyzed by plate confrontation method. The results showed that strain W1 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The inhibitory effect of fermentation liquid against Rhizoctonia solani was 82.12%， and the inhibition rate of sterile culture filtrates and cell fragmentation liquid diluted by 5-fold was 42.54% and 46.15%， respectively. The antagonistic activity were affected by the composition of culture medium， the inhibition rate of fermentation filtrate from BPA medium was highest with 98.34%， and that of NA medium was only 17.12%. The antagonistic substances were stable under 80 ℃， neutral and alkaline environment， and insensitive to proteinase K. The strain W1 resulted in mycelium ablation， mycelium fracture， distortion and malformation， which hindered the growth of Rhizoctonia solani. This study indicated that the antagonistic strain W1 was a potential strain resource for effective control of cotton damping-off and other plant fungal diseases.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Quality Evaluation of Irrigation and Fertilization for Winter Wheat Under Wide Ridge and Furrow Irrigation

Shunsheng WANG, Yingquan YAO, Yidan HUANG, Chengyu YANG, Jinyue YANG, Hao ZHANG

2023, 25(12):  145-157.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0535

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In order to evaluate the quality of irrigation and fertilization of different water and nitrogen treatments in winter wheat under broad furrow irrigation， the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on the water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat were investigated by determining the total nitrogen content， yield and soil volumetric water content of different soil layers before and after irrigation during the reproductive period of winter wheat， and combining the HYDRUS model of soil water and nitrogen transport in winter wheat under broad furrow irrigation with the effect of different water and nitrogen treatments on the water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat， and the optimal water and nitrogen combinations for winter wheat were explored under broad furrow irrigation. The results showed that the HYDRUS model could simulate soil water movement well； the effects of irrigation level on irrigation uniformity， irrigation efficiency， water storage efficiency and water use efficiency of winter wheat were highly significant （P<0.01）； irrigation uniformity and irrigation efficiency were the highest under the lower limit of 70% field water holding capacity control， reaching 92.24% and 85.56%， respectively. The effects of irrigation level and nitrogen application level， as well as the interaction of the two factors on the water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat， were also significant （P<0.01）. The interaction between irrigation level and nitrogen application level and the 2 factors on the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer， physiological efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer， recycling efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and bias productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat were all highly significant （P<0.01）. Comprehensive analysis of the evaluation indexes for the quality of irrigation and fertilizer application， the quality of irrigation and fertilizer application was optimal in the treatment of the lower limit of 70% of field water-holding rate and the nitrogen application rate of 220 kg·hm^-2. The appropriate irrigation volume and nitrogen application rate of winter wheat were obtained from the analysis of the Origin fit. The appropriate irrigation and nitrogen application rates for winter wheat were 208.16~276.73 mm and 205.71~234.29 kg·hm^-2， respectively. The results of this study could provide a basis for the scientific management of water and nitrogen in winter wheat and the study of irrigation technology.

Effects of Growing Grass on Microclimate Environment and Apple Leaves in Apple Orchard

Jun CHEN, Qi ZHANG, Mengyu YANG, Zhenyang YUAN

2023, 25(12):  158-167.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0067

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In order to explore the effects of grass on the microclimate environment and apple leaves in the orchard of Pishan farm， two treatments of clean tillage and natural grass were set， the upper， middle and lower canopy microclimate environment indexes of apples under the two treatments were evaluated by using grey relational analysis method. The results showed that compared with clean tillage treatment， under natural grass treatment the average daily air temperature in the middle canopy of apple tree canopy was decreased by 0.2 ℃， the average daily relative humidity of air was increased by 1 percentage point， the average daily light intensity was decreased by 2 132 lx， and the average daily wind speed in the lower canopy was decreased by 0.05 m·s^-1. The average daily soil temperature at 5， 10， 15， 20 and 25 cm underground under natural grass treatment decreased by 0.7， 0.6， 0.5， 0.3 and 0.2 ℃， respectively， compared with that under clean tillage treatment. Grey correlation analysis showed that natural grass treatment had better regulating effect on the microclimate environment of the upper， middle and lower canopy than that of clean tillage treatment， and the lower the canopy， the more obvious the regulating effect was. The leaf length， leaf width， leaf area， leaf thickness， fresh leaf weight， specific leaf weight and chlorophyll content of apple leaves under natural grass treatment were significantly increased compared with that under clean tillage treatment， and the average daily leaf temperature was decreased by 0.68 ℃. Path analysis showed that the leaf temperature of apple under clean tillage treatment was more affected by microclimate factors than that under natural grass treatment. The results could provide scientific reference for the further popularization of grass growing technology in orchards in arid and desert areas in China.

