生物质炭和有机肥配施对苹果重茬育苗地土壤理化性质和微生物群落特征的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究生物质炭和有机肥配施对连作苹果育苗地的改良效果，以连作5年的苹果育苗地为研究对象，采用高通量测序技术结合土壤理化性质分析，探究不同配比生物质炭和有机肥配施对苹果根际土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明，生物质炭和有机肥配施处理后土壤中养分含量显著增加，土壤pH和电导率显著上升。其中以600 kg·hm^-2生物质炭配施有机肥处理土壤的速效养分含量显著增加，其土壤全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机碳含量分别显著增加15.06%、27.03%、61.32%、51.55%和20.18%。此外，生物质炭和有机肥处理提高了土壤中细菌群落的多样性和丰度，降低了真菌群落的多样性和丰度，使土壤中有益菌属的丰度显著增加。相关性分析表明，土壤有机碳、速效钾和碱解氮含量对土壤中细菌群落特征影响显著；而真菌群落特征主要受土壤全氮、有机碳和速效钾含量的影响。综上，生物质炭和有机肥配施对苹果育苗地连作障碍具有一定的缓解作用，可改善土壤的微环境，提高土壤质量。

关键词: 苹果, 连作障碍, 生物质炭, 土壤理化性质, 微生物群落特征

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effect of biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer on the improvement of continuous apple nursery land， the effects of different ratios of biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer on the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of apple inter-root soils were investigated using high-throughput sequencing technology combined with soil physicochemical property analysis， using apple nursery land with 5 years of continuous cultivation. The results showed that the nutrient content of the soil increased significantly， and the pH and conductivity of soil increased significantly after the application of biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer. The quick-acting nutrient content of soil with 600 kg·hm^-2 of biomass charcoal increased significantly， and the contents of soil total nitrogen， alkaline nitrogen， available phosphorus， available potassium and organic carbon increased by 15.06%， 27.03%， 61.32%， 51.55% and 20.18%， respectively. In addition， biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer treatments increased the diversity and abundance of bacterial communities in soil and decreased the diversity and abundance of fungal communities， and the abundance of beneficial bacterial genera in soil were all significantly increased. The correlation analysis results showed that the soil organic carbon， available potassium and alkaline nitrogen had significant effects on bacterial community characteristics in soil， while fungal community characteristics were mainly affected by the soil total nitrogen， organic carbon and available potassium. In conclusion， the combination of biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer had a certain mitigating effect on the continuous crop barrier in apple nursery land， which improved the microenvironment of the soil and enhanced the soil quality.

Key words: apple, continuous cropping obstacle, biochar, soil physical and chemical properties, characteristics of microbial community

中图分类号:

S156

张继东, 张亚雄, 程伟, 蒲莉, 柳路行, 王亚明. 生物质炭和有机肥配施对苹果重茬育苗地土壤理化性质和微生物群落特征的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(8): 213-222.

Jidong ZHANG, Yaxiong ZHANG, Wei CHENG, Li PU, Luhang LIU, Yaming WANG. Effects of Combined Application of Biochar and Organic Fertilizer on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Community Characteristics in Apple Recropping Field[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(8): 213-222.

图/表 6

表1 不同处理措施下苹果根际土壤理化性质

Table 1 Physicochemical properties of apple rhizosphere soil under different treatments

处理 Treatment	pH	电导率EC/（mS·cm^-1）	全氮 TN/（g·kg^-1）	全磷 TP/（g·kg^-1）	全钾 TK/（g·kg^-1）	碱解氮AN/（mg·kg^-1）	速效磷AP/（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾AK/（mg·kg^-1）	有机碳SOC/（g·kg^-1）
CK	8.13±0.02 e	0.27±0.02 e	1.66±0.03 e	1.02±0.05 d	16.81±0.02 d	192.08±0.03 d	30.32±0.03 e	172.00±1.00 e	7.88±0.01 e
T1	8.17±0.03 d	0.31±0.02 d	1.87±0.02 c	1.13±0.02 c	18.00±0.04 c	214.00±0.02 c	33.82±0.02 d	232.33±1.53 d	8.59±0.02 d
T2	8.29±0.01 c	0.35±0.02 c	1.91±0.04 a	1.43±0.02 b	18.35±0.03 b	244.00±0.03 a	48.82±0.03 a	260.67±1.15 a	8.87±0.03 a
T3	8.46±0.02 b	0.45±0.01 b	1.89±0.02 b	1.42±0.01 b	18.40±0.03 b	232.23±0.03 b	43.78±0.03 c	255.00±1.00 c	8.83±0.02 b
T4	8.51±0.01 a	0.47±0.01 a	1.83±0.02 d	1.46±0.02 a	18.91±0.02 a	234.11±0.03 b	45.44±0.03 b	258.00±1.73 b	8.81±0.01 c

