基于HYDRUS-1D土壤不同掺沙模式下水分入渗与蒸发特征研究

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0496

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

风蚀荒漠与绿洲农田是新疆旱区地表景观的典型表现，水资源短缺成为当地农业发展的重要限制因素。为揭示土壤不同掺沙模式下的水分运动规律，基于积水入渗试验，结合HYDRUS-1D软件，以均质壤土为对照（CK），对土壤表层覆沙（TF）、深层埋沙（TG）、浅层混沙（TH）3种土壤掺沙模式下的水分迁移特性进行研究。结果表明，累计入渗量实测值与模拟值之间吻合度较好，决定系数（R²）在0.998 1~0.999 3，均方根误差（root mean square error， RMSE）在0.135 3~0.220 4，基于HYDRUS-1D数值模型对积水入渗条件下土壤水力参数进行反演具有较好的适用性与较高的可靠性。TF、TG、TH入渗历时分别比CK时间缩短29.6%、-0.8%、40.0%，TF与TH均能显著减少入渗时间（P<0.05），TF与TG对累计入渗量影响差异不显著，TH可以显著降低累计入渗量（P<0.05）。土壤掺沙模式对湿润锋与累计入渗量均有显著影响。历时214 d，TF、TG与TH的累计蒸发量分别较CK提高-17.47%、-1.89%、40.82%。TH能显著提高土壤水分蒸发散失量（P<0.05），TF能显著抑制土壤蒸发（P<0.05），TG对土壤蒸发的作用不明显。考虑到地区水资源短缺的现状，综合土壤不同掺沙模式下水分运动特性，推荐在南疆地区无膜栽培作物种植应用表层覆沙的农艺管理措施。

关键词: HYDRUS-1D, 入渗, 反演, 蒸发, 模拟, 荒漠沙

Abstract:

Wind-eroded deserts and oasis farmlands are typical manifestations of Xinjiang’s dryland surface landscape， and water scarcity has become an important limiting factor for local agricultural development. In order to reveal the water movement patterns under different sand blending modes of soils， the water movement characteristics of 3 soil sand blending modes， namely， surface sand cover （TF）， deep buried sand （TG） and shallow mixed sand （TH）， were investigated based on ponding infiltration tests and combined with HYDRUS-1D software， using a homogeneous loam as control （CK）. The results showed that the measured and simulated values of cumulative infiltration were in good agreement， with coefficients of determination （ R²） ranging from 0.998 1 to 0.999 3 and root mean square errors （RMSE） ranging from 0.135 3 to 0.220 4. The HYDRUS-1D numerical model had good applicability and reliability for the inversion of soil hydraulic parameters under ponded infiltration conditions. TF， TG and TH reduced the infiltration time by 29.6%， -0.8% and 40.0%， respectively， compared to CK. TF and TH could significantly reduce the infiltration time （P<0.05）. The effect of TF and TG on cumulative infiltration was not significant， while TH significantly reduced cumulative infiltration （P<0.05）. The sand incorporation pattern had a significant effect on both the wetting front and the cumulative infiltration. The cumulative evaporation of TF， TG and TH increased by -17.47%， -1.89% and 40.82%， respectively， compared to CK over 214 d. TH significantly increased soil water evaporation loss （P<0.05）， TF significantly inhibited soil evaporation （P<0.05） and TG had no significant effect on soil evaporation. Considering the current situation of water shortage in the region， the agronomic management measure of surface layer of sand mulch was recommended in filmless cultivation of crops in southern Xinjiang by taking integrating the characteristics of water movement under different modes of soil sand mixing into acount.

Key words: HYDRUS-1D, infiltration, inversion, evaporation, simulation, aeolian sand

中图分类号:

S152.7

王立成, 朱珠, 孔芊芊, 彭永倩, 陆永鑫, 朱连勇. 基于HYDRUS-1D土壤不同掺沙模式下水分入渗与蒸发特征研究[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(3): 183-193.

Licheng WANG, Zhu ZHU, Qianqian KONG, Yongqian PENG, Yongxin LU, Lianyong ZHU. Characteristics of Water Infiltration and Evaporation Under Different Modes of Mixing Between Soil and Sand Based on HYDRUS-1D[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(3): 183-193.

