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    15 February 2021, Volume 23 Issue 2
    Research on the Achievements and Modes of National Agricultural Science and Technology Parks
    AI Hongjuan1, MENG Zhaodi2, JIANG Heping3*
    2021, 23(2):  1-8.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0771
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    The construction of national agricultural science and technology park is an important task proposed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2001, and also an important measure to promote the process of agricultural and rural modernization in China. By analyzing the effective research and development mode of national agricultural science and technology park development in 20 years, this paper  induced and summarized the trait and development achievements main five typical models of leading enterprises, leading industries with advantages and characteristics, leading agricultural high and new technology, innovation\|oriented agricultural technology popularization, and leading agricultural high and new technology business incubator. Finally, it put forward the development ideas of the park in the period of the “14th five-year plan”.
    Analysis on the Present Situation and Predicament of High\|value Utilization of Agricultural Straw in China
    ZHOU Zhi
    2021, 23(2):  9-16.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0410
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    Straw is an important biomass resource after crop harvest. The utilization of agricultural straw resources in China is at critical transition stage from the initial period to the growth period. The utilization of straw resources is facing  the dilemma of large amount but obvious regional characteristics, low added value and insufficient commercialization. Based on the present situation and the high value of these agricultural straw,  this paper focused on economic benefit and technical difficulties in terms of comprehensive utilization of straw. In order to enhance the high\|value utilization of straw, the basic and scientific research in related fields should be strengthened, and the products chains of straw transformation into high\|value\|added products should be expanded, which could provide theoretical support and decision\|making reference for the next stage of straw resource development and utilization in China.
    Progress on the Biological Functions of Argonaute Proteins in Response to Stress in Plants
    PU Weijun, TAN Binglan, ZHU Li*
    2021, 23(2):  17-26.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0670
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    Argonaute (AGO) proteins are large relative molecular weight (about 105 ) and numerous members that are ubiquitous in organisms. They are highly conserved among different species and composed of domains including variable N terminus, PAZ, MID and PIWI,etc.. AGO proteins were involved in many important biological processes such as plant growth and development, morphogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, virus defense, and stress response through forming complex with different kinds of sRNA. This review mainly focused on the structural characteristics, classification, action patterns and biological functions of the AGO protein family in plants, especially their functions in response to biotic and abiotic stress, as well as the existing problems and prospects of the research, in order to provide a theoretical reference for future study on AGO function in plants.
     Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Drought and Salt Tolerance in Cotton
    MA Panpan1,2, ZHAO Zengqiang1,2, ZHU Jianbo2, SUN Guoqing3*
    2021, 23(2):  27-36.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0718
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    The cultivation of new transgenic cotton varieties with drought and salinity tolerance is a hotspot in cotton genetic improvement. The effects of drought and salinity on cotton, the morphological adaptability and physiological regulation mechanism of drought and salinity tolerance, the cloning and molecular mechanism of drought and salinity tolerance genes, and the acquisition of transgenic drought and salinity tolerant cotton materials were summarized in this paper. It would provide some ideas and references for future studies on cotton drought and salt resistance.
    Effects of Salt and Drought Cross Stress on Germination and Physiological Characteristics of Sweet Sorghum Seeds
    WANG Zhiheng, YANG Xiuliu, ZOU Fang, HUANG Siqi, ZHOU Wuyan, XU Zhongwei, WEI Yuqing*
    2021, 23(2):  37-49.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0561
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    In order to study effects of cross stress induced by salt and drought on seed germination and physiological characteristics of early seedlings of sweet sorghum,Liaotian No.1 sweet sorghum seed was used as the test material. PEG-6000 (0, 50 and 100 g·L-1) was used  to simulate drought stress, and NaCl (0, 75 and 150 mmol·L-1) was used  to simulate salt stress. The effects of drought and salt stress on the germination characteristics of sweet sorghum seeds and physiological characteristics of early seedlings were studied.  The results showed that: single or cross stress could inhibit the germination and seedling transformation of sweet sorghum seeds. With the deepening of stress, the antioxidant activity, soluble protein and proline (Pro) content of the seedlings showed an increasing and then decreasing trend, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) content increased gradually. Compared with single stress, interactive stress under specific conditions could promote the germination of sweet sorghum seeds, enhance the antioxidant activity of seedlings, and increase the content of soluble protein, Pro, MDA and GSH. The results of two-factor variance analysis showed that the effects of single stress on seed germination and seedling physiology of sweet sorghum were more greater than that of drought salt cross stress. According to the comprehensive evaluation of the membership function, sweet sorghum of the stress tested was found  as follows: interaction stress> single PEG stress> single NaCl stress. The  effects of drought salt cross stress on seed germination and physiological characteristics of sweet sorghum seedlings were not simply superimposed by single stress. Compared with single stress, drought salt cross stress could alleviate the effects of salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth physiology of sweet sorghum to a certain extent.
