黑水虻虫沙在肥料应用中的研究进展

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0931

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前我国有机废弃物年产量约45亿~50亿t，若处理不当会对大气、水体、土壤等产生负面影响，从而对环境造成二次污染。黑水虻幼虫可有效分解有机固体废弃物，将其转化为符合循环经济概念的可销售产品，在此过程中产生的虫沙可作有机肥料，从而推进传统经济发展向生态循环经济模式过渡。然而，目前对于虫沙的营养成分、微生物和生物活性物质的组成，提高其生物稳定性的后处理要求，及其在土壤和植物代谢过程中的作用机制等尚未明确。为提高有机废弃物资源化利用程度、促进农业可持续发展，综述了黑水虻幼虫对有机废弃物的转化潜力，总结了虫沙特性及其对植物生长的影响，重点分析了虫沙作为植物肥料的应用现状，指出了该产品对现代生态农业发展的促进作用，并归纳和总结了尚待解决的问题。

关键词: 黑水虻, 虫沙, 肥料, 可持续农业, 循环生物经济

Abstract:

At present， the annual production of organic waste in our country is about 4.5 to 5.0 billion tons， if its improper treatment will have a negative effect on the atmosphere， water body， soil and other aspects， thus causing secondary pollution for the environment. Black soldier fly larvae can effectively decompose organic solid wastes and convert them into marketable products in line with the concept of circular economy， and the frass produced in this process can be used as organic agricultural fertilizers， thus promoting the transition from traditional economic development to ecological circular economic model. However， the nutrient of frass， the composition of microorganisms and bioactive compounds， the post-treatment requirements to improve the biostability of frass， and the mechanism of frass in soil and plant metabolism are still unclear. Therefore， in order to improve the resource utilization of organic waste and promote sustainable agricultural development， this paper emphasized the potential of organic waste transformation by the black soldier fly， summarized the characteristics of frass and its effects on plant growth， and focused on the current application of frass as plant fertilizer. The promoting effect of this product on the development of modern ecological agriculture was pointed out， and put forward some research problems to be solved in the future.

Key words: black solider fly, frass, fertilizer, sustainable agricultural, circular bio-economy

中图分类号:

X799.3

强敬雯, 王晚晴, 唐曼玉, 武双, 华威, 朱欣悦, 程艳玲. 黑水虻虫沙在肥料应用中的研究进展[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(5): 158-167.

Jingwen QIANG, Wanqing WANG, Manyu TANG, Shuang WU, Wei HUA, Xinyue ZHU, Yanling CHENG. Research Progress on Frass After Organic Waste Transformation by Black Soldier Fly[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(5): 158-167.

图/表 3

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饲料基质 Food substrate	底物消耗量 Material reduction/（% DM）	虫沙产量 Frass yield/（kg DM）	幼虫含量 Larval density/（·m^-2）	堆肥时间 Composting time/d
家庭厨余垃圾Household food waste	79.9	201	20 000	14
食堂垃圾Cateen waste	37.9	621	2 000	9
水果和蔬菜Fruits and vegetables	65.2	348	6 000	20
水果Fruits	70.8	292	6 000	22
香蕉Bananas	63.4	366	45 000	14
苹果Apples	64.4	356	45 000	16
蔬菜废料Vegetable waste	58.4	416	2 000	9
蘑菇Spent mushroom	42.3	577	—	20
畜禽废弃物Poultry slaughterhouse waste	30.7	693	18 000	13~14
鱼粪Fish waste	57.6~70.1	229~424	45 000	11~18
鸡粪Chicken manure	75.6	244	7 000	—
牛粪Cow manure	34.4~48.8	512~656	—	19~20
农副产品废弃物 Agricultural byproducts waste	56.4	436	2 000	9
啤酒厂废谷物Brewers spent grain	53.0	470	6 000	22
酿造副产物Winery byproducts	38.7	613	—	15

饲料基质 Food substrate	底物消耗量 Material reduction/（% DM）	虫沙产量 Frass yield/（kg DM）	幼虫含量 Larval density/（·m^-2）	堆肥时间 Composting time/d
家庭厨余垃圾Household food waste	79.9	201	20 000	14
食堂垃圾Cateen waste	37.9	621	2 000	9
水果和蔬菜Fruits and vegetables	65.2	348	6 000	20
水果Fruits	70.8	292	6 000	22
香蕉Bananas	63.4	366	45 000	14
苹果Apples	64.4	356	45 000	16
蔬菜废料Vegetable waste	58.4	416	2 000	9
蘑菇Spent mushroom	42.3	577	—	20
畜禽废弃物Poultry slaughterhouse waste	30.7	693	18 000	13~14
鱼粪Fish waste	57.6~70.1	229~424	45 000	11~18
鸡粪Chicken manure	75.6	244	7 000	—
牛粪Cow manure	34.4~48.8	512~656	—	19~20
农副产品废弃物 Agricultural byproducts waste	56.4	436	2 000	9
啤酒厂废谷物Brewers spent grain	53.0	470	6 000	22
酿造副产物Winery byproducts	38.7	613	—	15

