Table of Content

15 July 2018, Volume 20 Issue 7

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Impact of Global Climate Change on Temperate Fruit Tree

PENG Yingshu, GAO Handong*, YUAN Zhaohe*

2018, 20(7):  1-10.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0463

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The world is going through a climate change mainly characterized by warming up. “Greenhouse effect”, “global warming”, etc. domains have become hot topics for scholars, but the studies about impact of climate change on temperate fruit trees is very few, and the relevant research information is lack of integration and sorting. This paper outlined the trend of global climate change, and summarized the effects of climate change on phenological period, chilling capacity, ecological adaptability, fruit yield and quality of temperate fruit trees. In response to these problems, the paper proposed to stduy the law of climate change and mechanism of plant physiological responses; put forward comprehensive cultivation measures; and advocated the cultivation of new varieties with less requiretment to low-temperature and good resistance to insect pests and diseases, so as to adapt to warm temperature in the future.

Research and Development Status and Prospect of Genetically Modified Crops

SUN Zhuojing1, ZHANG Anhong2, YE Jiming1*

2018, 20(7):  11-18.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0534

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In recent years, the application of transgenic technology in crop breeding has achieved remarkable results and generated huge commercial values. This paper summarized the significant achievements of transgenic technology in crop improvement, analyzed current research situation and new progress in this field, and also prospected the future development and application of transgenic technology, which had great significance to promote the development of agricultural biotechnology and commercialization of genetically modified crops in China.


Research on Key Technology of Vegetation Restoration and Forest Industry Development in Karst Rocky Desertification Environment

ZHANG Yu, XIONG Kangning*, YU Yanghua, TAN Daijun, CHENG Wen, XU Min

2018, 20(7):  19-25.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0046

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Rocky desertification is a bottleneck issue restricting the safety of ecological environment and social economic development in karst areas. It is helpful for restoring the degraded ecosystem in mountainous areas to carry out technical analysis on vegetation restoration and forest industry development. This paper systematically reviewed the research status during the past 30 years about vegetation restoration and forestry industry development stage in rocky desertification areas, characteristics of vegetation communities, modes of restoration and control, and monitoring and evaluation, etc.. The results showed that relevant documents about vegetation restoration and forestry industry indicated a repressive stage before 1985; an initially development stage between 1985~2001 and a rapidly growing stage from 2001 up to now. At present, the symbolic achievements mainly reflected in 3 aspects: basic theories, model construction, and monitoring and evaluation. Before ending, the paper put forward key scientific issues, development direction and provided references for vegetation restoration and development of forestry industry.

Links Between Nutrients, Secondary Metabolites of Xinjiang Wild Apple and Agrilus mali Mats Resistance

MEI Chuang1,2, YAN Peng1*, MAIMAITI Aishajiang1, HAN Liqun1, ZHANG Yanlong3, MA Kai1, WANG Jixun1

2018, 20(7):  26-33.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0420

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In order to study the impact of nutrients, secondary metabolites of Xinjiang Wild Apple (Malus sieversii (Lebed.)Roem) on the threat of Agrilus mali Mats., this study took individual wild apple trees with various degrees of pest resistance as experiment material to find the relationship between nutrients, secondary metabolites of the trees and resistance to Agrilus mali Matsumura by correlation regression analysis method. The results indicated that there was significant difference in nutrients within individual apple tree with various degrees of Agrilus mali Matsumura resistance. In all cases, total soluble protein and soluble sugar in phloem, falling into a range of 4.02~21.72 mg/g, were significantly higher than that of xylem. Among all nutrients, the level of soluble protein of K2 was the lowest at 26.10 mg/g, while G1 was the highest at 45.74 mg/g. Generally, infected plants were higher in soluble protein than pest-resistant ones. Significant difference was observed in tannin, flavones, and total phenols contents within individual plant, featuring a lower content of flavones in phloem ranged from 0.31 to 0.89 mg/g , and a higher one between 1.93 and 4.05 mg/g in xylem. The average tannin content was 1.24 mg/g in pest-infected plants and 0.69 mg/g in pest-resistant plants. This significant difference means that the degree of pest resistance increases as the tannin content increases. In infected plants, G6 total phenols was the lowest at 1.43 mg/g, while in resistant ones K2 total phenols was the highest at 3.96 mg/g. The tannin content and total phenols content in xylem were significantly and positively correlated to resistance to Agrilus mali Matsumura. Namely, higher tannin and total phenols content led to better Agrilus mali Matsumura resistance and less damage from the pest. Nutrients content in Xinjiang wild apple was significantly and negatively correlated to Agrilus mali Matsumura resistance, while secondary metabolites content was significantly and positively correlated to Agrilus mali Matsumura resistance. Wild apple trees suffered less harm from Agrilus mali Matsumura as secondary metabolites level increases, which had some reduction and inhibition effects on the pest.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Sunflower Germpasm Resources in Guizhou