    Characterization of Flower Coloration in Petals of Rhododendron simsii#br#
    HE Yefeng1, ZHANG Chunying2, LIU Qunlu1,2*
    2021, 23(2):  50-56.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0693
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    To further understand of the flower coloration mechanism of Rhododendron simsii, the anthocyanin compositions of seven lines were investigated, which provided the scientific basis for the flower color improvement for R. simsii. The Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart and CIE  system were used to describe the chromatic features of the R. simsii lines. The anthocyanin compositions of petals extracts were analyzed and quantified by the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS system combining with standard curve method.  The results showed that the flower colors of seven lines of R. simsii were categorized into three groups: red group, red-purple group and purple group. Eleven anthocyanins in petals were identified according to the standard substances and references as cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, delphindin 3-O-arabinoside, delphindin 3-O-glucoside, malvidin 3-O-arabinoside, malvidin 3-O-glucoside, peonindin 3-O-arabinoside, peonindin 3-O-galactoside, petunidin 3-O-arabinoside and petunidin 3-O-glucoside. The red-flowered lines mainly contained cyanidin monoglycosides and peonindin monoglycosides, while the purple-flowered lines contained delphindin monoglycosides and malvidin monoglycosides. The results also showed that the anthocyanins content in red-flowered was much higher than that in red-purple and purple flowers. These results suggested the involvement of transcription factors or key genes in the up-regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in the red-flowered lines.
    Influences of Different Deacclimation Duration on Drought Resistance of Tobacco Seedlings#br#
    ZHANG Luxiang1, CHEN Simeng1, ZHENG Cong2, JIN Yinan1, HAN Yi3, XU Zicheng1, HUANG Wuxing1, SHAO Huifang1*
    2021, 23(2):  57-64.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0382
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    In order to investigate the physiological response mechanism of tobacco seedlings to deacclimation duration, flue-cured tobacco variety K326 was used as test material, water cultivation in an artificial climate chamber was carried out. An acclimation model including acclimation-deacclimation-reacclimation was designed. Four deacclimation treatments were set up, including 0(CK)、24(D1)、48(D2)、72(D3)h cultured in Hoagland solution, and their acclimation and reacclimation treatment were the same, with common conditions (in Hoagland solution) during the whole period  as treatment N.  Physiological indexes such as photosynthetic pigments contents, root activities, antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoregulation substance contents and malondialdehyde (MDA) of tobacco seedlings were investigated. Results suggested that photosynthetic pigments contents, root activities and enzyme activities during deacclimation showed the trend of first up and then down, with the increasing of deacclimation duration; and these indexes achieved the highest level in D2 treatment; MDA content during deacclimation showed the trend of first down and then up, and achieved the lowest level in D2 treatment. The index values in D2 treatment were similar to those in treatment N. The antioxidant abilities of the tobacco seedlings were improved after deacclimation for 48 h using the acclimation-deacclimation-reacclimation model, along with drought resistance acquiring.