Soil Nutrient Characteristics of Ulmus pumila L. Forest at Different Ages in Daqingshan

Yuexin ZHANG, Yunxia MA, Xiuzhi MA, Jinwang ZHANG, Yuelin WANG, Haisheng YU

2023, 25(12):  168-176.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0737

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In order to reveal the change trend and law of soil enzyme activity and soil nutrients with forest age in Daqingshan Nature Reserve， 3 different forest ages （10， 25 and 40 a） at Ulmus pumila L. forest in Daqingshan were selected as the research objects， and a total of 8 indicators of soil pH， available nitrogen， available phosphorus， available potassium， organic matter， sucrose， catalase and polyphenol oxidase in the soil layer of 0—10，10—20，20—30 and 30—40 cm were measured. The characteristics and interrelationships of enzyme activity and nutrient content in soil of Ulmus pumila L. with different forest ages were analyzed. The results showed that with the increase of forest age， the content of soil organic matter and available potassium in soil of Ulmus pumila L. forests showed an upward trend； available nitrogen and available phosphorus were raised first and then decreased， and the soil pH was gradually reduced. With the deepening of soil depth， the contents of soil organic matter， available nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium all showed obvious surface aggregation. Peroxidase activity gradually decreased with the increase of forest age； the activities of sucrase and urease showed a tendency of increasing first and then decreasing， and the enzyme activity gradually decreased with the depth of the soil layer. There was a certain correlation between soil nutrients and enzyme activity， and there was a significant positive correlation between available nitrogen and available phosphorus and sucrase and urease （P<0.05）； there was a significant negative phase between available potassium and organic matter and catalase （P<0.05）. According to the principal component analysis results， the soil fertility of the soil layer of 0—10 cm in the 25 a forest age was the highest. The results of the study could provide scientifsic basis for sustainable management of Ulmus pumila L. forests and soil fertility enhancement.

Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Soil Organic Matter and Total Nitrogen in Typical Tobacco-planting Areas of Dali

Yan KUAI, Xinyue SU, Jinfeng WANG, Zhiyong FAN, Jianhua LI, Nan SUN, Jiuquan ZHANG, Minggang XU

2023, 25(12):  177-185.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0054

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In order to reveal the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in tobacco-growing areas of Dali and provide scientific basis for soil sustainable use and management， geostatistical methods were used to systematically analyze the spatial variability of soil organic matter （SOM）， total nitrogen （TN） and carbon nitrogen ratio （C/N） in 3 sampling periods of 1982， 2012 and 2022 in Weishan county and Yongping county. The results showed that the average content of soil organic matter in the 3 periods were 30.95， 31.40 and 28.03 g·kg^-1， respectively， and all of them showed an overall trend of stabilizing first and then declining. The average contents of total nitrogen were 1.52， 1.76 and 1.65 g·kg^-1， respectively， which increased first and then decreased. The average carbon nitrogen ratio was 11.54， 10.59 and 9.88， respectively， showing a decreasing trend. Spatially， SOM and TN contents were higher in the east and lower in the west， while C/N was higher around and lower in the middle from 1982 to 2022. During the 40-years period， the spatial variation of SOM and C/N were increased by human management factors， while the nugget effect of TN was 25%~75%， and the spatial variation was affected by natural factors such as soil parent material， terrain， climate and human management factors such as fertilization and tillage. There was a significant linear positive correlation between SOM and TN contents in tobacco-growing soil. In conclusion， the spatial distribution of SOM and TN were affected by natural factors and human management factors such as fertilization， and their contents were at a relatively high level. In this area， the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be reduced appropriately， and organic and inorganic fertilizers should be applied together to further improve the nutrient utilization rate of tobacco-growing soils.

Effect of Compound Chelating Agent on Remediation of Cadmium Contaminated Farmland by Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.

Junyu ZHOU, Yu GU, Zhenqi TANG, Haiyong WU, Qiongfeng LIU, Mingde LI

2023, 25(12):  186-194.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0509

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In order to enhance the enrichment and extraction efficiency of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. for heavy metals in farmland soil， the effects of ［N， N］-bis glutamic acid （GLDA）， nitrilotriacetic acid （NTA） and their combinations （GLDA-NTA） on the remediation of the low to moderate cadmium （Cd） contaminated farmland soil by Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. were studied based on field in situ experiment. The results showed that the application of GLDA， NTA and GLDA-NTA treatments had different influences on the above-ground biomass， Cd bioconcentration and translocation factor， above-ground Cd extract quantity and Cd morphology distribution in rhizosphere soil. Compared with no chelating agent treatment， there were no significant changes in above-ground biomass of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. treated with chelating agents. The 3 kinds of chelating agent treatments had different degrees of influences on Cd bioconcentration and translocation factor， the Cd extract quantity from the above ground， of which the effect of GLDA-NTA treatment was the most obvious， the bioconcentration factor， translocation factor and above-ground Cd extract quantity were significantly increased by 40.83%， 15.00% and 179.67%. In addition， the application of GLDA， NTA and GLDA-NTA treatments had different degrees of influence on the Cd activity of rhizosphere soil， of which GLDA-NTA treatment was the most obvious， the changes in proportion of water-soluble， acid-soluble， reducible， oxidizable and residual state accounted for 3.28%， 22.09%， -26.28%， -1.33% and 2.24%， respectively. Therefore， complex chelating agents combined with plant remediationby Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. could effectively activate heavy metals and improve the plant extraction efficiency of Cd in farmland soil， it was a promising， greenness and reference of combined remediation method for Cd pollution， which had important reference value and guiding significance for the treatment of low to moderate Cd polluted farmland.