图/表 13

图1 土层剖面

Fig. 1 Soil profile

图2 试验装置示意图

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the test setup

图3 模型边界条件A：入渗反演边界条件；B：蒸发模拟边界条件A：Infiltration inversion boundary； B：Evaporation simulation boundary

Fig. 3 Model boundary conditions

表3 土壤水力参数反演值

Table 3 Inversion values of soil hydraulic parameters

水力参数 Hydraulic parameter	均质土 Homogeneous soil		夹沙层 Sand layer		混沙层 Mixed sand layer
水力参数 Hydraulic parameter	实测值Measure	反演值Inversion	实测值Measure	反演值Inversion	实测值Measure	反演值Inversion
饱和含水率θ_s/（cm³·cm^-3）	0.392 7		0.307 9		0.330 5
饱和导水率K_s/（cm·min^-1）	0.021 49		0.286 50		0.046 36
曲线形状参数n		1.452 7		2.737 0		1.560 1
进气吸力参数α		0.043 35		0.034 00		0.028 44
残留含水率θ_r/（cm³· cm^-3）		0.041 0		0.030 7		0.050 9

图4 土壤水分特征曲线

Fig. 4 Soil moisture characteristic curve

表4 累计入渗量实测值与模拟值之间t检验

Table 4 t-test between the measured and simulated values

处理 Treatment	t值 t value	自由度 Degree of freedom	显著性 Significance	标准差差异 SE difference	效应值 Cohen’s d	皮尔逊相关系数 Pearson’s correlation coefficient
CK	8.248	32	<0.001^***	0.030	1.080	1.000^***
TF	7.039	25	<0.001^***	0.051	1.436	0.999^***
TG	6.269	32	<0.001^***	0.046	1.391	0.999^***
TH	5.565	23	<0.001^***	0.035	1.136	1.000^***

图5 累计入渗量实测值和模拟值

Fig. 5 Measured and simulated values of cumulative infiltration

图6 湿润锋随时间的变化关系

Fig. 6 Relationship between wetting front and time

图7 累计入渗量随时间的变化关系

Fig. 7 Cumulative infiltration volume as a function of time

图8 入渗结束后土壤剖面含水率分布

Fig. 8 Distribution of water content of soil profile at the end of infiltration

图9 累计蒸发量

Fig. 9 Cumulative evaporation

图10 蒸发过程中土壤剖面不同时刻含水率

Fig. 10 Water content of the soil profile at different moments during evaporation