    Effects of Pb and Zn Combination on Antioxidant Enzymes and Carbon-nitrogen Metabolism of Flue-cured Tobacco
    BAO Zhijuan, JIN Rong, YANG Jinqing, ZHANG Qi, ZHU Yongli, ZHAO Zhengxiong*
    2021, 23(2):  65-72.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0428
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    In order to explore the effects of Pb and Zn combination  on tobacco antioxidant enzymes and carbon-nitrogen metabolism, this paper used flue-cured tobacco Honghuadajinyuan as tested variety, and investigated the effects of different concentration Pb (0, 150, 450, 750 mg·kg-1) and Zn (0, 20, 60, 100 mg·kg-1) on the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), nitrate reductase (NR) and sucrase, and contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, protein and soluble sugar of tobacco leaf by two-factor factorial experiment under soil culture. The results showed that: single Pb and Zn displayed low concentration promotion and high concentration inhibition on tobacco antioxidant enzyme activity and carbon-nitrogen metabolism. Zn and Pb were the main influencing factors of tobacco leaf sucrose enzyme and POD activity, respectively. The interaction of Pb×Zn showed significant effects on the antioxidant system and carbon-nitrogen metabolism of tobacco. The low or middle concentration of Pb and Zn interaction produced the antagonistic effect on tobacco, activated the antioxidant enzymes and promoted the carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Moreover, when one metal element concentration was higher and the other was lower, Pb and Zn combination also had  synergistic effect, which inhibited the antioxidant enzymes activity and carbon-nitrogen metabolism, and aggravated heavy metals toxicity to tobacco.
    Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria in Faba Bean Seeds by High-Throughput Sequencing
    LIU Lu1, MING Xiaodong1, ZHANG Xiaoyan2, HAO Junjie2, FU Liping1, WANG Qiankun1, LYU Xin1, CHEN Wang1, LIU Quanlan1*
    2021, 23(2):  73-80.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0860
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    In order to analyze the species abundance and diversity of endophytic bacteria in  faba bean seeds,taking Japans white skin (S18P23.1, S18P23.2) and Qidou 2 (S18P24.1, S18P24.2) as materials, 133  855 effective sequences were obtained  by Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3~V4 region. The sequence with similarity above 97% was divided into one operational taxonomy unit (OTU), so 1 598 OTUs were obtained after optimization. The results showed that majority of the endophytic bacteria belonged to Bacteroidetes (30%~33%),Proteobacteria(23%~25%), Firmicutes(23%~25%), and Actinobacteria (5%~7%), which were therefore the dominant bacterial Phyla in these four faba bean seeds. The dominant genera at genus level in these endophytic bacteria sequenced from faba bean seeds were different. Above results indicated faba bean seeds were rich in endophytic bacteria, the abundance of probiotics in one faba bean variety (Qidou 2) were higher than another variety (Japans white skin).
    Impact of PoprL Promoter on Biosynthesis of Coronatine in Pseudomonas Syringae DC3000
    HE Yan1, JIANG Feng2, YU Sha1, YU Chunxin1, TAN Weiming1, LI Zhaohu1, ZHANG Jie3, DUAN Liusheng1*
    2021, 23(2):  81-88.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0248
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    Coronatine (COR) is a secondary metabolite produced by several pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae, and it is a novel plant growth regulator. In order to improve the production of strains and optimize the culture conditions of fermentation, the strong constitutive promoter PoprL was selected to construct the recombinant strain CO by homologous recombination using the plasmid pUCP24/recTE in Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. The results showed that the productions of COR  increased in CO strain. The yield of CO strain was 1.8 times as much as that of the original strain under 18 ℃ culture and 4.1 times than under 28 ℃ culture. In this study, promoter substitution was used to effectively increase the yield of COR, and the restriction effect of high-temperature fermentation conditions on the yield of COR was improved, which provided strong support and reference for the strain modification and industrial production of COR.
    Statistical Analysis of Split Plot Design Data Using SAS GLIMMIX
    ZHANG Jiuquan1, LI Caibin2, LING Aifen3, DONG Jianxin1
    2021, 23(2):  89-95.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0640
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    Split-plot design is one of the most popular experiment designs due to its unique advantages, such as the flexibility of adding treatments and controlling experimental errors with various levels. However, its statistical analysis of data is complicated, and the relevant and effective statistical software is rare. In order to establish a statistical analysis approach with simple operation, strong practicability, and correct calculation results for split-plot data, the program module general linear mixed model (GLIMMIX) of SAS was used to perform statistical analysis of the split-plot design data, and the advantages and disadvantages of GLIMMIX compared with the traditional program module general linear model (GLM) were illustrated. The results showed that compared with GLM, GLIMMIX could automatically select the correct error variance and the degree of freedom to calculate the statistics, which avoided the issue of not being able to calculate the statistics easily when using GLM in some cases. The shortcomings of GLM in statistical analysis of crack design and other advantages of GLIMMIX analysis were illustrated. Compared with the MIXED module, GLIMMIX was considered as the preferred module for statistical analysis of split-plot design data.