FENG Bin, LI Huilin, YANG Shengxian, LIN Tao, WEI Zhongfen*

2018, 20(7):  34-41.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0562

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In order to study sunflower genetic diversity, this paper analyzed  polymorphism, principal component and cluster based on plant height, leaf shape, leaf color, etc. 25 major agronomic traits of 65 sunflower germplasm resources from different ecological regions. The results indicated that the mean variation coefficient of 17 main agronomic quality traits was 26.71%, genetic diversity index was 0.73. The average variance coefficients of 8 indexes  such as cafa length, hundred-grain weight, etc. were 20.11%, genetic polymorphism index was 1.96. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate in 8 tested traits like stem diameter, plant height, and leaf number was 80.58%. Clustering analysis on 25 phenotypic traits showed that sunflower resources could be divided into 2 categories and 4 subgroups. The above results showed that the local sunflower germplasm resources in Guizhou Province had abundant genetic diversity.

Application of ISSR in Genetic Diversity Analysis of Zingiber officinale Rosc.#br#

WANG Xiangdong1, WANG Yongcun1, MA Yanzhi2*, SONG Yushuang2,3, FU Lijun1, LI Jiayao2

2018, 20(7):  42-47.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0102

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Taking 8 sprouts of ginger varieties as materials, this paper analyzed and evaluated of the genetic diversity of 8 varieties of Zingiber officinale Rosc. by ISSR. The results showed that 24 ISSR primers were selected, and 166 bands were amplified with them,  among which 55 bands were polymorphic, and their polymorphism percentage was 35.67%. The genetic distance of 8 ginger varieties was between 0.212 8~0.842 1. At λ=0.44, the materials could be divided into 3 categories. The genetic diversity of 8 germplasm resources was lower, 5 self-varieties and 3 other varieties were different in genetic distance, genetic relationship, clustering, so they could be further studied.

Bioinformatic Analysis of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Loci in Ganoderma oregonense Transcriptome

CHEN Cheng1, LIU Xiaofei2, LI Qiang3, WANG Jian1, FU Rongtao1, ZHANG Hong1, LU Daihua1*

2018, 20(7):  48-55.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0509

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In order to investigate the simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci information in Ganoderma oregonense transcriptome, and lay a foundation for molecular marker-assisted breeding of Ganoderma, this paper assembled transcriptome data of G. oregonense obtained by high-throughput transcriptome sequencing using Trinity software; and then analyzed SSR information by MISA software. The SSR loci specific primers were designed by primer 3, and their effectiveness was verified taking G. Oregonense DNA as template. A total of 65 064 unigenes were obtained, among which 3 380 SSRs were found distributing in 2 981 unigenes with 5.19% frequency of occurrence. The average distribution distance was 12.60 kb. The total length of G. Oregonense transcriptome SSR loci was 52 168 bp, and the average length was 15 bp. Mononucleotide and trinucleotide repeats were the main SSR types, accounting for 35.33% and 38.67%, respectively. The number range of SSR loci repeats was 5~73, and 5 repeats among them had the highest number of occurrence. There were 98 types of repeat motifs in the G. oregonense transcriptome, among which C/G was the commonest repeat element, accounting for 17.72%, followed by A/T with 17.60% proportion. 2 324 pairs of SSR primers were designed for 3 380 SSR loci using primer-design software, and 15 primer pairs were selected at random to be amplified by PCR on 3 cultivated Ganoderma varieties. 10 pairs of primers were successfully amplified, and 8 of them showed allelic polymorphism among these 3 cultivated varieties, indicating that the transcriptomic SSR loci polymorphism of G.oregonense was abundant. These results were of important significance in excavating functional gene, developing molecular marker-assisted breeding, and analyzing genetic diversity of Ganoderma.