图11 蒸发期末土壤剖面含水率分布图

Fig. 11 Distribution of water content at the end of evaporation

参考文献 43

1	冯梅青,陈亚宁,焦黎,等.2000—2019年新疆水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调发展研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2022,33(2):77-84.
	FENG M Q, CHEN Y N, JIAO L,et al.. Research on the coupling and coordinated development of water-energy-food system in Xinjiang during 2000—2019 [J].J.Water Resour.Water Eng.,2022,33(2):77-84.
2	张志伟,杨发相,吴吉龙,等.新疆沙漠空间分布格局与类型结构[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(4):763-770.
	ZHANG Z W, YANG F X, WU J L, et al.. Spatial distribution patterns and type structure of the deserts in Xinjiang [J].Arid Zone Res., 2014,31(4):763-770.
3	赵伶俐.干旱区瓜田不同压砂覆盖对土壤水分蒸发的影响及回归模型[J].中国瓜菜,2020,33(12):39-43.
	ZHAO L L.Effect of different gravel covering on soil water evaporation and regres-Sion model in arid areas melon fields [J].China Cucurbits Veget., 2020,33(12):39-43.
4	宋日权, 褚贵新, 冶军, 等. 掺砂对土壤水分入渗和蒸发影响的室内试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2010,26():109-114.
	SONG R Q, CHU G X, YE J, et al.. Effects of surface soil mixed with sand on water infiltration and evaporation in laboratory [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2010,26(S1):109-114.
5	冯壮壮, 史海滨, 苗庆丰, 等. 基于HYDRUS-1D模型的河套灌区典型夹砂层耕地水分利用分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2021,37(18):90-99.
	FENG Z Z, SHI H B, MIAO Q S, et al.. Water use analysis of cultivated land with typical sand layers in Hetao irrigation district of Inner Mongolia using HYDRUS-1D model [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2021,37(18):90-99.
6	唐德秀, 李毅, 刘俸, 等. 砂石覆盖条件下夏玉米蒸发蒸腾量的估算[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2018,37(7):50-60.
	TANG D X, LI Y, LIU F, et al.. Estimating the evapotranspiration of summer maize under sandy gravel mulch [J]. J. Irrig. Drain., 2018,37(7):50-60.
7	李毅,任鑫, Robert Horton.不同质地和夹层位置对层状土入渗规律的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2012,30(4):485-490.
	LI Y, REN X, ROBERT H. Influence of various soil textures and layer positions on infiltration characteristics of layered soils [J]. J. Drain. Irrig. Mach. Eng., 2012,30(4):485-490.
8	李靖江. 掺沙盐渍土入渗与盐分运移对灌溉淋洗响应的试验研究[D]. 泰安:山东农业大学, 2021.
	LI J J. Experimental study on the responses of infiltration and salt transport of saline soil incorporated with sand to irrigation and leaching [D]. Tai’an: Shandong Agricultural University, 2021.
9	NOSHADI M, FAHANDEJ-SAADI S, SEPASKHAH A R.Application of SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models for simulations of soil water content and soil salinity in controlled groundwater depth [J]. J. Arid Land, 2020,12(3):447-461.
10	高震国,钟瑞林,杨帅,等.Hydrus模型在中国的最新研究与应用进展[J].土壤,2022,54(2):219-231.
	GAO Z G, ZHONG R L, YANG S, et al.. Recent progresses in research and applications of Hydrus model in China [J].Soils,2022,54(2):219-231.
11	洪光宇,王晓江,苏庆溥,等.毛乌素沙地流动沙丘土壤水分模拟及渗漏特征[J].中国沙漠,2023,43(2):288-298.
	HONG G Y, WANG X J, SU Q P,et al..Simulation of soil moisture and leakage characteristics of mobile dunes in Mu Us sandy land [J]. J. Desert Res., 2023,43(2):288-298.
12	范严伟,黄宁,马孝义,等.应用HYDRUS-1D模拟砂质夹层土壤入渗特性[J].土壤,2016,48(1):193-200.
	FAN Y W, HUANG N, MA X Y, et al.. Simulation of infiltration characteristics in soil with sand interlayer using HYDRUS-1D [J].Soils,2016,48(1):193-200.
13	王春颖,毛晓敏,赵兵.层状夹砂土柱室内积水入渗试验及模拟[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(11):61-67.
	WANG C Y, MAO X M, ZHAO B. Experiments and simulation on infiltration into layered soil column with sand interlayer under ponding condition [J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Eng.,2010,26(11):61-67.
14	王国帅,史海滨,李仙岳,等.基于HYDRUS-1D模型的荒漠绿洲水盐运移模拟与评估[J].农业工程学报,2021,37(8):87-98.
	WANG G S, SHI H B, LI X Y, et al.. Simulation and evaluation of soil water and salt transport in desert oases of Hetao irrigation district using HYDRUS-1D model [J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Eng., 2021,37(8):87-98.
15	马蒙蒙. 层状土壤中水流和溶质运移特征及数值模拟[D]. 青岛:青岛大学, 2020.
	MA M M. Migration characteristics and numerical simulation of water and solute in layered soil [D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University, 2020.
16	MUSA B H, FANILO R, MARWAN F, et al.. Measuring and validating the actual evaporation and soil moisture dynamic in arid regions under unirrigated land using smart field lysimeters and numerical modeling [J/OL]. Water, 2022,14(18):2787[2023-06-03]. .
17	SIMUNEK J, VAN GENUCHTEN M T, SEJNA M. The HYDRUS-1D software package for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media [J]. Univ. California-Riverside Res. Rep., 2005,3:1-240.
18	VAN GENUCHTEN M.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated Soils [J]. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,1980,44(5):892-898.
19	赵守强,迟大群,贾付诚,等.不同地区盐渍土土壤颗粒的分形特征[J].江苏农业科学,2021,49(6):203-207.
20	樊凯.基于气象信息指导南疆膜下滴灌棉花灌溉的试验研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2019.
	FAN K. Experimental research on suitable Iirrigation management based on meteorological information for film mulched drip irrigation cotton in southern Xinjiang [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2019.
21	曹辉, 杨莹攀, 王洪博, 等. 南疆矮砧密植滴灌苹果生长、耗水及产量研究[J]. 果树学报, 2021,38(5):681-691.
	CAO H, YANG Y P, WANG H B, et al.. Study on the growth, water consumption and yield of drip-irrigated apple trees with dwarfing rootstock and close planting in South Xinjiang [J]. J. Fruit Sci.,2021,38(5):681-691.