    Feasibility Study on Mechanized Transplanting of Pepper in Sunlight Greenhouse
    LIU Na1, WANG Yan1, ZHAO Chenyang2, GUO Junxian2
    2021, 23(2):  96-104.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0207
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    The traditional south-north ridge planting method in sunlight greenhouse has many short ridges. The space of greenhouse is narrow, so there are many problems in agricultural machinery operation, such as difficulty of adjusting direction, entering the door, walking on the road, and ploughing on the side. To adapt  the development of mechanization, a new mechanized planting mode is needed. Taking pepper as  research object, this paper studied crop traits, yield, fruit and other parameters under the two modes of mechanical east-west ridge planting and artificial north-south ridge planting to explore the feasibility of mechanical planting mode. The results showed that transplanting depth of 6 cm, row space of 30 cm and plant space of 40 cm were the best working parameters of the transplanter. The plant heights of artificial mode were 4.1% and 3.95% higher than that of mechanical mode at 35 and 70 d, while the stem diameters of mechanized model was 5.72% and 3.63% higher at 35 and 70 d. The difference was significant between them. However, the difference between the underground part of the two modes was small, while the accumulation of the mechanized part of the above ground was high and the characters were reasonable. The effective yield of mechanical mode was 2.38 t, which was 11.21% higher than that of artificial mode. The two planting modes had the same nutritional composition and different contents. Therefore, the mechanical planting mode had certain advantages over the artificial planting mode and it could be used in  sunlight greenhouse for pepper production.
    Extraction of Pepper Section Characteristics Based on Machine Vision
    GENG Zedong1, YANG Wanneng1, LI Feng2, DAI Xiongze3,4, OU Lijun3,4, ZOU Xuexiao3,4, FENG Hui5*
    2021, 23(2):  105-114.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0611
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    Using machine vision technology to quickly analyze the agronomic traits of pepper can provide a basis for pepper genetic breeding and functional genomic analysis. Based on Labview, Visual Studio and OpenCV software, a set of analysis programs for agronomic traits of pepper cross-cutting and longitudinal cutting sections were written in this paper. The cross-section images of pepper were analyzed and processed, and the outer contour, inner contour, ventricular map, wrinkle graph and other images were drawn on the cross-section. The longitudinal section was marked with operations such as the longitudinal section skeleton of pepper, the end point of pulp, the middle line of fruit stalk and so on. Analyzing the images and extracting data, the parameters of the transverse section were extracted such as diameter Dx and Dy, circularity DC, pulp thickness T, ventricular number H, transverse folds VWN and VWD, and the parameters of the longitudinal section were extracted such as mid-long line Y, shoulder width X1, chest width X2, abdominal width X3, tip width X4, midline path R. The automatic and high-throughput extraction of the agronomic characters of the hot pepper slices was realized.
    Changes and Enlightenment of Codex Alimentarius Pesticide Residue Limits Standards
    GUO Weifeng, JIANG Dongpo*
    2021, 23(2):  115-122.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0664
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    Based on the documentations about the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides promulgated by the International Codex Alimentarius from 2008 to 2018, a complete database was established. The general situation, the number of items and the types of pesticides of MRLs standards in different product types were analyzed and summarized to reveal the changes of the Codex MRLs. The results showed that although the number of items and pesticide categories in the Codex MRLs standard showed an increasing trend year by year, and the main changes were concentrated in vegetables, fruits and mammalian products, the overall residual mean value of the Codex MRLs standard increased year by year. It was showed that although the International Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) had formulated more extensive codex MRLs standards for more products and pesticide categories, and the variations of different products and pesticide categories were different, the codex MRLs standards had a trend of relaxation in the overall residue mean, that was, CAC might be relaxing the codex MRLs standards. China should seize the opportunity of CAC relaxing the code MRLs standards, speed up the formulation and revision of the domestic pesticide MRLs standards, and reduce the losses of Chinas agricultural export trade caused by technical trade barriers formed by the adjustment of pesticide MRLs in various countries. The present research was of great significance to the improvement of Chinas food standard system, the improvement of Chinas food quality and safety level, the expansion of Chinas agricultural exports and the maintenance of Chinas legitimate rights and interests in international agricultural trade.