图1 不同处理苹果根际土壤微生物群落的α多样性A：细菌OTU韦恩图；B：细菌Shannon指数；C：细菌Simpson指数；D：真菌OTU韦恩图；E：真菌Shannon指数；F：真菌Simpson指数

Fig. 1 α diversity of microbial community in rhizosphere soil of apple under different treatmentsA： OTU Venn diagram of bacteria； B： Shannon index of bacteria； C： Simpson index of bacteria； D： OTU Venn diagram of fungi； E： Shannon index of fungi； F：Simpson index of fungi

图2 不同处理苹果根际土壤微生物群落的相对丰度A：细菌门水平；B：细菌属水平；C：真菌门水平；D：真菌属水平

Fig. 2 Relative abundances of microbial communities in rhizosphere soil of apples under different treatmentsA： Phylum level of bacteria； B： Genus level of bacteria C： Phylum level of fungi； D： Genus level of fungi

图3 不同处理苹果根际土壤微生物群落的LEfSe分析A：细菌；B：真菌

Fig. 3 LEfSe analysis of microbial communities in rhizosphere soil of apple under different treatmentsA： Bacteria； B： Fungi

图4 不同处理苹果根际土壤微生物群落与土壤理化性状的Mental分析A：细菌；B：真菌。*和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著。

Fig. 4 Mental analysis between rhizosphere soil microbial communities and soil physicochemical properties under different treatmentsA： Bacteria； B： Fungi. * and ** indicate significant at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels， respectively.

图5 不同处理苹果根际土壤微生物和环境因子的RDA分析A：细菌；B：真菌。EC—电导率；TN—全氮；TP—全磷；TK—全钾；AN—碱解氮；AP—速效磷；AK—速效钾；SOC—有机碳；Acidobac—酸杆菌门；Proteobc—变形菌门；Gemmatim—芽单胞杆菌门；Actinobac—放线菌门；Firmicut—厚壁菌门；Planctom—浮霉菌门；Chlorofl—绿弯菌门；Bacteroi—拟杆菌门；Myxococc—粘菌门；Methylom—Methylomirabilota；Crenarch—泉古菌门；Verrucom—疣微菌门；NB1-j—NB1-j；Latescib—Latescibacterota；Basidiom—担子菌门；Mortierl—被孢霉门；Ascomyct—子囊菌门；Aphelidi—Aphelidiomycota；Chytridi—壶菌门；Glomerom—球囊菌门；Mucoromc—毛霉门；Olpidiom—油壶菌门；Rozellom—罗兹菌门；Blastocl—芽枝霉门；Zoopagom—Zoopagomycota；Kickxell—梳霉亚门；Monoblep—单毛壶菌门；Entomoph—虫霉门

Fig. 5 RDA analysis of microbial and environmental factors in apple rhizosphere soil under different treatmentsA： Bacteria； B： Fungi. EC—Electric conductivity； TN—Total nitrogen； TP—Total phosphorus； TK—Total potassium； AN—Alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen； AP—Available phosphorus； AK—Available potassium； SOC—Soil organic carbon； Acidobac—Acidobacteriota； Proteobc—Proteobacteria； Gemmatim—Gemmatimonadota； Actinobac—Actinobacteriota； Firmicut—Firmicutes； Planctom—Planctomycetota； Chlorofl—Chloroflexi； Bacteroi—Bacteroidota； Myxococc—Myxococcota； Methylom—Methylomirabilota； Crenarch—Crenarchaeota； Verrucom—Verrucomicrobiota； NB1-j—NB1-j； Latescib—Latescibacterota. Fungi—Basidiom—Basidiomycota； Mortierl—Mortierellomycota； Ascomyct—Ascomycota； Aphelidi—Aphelidiomycota； Chytridi—Chytridiomycota； Glomerom—Glomeromycota； Mucoromc—Mucoromycota； Olpidiom—Olpidiomycota； Rozellom—Rozellomycota； Blastocl—Blastocladiomycota； Zoopagom—Zoopagomycota； Kickxell—Kickxellomycota； Monoblep—Monoblepharomycota； Entomoph—Entomophthoromycota

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