22	唐都, 高疆生, 徐崇志, 等. 土壤养分因子对灰枣果实风味品质的相关分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2014,51(1):66-71.
	TANG D, GAO J S, XU C Z, et al.. Correlation analysis between soil factors and fruit quality of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Huizao [J]. Xinjiang Agric. Sci., 2014,51(1):66-71.
23	ALLEN R G, PEREIRA L S, RAES D, et al.. Crop Evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements [Z].FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper (FAO), 1998:56.
24	REN D Y, XU X, HAO Y Y, et al.. Modeling and assessing field irrigation water use in a canal system of Hetao,upper Yellow River Basin:application to maize,sunflower and watermelon [J].J. Hydrol., 2016,532:122-139.
25	PHAM H, BARBOUR S, FREDLUND D. A practical hysteresis model for the soil-water characteristic curve for soils with negligible volume change [J]. Geotechnique, 2003,53(2):293-298.
26	LU N, KAYA M, COLLINS B D, et al.. Hysteresis of unsaturated hydromechanical properties of a silty soil [J]. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 2013,139(3):507-510.
27	范严伟,赵文举,王昱,等.夹砂层土壤Green-Ampt入渗模型的改进与验证[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(5):93-99.
	FAN Y W, ZHAO W J, WANG Y,et al..Improvement and verification of Green-Ampt model for sand-layered soil [J].Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng.,2015,31(5):93-99.
28	QU W, BOGENA H R, HUISMAN J A, et al.. Effects of soil hydraulic properties on the spatial variability of soil water content: Evidence from sensor network data and inverse modeling [J/OL]. Vadose Zone J., 2014,13(12):99 [2023-06-03]. .
29	王宇祥,刘廷玺,段利民,等.基于Hydrus-1D模型的科尔沁沙地沙丘-草甸相间区土壤水分动态模拟[J].中国沙漠,2020,40(2):195-205.
	WANG Y X, LIU T X, DUAN L M, et al.. Dynamic law of soil moisture in Horqin sand dune-meadow area based on Hydrus-1D model and its applicability evaluation [J]. J. Desert Res., 2020,40(2):195-205.
30	关红杰. 砂石覆盖对土壤入渗及蒸发的影响[D]. 杨凌:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心), 2009.
	GUAN H J. Effects of gravel mulch on soil moisture evaporation and infiltration [D]. Yangling: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, 2009.
31	宋日权,褚贵新,张瑞喜,等.覆砂对土壤入渗、蒸发和盐分迁移的影响[J].土壤学报,2012,49(2):282-288.
	SONG R Q, CHU G X, ZHANG R X, et al.. Effects of sand mulching on soil infiltration,evaporation,and salt distribution [J].Acta Pedol.Sin., 2012,49(2):282-288.
32	赵云鹏,白一茹,王幼奇,等.城市绿地覆盖砂石后土壤水分入渗过程及模型分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(7):66-72.
	ZHAO Y P, BAI Y R, WANG Y Q, et al.. Investigating and modeling soil infiltration process with gravel mulch on urban green space [J].J. Northwest A＆F Univ. (Nat.Sci.), 2017,45(7):66-72.
33	汤珊珊,李占斌,鲁克新,等.覆沙坡面水动力学参数与径流产沙的关系[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(20):136-143.
	TANG S S, LI Z B, LU K X,et al..Relationship between hydrodynamic parameters and runoff and sediment yield on sand-covered slope in rainfall simulation study [J].Trans.Chin.Soc. Agric. Eng., 2017,33(20):136-143.
34	陈建生,张健,詹泸成,等.黄土夹砂层的持水机制[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(5):412-417.
	CHEN J S, ZHANG J, ZHAN L C, et al.. Water-holding mechanism of sand layer in loess [J].J.Hohai Univ. (Nat.Sci.),2016,44(5):412-417.
35	赵世平,刘建生,杨改强,等.粒径对土壤水分特征曲线的影响研究[J].太原科技大学学报,2008,29(4):332-334.
	ZHAO S P, LIU J S, YANG G Q, et al.. Impact of particle size on soil moisture characteristic curve [J]. J.Taiyuan Univ. Sci. Technol., 2008,29(4):332-334.
36	刘子初. 风积沙的工程性质及应用[D]. 天津:天津大学, 2012.
	LIU Z C. Engineering properties and the application of the wind-blown sand [D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2012.
37	李静芸,傅天阳,申玉龙,等.毛乌素沙地新月形和抛物线形沙丘表层沉积物粒度特征[J].中国沙漠,2023,43(2):226-232.
	LI J Y, FU T Y, SHEN Y L, et al.. Grain-size characteristics of surface sediments of barchan and parabolic dunes in the Mu Us desert [J]. J. Desert Res.,2023,43(2):226-232.
38	史文娟,沈冰,汪志荣,等.蒸发条件下浅层地下水埋深夹砂层土壤水盐运移特性研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(9):23-26.
	SHI W J, SHEN B, WANG Z R, et al.. Water and salt transport in sand-layered soil under evaporation with the shallow under ground water table [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2005,21(9):23-26.
39	汪顺生, 翟士旭, 傅渝亮, 等. 含砂层层位及厚度变化条件下层状土上升毛管水运动特性研究[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2019,38(11):49-57.
	WANG S S, ZHAI S X, FU Y L, et al.. Study on the variation characteristics of rising capillary water of layered soil under variation of sand layer and thickness [J]. J. Irrig. Drain., 2019,38(11):49-57.
40	ASSOULINE S, NARKIS K, GHERABLI R, et al.. Analysis of the impact of surface layer properties on evaporation from porous systems using column experiments and modified definition of characteristic length [J].Water Resour.Res.,2014,50(5):3933-3955.
41	张瑞喜,褚贵新,宋日权,等.不同覆砂厚度对土壤水盐运移影响的实验研究[J].土壤通报,2012,43(4):849-853.
	ZHANG R X, CHU G X, SONG R Q, et al.. Research on the effects of sandy mulching thickness on soil salt and water movement [J]. Chin. J. Soil Sci.,2012,43(4):849-853.
42	YUAN C P, LEI T W, MAO L L, et al.. Soil surface evaporation processes under mulches of different sized gravel [J].Catena,2009,78(2):117-121.
43	王金牛,谢忠奎,郭志鸿,等.砂田退化对土壤温度和蒸发影响的模拟研究[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(2):388-393.
	WANG J N, XIE Z K, GUO Z H, et al.. Simulating the effect of gravel-sand mulched field degradation on soil temperature and evaporation [J]. J. Desert Res., 2010,30(2):388-393.