Application of Omics Analysis Technology in Tobacco Research

WANG Lin1, YANG Lijun2, ZHAO Jiajia2, HUANG Haitang2, XU Zicheng1*

2018, 20(7):  56-62.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0309

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Genome, transcriptome, proteomics, metabonomics technology are the important means to study the gene, protein and small molecular etc. substances, when the organisms encounter the internal and external environment disturbance. They are widely applied in botany, microbiology, food safety, etc. fields. This paper expounded the application of monomics in studying different varieties, ecological environment, stress, functional genes, flavor, organ of tobacco. Then the advantages and disadvantages of each monomics were analyzed, and the function of multiple monomics conjoint analysis technique in up-grading quality of tobacco leaves was introduced. The paper also prospected the future research and application, so as to provide experience and reference for further study on molecular mechanism of tobacco quality.


Detection of Double Overlapped Fruits in Natural Scene for Apple Operation Robot

XIA Xue1, ZHOU Guomin1*, QIU Yun1, LI Zhuang2, WANG Jian1, FAN Jingchao1, GUO Xiuming1

2018, 20(7):  63-73.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0479

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In order to improve the precision of apple detection and further increase the work efficiency of apple operation robot, this paper studied  the detecting method with double apples overlapping target under natural environment. Firstly, the region of apple objects in image was extracted by using K-means clustering algorithm under Lab colour space transforming from RGB colour space. Secondly, the key corner points on the apple outline were found among the Harris corner points by calculating the extremum of distance curve between every corner point and the centroid of the overlapped fruits. Then the contour of unblocked apple in overlapped area was extracted by utilizing the Canny algorithm in the detecting window located by key corner points. Thirdly, Y-junctions detection algorithm was utilized to separate contour of individual apple from overlapped apples, and then the complete contour of unblocked apple was obtained. Finally, the missing contour of partly blocked apple was reconstructed by using distance least square algorithm. In order to verify the validity of this method, the Hough transformation method and Spline interpolation method were used to compare with the proposed method for overlapping apples detection. The experimental results showed that the proposed method could not only detect the complete contour of unblocked apple, but also preferably reconstruct the missing contour of partly blocked apple. The average coincidence degree and average error of proposed method were 95.43% and 4.44%, respectively, and its detecting performance was better than that of the former 2 methods, indicating that the proposed method could better detecting double apples overlapping targets under natural environment. Above results  provided reference for automatic detection of apple operation robot with multiple fruits overlapping targets.

Design of Aquaculture Water Quality Control Management System Based on ZigBee

GAO Wei1, GAO Lei2, ZHOU Yong3, WANG Lihe1, NIU Wenxue1, ZHAO Yonglai1, LIU Wenzhi3*

2018, 20(7):  74-82.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0569

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For the traditional large-scale aquaculture farms,  fish abnormal behavior was according to farmers′ subjective experiences, and monitoring water quality just by smelling water smell, etc., which led to monitoring at random, with high monitoring error rate, wasting time and energy.  So this paper designed a quality management system based on ZigBee wireless network. This system took Texas instruments CC2530 chip as core and built a wireless sensor network, which could collect data such as temperature, dissolved oxygen content, pH, nitrite concentration and turbidity of the monitoring points in real time, and transfered them to PC. At the same time, according to the water quality situation and through SMT32F101 controller, PC could control oxygen pumps, valves, bait casting machine and other equipments, and timely deal with the water quality abnormal situation. Experiment indicated that the water quality data transmission rate could reach 140 kb, and effective transmission distance was over 150 m. This system possessed strong expansibility, low power consumption, high stability, etc. characteristics. It could also satisfy the functional requirements of water quality monitoring, add oxygenation, timing bait casting, disease prevention and control, etc..