化学属性 Chemical properties
指标 Index	碳 C/%	氮 N/%	磷 P/%	钾K/%	钙Ca/ （g·kg^-1）	镁Mg/ （g·kg^-1）	钠Na/ （g·kg^-1）	铁Fe/ （mg·kg^-1）	铜Cu/ （mg·kg^-1）	锰Mn/ （mg·kg^-1）	锌Zn/ （mg·kg^-1）	pH	碳氮比 C/N
啤酒厂废谷物 Brewery spent grain	38.6	3.6	0.5	0.3	9.7	1.0	—	310.0	25.0	109.0	182.0	7.3	10.7
酒糟 Distiller’s grains	—	3.4	0.8	1.1	13.0	3.0	5.0	125.0	15.0	45.0	90.0	—	—
豆渣和麦麸 Okara and wheat bran	37.1	4.8	1.0	0.9	1.3	0.1	—	26.0	2.2	4.2	0.1	7.5	7.7
湿豆渣Fresh okara	37.1	5.1	0.3	1.9	16.8	10.5	—	3.7	0.9	0.2	1.7	7.3	7.3
麦麸Wheat bran	35.7	2.8	1.4	2.3	—	0.3	—	15.0	8.9	19.4	15.0	6.8	16.0
生活垃圾 Household waste	35.8	2.2	0.5	0.7	10.0	0.9	0.8	240.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	7.4	16.6
鸡饲料 Chicken feed	47.9	2.6	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.2	18.5
鸡粪 Chicken manure	23.6	2.3	1.1	1.8	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.0	16.4
猪粪Pig manure	26.8	2.4	2.1	1.0	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.7	17.6
牛粪Cow manure	27.7	1.9	1.0	0.2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.4	15.1
水果和蔬菜 Fruits and vegetables	48.8	1.8	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.6	16.6
蔬菜Vegetables	38.7	2.8	1.5	3.3	15.0	7.0	0.3	896.0	19.0	149.0	137.0	8.6	13.8
平均Average	36.6	2.9	1.6	2.4	11.6	3.7	2.3	249.1	14.2	42.4	64.0	7.5	14.5
中位数Median	36.5	2.8	1.1	1.5	9.9	1.0	2.6	125.0	10.0	14.7	15.0	7.6	15.6

化学属性 Chemical properties
指标 Index	碳 C/%	氮 N/%	磷 P/%	钾K/%	钙Ca/ （g·kg^-1）	镁Mg/ （g·kg^-1）	钠Na/ （g·kg^-1）	铁Fe/ （mg·kg^-1）	铜Cu/ （mg·kg^-1）	锰Mn/ （mg·kg^-1）	锌Zn/ （mg·kg^-1）	pH	碳氮比 C/N
啤酒厂废谷物 Brewery spent grain	38.6	3.6	0.5	0.3	9.7	1.0	—	310.0	25.0	109.0	182.0	7.3	10.7
酒糟 Distiller’s grains	—	3.4	0.8	1.1	13.0	3.0	5.0	125.0	15.0	45.0	90.0	—	—
豆渣和麦麸 Okara and wheat bran	37.1	4.8	1.0	0.9	1.3	0.1	—	26.0	2.2	4.2	0.1	7.5	7.7
湿豆渣Fresh okara	37.1	5.1	0.3	1.9	16.8	10.5	—	3.7	0.9	0.2	1.7	7.3	7.3
麦麸Wheat bran	35.7	2.8	1.4	2.3	—	0.3	—	15.0	8.9	19.4	15.0	6.8	16.0
生活垃圾 Household waste	35.8	2.2	0.5	0.7	10.0	0.9	0.8	240.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	7.4	16.6
鸡饲料 Chicken feed	47.9	2.6	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.2	18.5
鸡粪 Chicken manure	23.6	2.3	1.1	1.8	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.0	16.4
猪粪Pig manure	26.8	2.4	2.1	1.0	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.7	17.6
牛粪Cow manure	27.7	1.9	1.0	0.2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.4	15.1
水果和蔬菜 Fruits and vegetables	48.8	1.8	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.6	16.6
蔬菜Vegetables	38.7	2.8	1.5	3.3	15.0	7.0	0.3	896.0	19.0	149.0	137.0	8.6	13.8
平均Average	36.6	2.9	1.6	2.4	11.6	3.7	2.3	249.1	14.2	42.4	64.0	7.5	14.5
中位数Median	36.5	2.8	1.1	1.5	9.9	1.0	2.6	125.0	10.0	14.7	15.0	7.6	15.6

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