[1]	史丹一, 邱禹, 黄成真, 王娟. 酸改性生物炭对滨海盐渍土壤水分入渗特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(9): 183-192.
[2]	丛文成, 袁立敏, 蒙仲举, 杨宇. 玉米芯颗粒对风沙土毛管水运移和蒸发特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(2): 198-207.
[3]	高海燕, 袁立敏, 张胜男, 闫德仁. 水溶性固沙剂对沙地土壤蒸发的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(12): 138-144.
[4]	梁美霞, 章鑫强, 林炳青. 南方红壤侵蚀流域不同情景措施的减沙效应模拟[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(10): 177-185.
[5]	江磊, 秦富仓, 李龙, 王露, 赵金洋. 石峡口水库人工林土壤体积分形维数及其与入渗的关系[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(6): 225-233.
[6]	于淼, 周海宾, 丁京涛, 程红胜, 沈玉君, 范盛远, 张曦, 王健, 徐鹏翔, 程琼仪. 基于EDEM的餐厨垃圾组成颗粒间接触参数标定[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(12): 111-120.
[7]	杨小虎, 张曼玉, 杨海昌, 张凤华, 江宜霖, 易小兰. 基于组合模型的玛纳斯河流域农田土壤盐分反演[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(1): 134-141.
[8]	何振嘉, 史仝乐, 傅渝亮, 费良军. 灌水器间距对涌泉根灌双点源交汇入渗水氮运移特性影响研究[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(5): 157-169.
[9]	陈昱利, 杨平, 李华伟. 种植密度和播期对冬小麦籽粒品质影响的模拟研究[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(10): 143-153.
[10]	郭文斌, 李瑶, 黄长华, 杜建强, 钱珊珠, 何泽民, 高晶晶. 基于COMSOL的干燥箱物理场分析与结构优化[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(10): 90-98.
[11]	钟汝能, 郑勤红, 姚斌, 向泰. 谷物颗粒物料等效介电特性的数值模拟#br#[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2021, 23(9): 103-111.
[12]	周书娴, 石毅新, 蒋蘋. 基于CFD两级注入式射流混合器设计与试验研究[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2021, 23(6): 86-96.
[13]	姜树坤, 王立志, 杨贤莉, 迟力勇, 李忠杰, 李明贤, 张喜娟, 赵茜, 李锐, 姜辉, 李文华. 不同生育时期增温对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2021, 23(6): 130-139.
[14]	赵宁博, 杨佳佳, 赵英俊, 秦凯, 杨越超, 李明. 基于航空高光谱反演的黑土地质量综合评价研究[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2021, 23(11): 88-98.
[15]	杨涛涛, 周星宇, 陆晓丽, 钱善华, 俞经虎. 基于正交试验的制粒机成型仿真及结构参数优化[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2021, 23(10): 90-96.