Frost Resistance Evaluation Based on Winter Wheat Form in Different Spike Differentiation Stage

CHENG Wanying1, WANG Chunyan1*, REN Dechao2, CUI Sanrong1, GENG Jinjian1

2018, 20(7):  83-90.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2018.0084

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By analyzing the plant height of 5 winter wheat varieties in spike differentiation period at Huanghuaihai areas, it was found that along with time postpone, plant height had stronger and stronger response to low temperature stress except -1℃. In this paper, membership function method and principal component analysis were used to evaluate the frost-resistance of winter wheat, and to determine whether the winter wheat plant height responding to frost damage, the degree of response and whether membership function method suitable for evaluating morphological frost resistance. Two independent and comprehensive indexes were integrated by 4 indicators, including spike length, spike section length, length of top 2nd sections, and length of base section. According to the contribution of these 2 comprehensive indexes, the corresponding membership function value was found. And according to the weight of each composite indicator and subordinative function value, comprehensive index for frost resistance (D value) was obtained. Results indicated that the frost resistance of plant height in sterile lemma primitive differentiation phase was lower than the other 4 stages. As time went on, the D value became higher and higher, indicating that frost resistance of plant height was higher at the later stage. The D values during the 5 periods were between 0.3 and 0.6, indicating that the 5 panicles of winter wheat used in this experiment were of medium frost resistance. It also proved that the membership function method could be applied to evaluate winter wheat morphological frost resistance.

Land Methane Production Analysis of Energy Maize Under Different Cropping Patterns

SUN Yingcai, DONG Taili*

2018, 20(7):  91-97.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0540

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In order to investigate high efficient crop planting model by biogas, improve land utilization rate and economic efficiency, and explore the material resources for biogas project, this paper took energy maize (Pioneer 335) as object, compared and analyzed the land methane production under different cropping patterns, so as to find the most suitable planting mode for energy maize and improve land utilization rate. The results showed that: ① Different energy corn harvest time had different biomass and land methane production. Those of energy corn harvested at dough stage were higher than that harvested at milk-ripe stage. ② Compared with one-year-two-harvest energy corn harvested at milk-ripe stage, biomass and land methane production of one-year-one-harvest energy corn harvested at dough stage were higher. ③ The weather conditions during energy corn growth period had greater influence on biomass and land methane production. ④ Higher earning could be obtained by the planting pattern of one-year-one-harvest energy corn harvested at dough stage, used as energy resource of biogas project in this area, according to the planting and related cost analysis and combined with land methane production. ⑤ The most suitable harvest time of energy corn (Pioneer 335) used as material of biogas industry was when the plant dry matter content between 35%~40%.

Effects of Combined Application of Coated Urea and Common Urea on Summer Maize Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

WANG Haibiao, ZHANG Bo, CHANG Feng, TAO Jingjing, LIU Pei, WANG Yilun*

2018, 20(7):  98-105.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0485

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In order to investigate the technology of reducing nitrogen, increasing efficiency and achieving scientific fertilization for summer maize, this paper studied the effects of different combined ratios of coated urea, common urea and reduction of nitrogen fertilizer on yield, nutrient uptake and utilization of summer maize, and soil nitrogen level by field experiment. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization could significantly increase maize production by 7.53%~16.28%, and nitrogen accumulation by 15.66%~29.16%. The nitrogen use efficiency were 19.66%~42.28%. One application of fertilizer combining coated urea with common urea could achieve higher yield of summer maize, with increased SPAD value during pustulation period. Meanwhile, the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency and use efficiency were improved together with the increasing ratio of coated urea. Under this experimental condition, nitrogen fertilizer application at the dosage of 145.6 kg/hm2, including 75% coated urea + 25% common urea could basically realize the objectives of high yield, high efficiency and simplified fertilization. It could be popularized and applied in the northern areas of Henan province.