Effects of Mixed Saline-alkali Stress on Photosynthetic Physiology and Yield in Cyperus esculentus L.

Peixin LIANG, Rong TANG, Jianguo LIU

2023, 25(12):  195-204.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0504

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To investigate the effects of different levels of mixed saline-alkaline stress on the photosynthetic physiological indicators of Cyperus esculentus L.， and to reveal the salt-and-alkali tolerance mechanism and ability of Cyperus esculentus L. under mixed saline-alkaline stress，the Zhongyousha 1 variety was used as the test material， and the farmland soil with a total salt content of 1.18 g·kg^-1 was used as the control. 2 neutral salts （NaCl， Na₂SO₄） and 2 alkaline salts （NaHCO₃， Na₂CO₃） were selected，the mixed saline-alkaline was prepared according to the molar ratio of NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶NaHCO₃∶Na₂CO₃ of 12∶9∶8∶1， and five saline-alkaline treatment levels of 3.0， 4.0， 5.0， 7.5， and 10.0 g·kg^-1 were set. The treatments were applied at different levels throughout the reproductive period. The results showed that saline-alkaline stress at the tillering stage promoted the increase of chlorophyll content in the leaves of Cyperus esculentus L. to some extent， but with the development of the growth period， it showed inhibition at the mature stage. Net photosynthetic rate （P_n）， stomatal conductance （G_s）， and transpiration rate （T_r） increased first and then decreased at the tillering stage and decreased at the maturity stage with the increase of saline-alkaline stress level. With the increase of saline-alkaline stress， initial fluorescence （F₀）， regulatory energy dissipation ［Y（NPQ）］， non regulatory energy dissipation ［Y（NO）］ and non photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient （qN） in fluorescence parameters all showed an upward trend at each stage， maximum photochemical efficiency （F_v/F_m）， PSⅡ actual photochemical efficiency （ΦPSⅡ） and photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） showed a downward trend. The yield of Cyperus esculentus L. decreased significantly with the increase of saline-alkaline stress and was adaptable to mixed salinity at 5 g·kg^-1. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the planting of Cyperus esculentus L. in saline-alkali land in arid areas of Xinjiang.

INNOVATIVE METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Optimization of Instantaneous High-temperature Sterilization Process Before and After Sterilization of Ilex latifolia Based on CRITIC Method

Rongrong LIU, Lianqing JIAO, Ting ZHANG, Min YU, Yixin TIAN

2023, 25(12):  205-215.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0055

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To optimize the instantaneous high temperature sterilization process of Ilexmacrophylla and investigate its effect on the sterilization effect and quality of Ilex latifolia， the orthogonal experiment was used. The changes of 1，1-dipheny l-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） free radical clearance rate and the contents of polyphenolic compounds and saponins in Ilex latifolia before and after sterilization. The instantaneous high temperature sterilization process of Ilexmacrophylla was optimized， with the sterilization temperature， sterilization time and medicinal material particle size as the investigation factors， and the sterilization rate， DPPH·clearance rate， contents of polyphenols and saponins as the evaluation indicators. The correlation weight of indicators was determined by criteria importance though intercrieria correlation （CRITIC） method to calculate the comprehensive score. The results showed that， according to the comprehensive weighting method， the weight coefficient of polyphenols， saponins and of DPPH·clearance rate were 25.78%， 47.22% and 26.99%， respectively. The optimal sterilization process was as follows： sterilization temperature 160～170 ℃， sterilization time 10 s， and grinding size no more than 24 mesh. The microbial limits of the samples after sterilization with the optimized process were in accordance with the provisions of pharmacopoeia. And compared with before sterilization， there were no significant changes in the contents of polyphenols， saponins and DPPH·clearance rate after sterilization， the fingerprints of polyphenols and saponins after sterilization of samples were similar with before sterilization， with similarity ≥0.9. In conclusion， instantaneous high temperature sterilization could effectively kill the microorganisms in Ilex latifolia， and had no effect on the quality.