Influence of Different Steam Explosion Treatments on Chemical Composition and Fiber Structure of Quinoa Straw

ZHANG Huiling1,2, WANG Zhiwei1,2, ZHOU Zhongkai2*

2018, 20(7):  105-112.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0428

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In order to improve the utilization rate of quinoa straw, this paper studied the effects of low-intensity steam explosion (0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa, 1.5 MPa, 5 min) on chemical composition of quinoa straw, and analyzed the straw fiber structure characteristics by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The results indicated that the effect of steam explosion treatment on straw hemicellulose was the most significant, followed by lignin, and the effect on cellulose was the least. Among them, the degradation rates of hemicellulose and lignin were the highest under 1.0 MPa pressure, and soluble sugar content of straw was the highest, reaching 20.30%. Simultaneously, after the steam explosion, the fiber surface of quinoa straw was damaged to various extents, including superficial area increasing, holes producing, absolute crystallinity of cellulose decreasing, thermal decomposition temperature decreasing and pyrolysis rate accelerating. All these indicated that steam explosion was an effective method for treating wood fiber.

Impact of Meteorological Factors on Fruit Quality of Jun Jujube in Southern Xinjiang

ZHANG Ren, ZHANG Pengcheng, WU Huanhuan, ZHANG Xuedong*

2018, 20(7):  113-122.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0558

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In order to understand the effects of meteorological factors in southern Xinjiang on fruit quality of Jun jujube, this paper analyzed the temperature, amount of sunshine, rainfall, relative humidity and wind speed, etc. meteorological data from 2015-2016 in Akesu, Khotan and Korla 3 areas, and studied the function law of climate changes on fruit quality. It was found that climate conditions in southern Xinjiang had obvious effects on fruit quality of Jun Jujube, through comparison of 12 meteorological factors on single fruit weight, Vc and soluble sugar contents, etc. fruit qualities. The results showed that the key factors affecting Jun Jujube quality were average temperature, average maximum temperature, sunshine hours and precipitation. The contents of Vc and total soluble sugar were most significantly affected by average minimum temperature.

Growth Adaptability Evaluation of  Insect Resistant Poplar Varieties of Middle Age in Ulan Buh Desert

DONG Xue1,2, ZHAO Yingming1,2,3*, HUANG Yaru1,2, LIU Yuting1,2, Ma Yingbin1,2,4, WANG Zhigang1,2, HAO Yuguang1,2, LIU Fang1,2

2018, 20(7):  123-129.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0382

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In order to select excellent afforestation varieties for forest extension and cultivation, this study investigated the height, diameter at breast height, survival rate, preserving rate, stem form, cold injury, insect pest  7 indexes of different tree varieties of middle age using the subordinate function method on the adaptability of 16 varieties of insect resistant poplar in middle growth stage at the northeast of Ulan Buh Desert, and carried out the comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that the adaptability orders of 16 insect resistant poplar were Beikang 16-22>08-09>Zhonglin 315>08-03>Tianhei>08-08>Zhonglin 2005>Beikang 16-27>08-02>08-07>Jing 2>Jing 6>Simplot>Beikang 16-8>08-14>DN-34. Preserving rate, annual growth rate and insect resistibility of Beikang 16-22 were better than those of the others, so it could be main popularized varietiy in this area and large scale afforestation could be carried out. Survival rate and preserving rate of 08-14 were the lowest and it was susceptible to diseases. Preserving rate, cold injury and annual growth rate of DN-34 were also not good. These 2 varieties were not suitable for large scale popularization in this area. Zhonglin 315, 08-03, 08-08, Zhonglin 2005, Beikang 16-27 and 08-02 could be planted on a proper scale. As for 08-09 and Tianhei with high survival and preserving rates, larger annual growth, but susceptible to insect pests, early prevention and treatments at initial violated stage were extremely necessary, so do not bring insects to planted land! Otherwise, mutual infection would be generated.

Effects of Different Cultivation Methods on the Growth and Quality of Anoectochilus roxburghii

GAN Jinjia1, MAO Lingli2, HUANG Rongle3, JIANG Shuiyuan1*, HUANG Xiyang1, LI Hong1

2018, 20(7):  130-136.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0513

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Anoectochilus roxburghii is a kind of valuable Chinese herbal medicine, it can gain good economic effect by artificial cultivation. In order to improve the yield and quality of A. roxburghii, a series of experiments were carried out to study the effects of different cultivation methods on the survival rate, growth, yield and contents of active components of A. roburghii. The results showed that, the cultivation in greenhouse（T5 and T6）obtained the higher survival rate(92.33% and 90.79%, respectively) and plant fresh weight(1.33 g and 1.31 g,  respectively), but the contents of flavonoids(11.23 mg/g and 12.06 mg/g, respectively) and polysaccharide(76.97 mg/g and 80.43 mg/g, respectively) were lower than the cultivation under forests. In four forests cultivations, using the control container obtained highest survival rate with 89.00%, and roots grew best, the number of root was 3.88 and the lengh of root was 51.40 mm, but the ground cultivation obtained the highest plant drying rate of A. roxburghii, the drying rate of T4 and T3 were 12.12 % and 12.04 %. The findings of the study provided a good technical solution for the cultivation of A.roxburghii.

Study on Root Characteristics and Their Influences on Rhizosphere Potassium Content of Different Flue-cured Tobacco Genotypes

WU Hengyan, XI Qiliang, LI Xiaohui, XUE Gang, YANG Tiezhao*

2018, 20(7):  137-145.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0675

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In order to explore the root characteristics of different flue-cured tobacco genotypes and their effects on morphological changes of soil potassium in rhizosphere soil, this paper set a pot experiment by 2 treatments of exogenous potassium (NK) and normal potassium supply (UK) on 4 flue-cured tobacco genotypes, including Nongda 202, NC628, Yunyan 87 and NC89. Root morphology, root exudates and rhizospheric potassium activation of 4 genotypes were determined. The results showed that the chemical composition of root secreta had the most kinds of organic acids, but there were differences in genotypes. Under UK treatment, Nongda 202 had the highest content of rhizosphere organic acids, which was 1.36 times of that of NC89. The conversion of slow-release potassium to available potassium was the most and the potassium content in leaves were the highest. Under UK treatment, Nongda 202 had a large and vigorous root system. Its total root length, total surface area, root system activity and root system ATPase activity were 1.49~1.90 times of that of NC89. Under NK treatment, the total root length, total surface area, root system activity, root system ATPase activity of Nongda 202 decreased over 30% compared with that under UK treatment. Under UK treatment, the correlation coefficients of potassium content in middle leaves with rhizosphere organic acids, root system activity, total root length and total root surface area reached 0.837~0.942, respectively. The contents of organic acids, root system activity, ATPase activity and total root length, total surface area had 0.6 or over 0.6 correlation. Therefore, genotypes with longer root length and larger total surface area were most likely the genotypes with large secretion of organic acids in root system, high root system activity and high potassium content in leaves, which might be used as important reference for evaluating high-potassium genotype of flue-cured tobacco.

Optimization of Compound Enzymolysis Process of Dried Figs by Plackett-Burman Design and Response Surface Methodology

DAI Yangjun1, HU Jian1,2, ZHOU Ying2, ZUO Bo1, SHI Yixue1

2018, 20(7):  146-153.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2017.0888

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In order to explore the optimum technology parameters for composite enzymatic hydrolysis of dried figs, this paper evaluated 7 factors affecting composite enzymatic hydrolysis of dried figs by Plackett-Burman design based on single factor experiment. And 3 significant factors including pectinase additive amount, cellulase additive amount and acid protease additive amount were screened out. Then, the paper further optimized by Box-Behnken design the optimal parameter level of main influencing factors. The results showed that the optimal composite enzymatic hydrolysis for dried figs was 0.66‰ complex phosphosesterasum additive amount including 0.25‰ pectinase, 0.25‰ cellulase and 0.16‰ acid protease, with solid-liquid ratio 1∶20, enzymolysis pH 4.0, enzymolysis temperature 50℃, and 40 min enzymolysis time. Under these technology conditions, the content of soluble solids in enzymatic hydrolysate was 7.73°Bx. The efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was significantly improved.