    Research Progress on the Effects of Honey on Wound Healing and Its Mechanism
    GUO Nana, ZHAO Yazhou, WANG Kai*, PENG Wenjun*
    2021, 23(2):  123-133.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0495
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    Honey has many biological activities, such as anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, especially in treating infectious wounds, burn burns, and
    promoting wound healing properties. In this paper, the results of relevant cell studies, animal experiments and clinical trials of honey for the treatment of skin
    trauma were analyzed and summarized. The clinical applications of honey and its mechanism of action of specific beneficial effects, including anti-bacterial,
    antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, prevention of wound infection, promotion of self-dissolution debridement, stimulation of the growth of the wound granulation tissue, and acceleration of wound healing, were discussed in detail. The mechanism and clinical effect of honey on wound healing would provide a theoretical reference for the further development and utilization of honey.
    Effects of Different Storage Technology on Peanut Quality
    ZHOU Jinying, WANG Li, ZHU Shuilan, LUO Jing, FAN Qiping, FENG Jianxiong*
    2021, 23(2):  134-140.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0623
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    By taking Ganhua 7 peanut as experimental object, this paper used low temperature storage, dry storage, controlled atmosphere storage and ventilation storage methods to storage peanut, and determined the moisture content, acid value, peroxide value, crude protein content, O/L ratio, amino acid composition and aflatoxin B1 content of peanut during storage period. The results showed that: the acid value, peroxide value and crude protein content of peanut increased with the extension of storage time. O/L ratio increased at the later stage of storage. The total amount of amino acids decreased at the later stage of storage. The content of aflatoxin B1 was not detected in the early stage of storage and gradually increased in the later stage. Controlled atmosphere storage, low temperature storage and dry storage could better guarantee the storage quality of peanut, especially in the inhibition of oxidative rancidity and the prevention and control effect of aflatoxin B1.
    Effects of Dry-wet Alternation on Characteristics of Soil Aggregates
    HU Xukai, CHEN Jutian, ZHU Lixia*, LI Lili*
    2021, 23(2):  141-149.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0471
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    In order to study the distribution characteristics and stability of long-term cultivated soil aggregates in Zhoukou City, Henan Province, four different cycles of
    dry-wet alternation were designed, which were 0, 1, 3 and 5 times, respectively. The aggregate content, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of different soil layers were measured by dry sieving method and wet sieving method. The results showed that, under dry sieving condition, the content of  aggregate >0.25 mm was significantly reduced by 5 times dry-wet cycles, the MWD value of each soil layer was significantly increased by dry-wet cycles, and the GMD value of each soil layer was significantly increased by 1 and 3 times dry-wet cycles. Under wet sieving condition, dry-wet cycles had different effects on the content of  aggregate >0.25 mm in different soil layers, and the MWD and GMD values of each soil layer were significantly reduced by once dry-wet cycle. The MWD values of 40—60  and 60—80 cm soil layers were significantly increased by 3 and 5 times dry-wet cycles. Three dry-wet cycles significantly increased the GMD value of 80—100 cm soil layer, and 5 times dry-wet cycles significantly decreased the GMD value of 0—20, 20—40, 40—60 and 80—100 cm soil layer. The percentage of aggregate destruction in once dry-wet cycle treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments. To sum up, the dry-wet cycle treatments affected the status of soil aggregates, and mainly showed that the proportion of soil aggregates >0.25 mm was decreased. The present research provided theoretical reference for the stability maintaining of farmland soil structure in Huang-Huai area.
    Impact of Temperature on Adsorption Characteristics of Biochar on Heavy Metals
    WANG Xinyu1,2, ZHANG Xi2, MENG Haibo2, SHEN Yujun2, XIE Hengyan1*, ZHOU Haibin2, CHENG Hongsheng2, SONG Liqiu2
    2021, 23(2):  150-158.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0719
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    In order to explore the effect of temperature on adsorption ability of biochar on heavy metals, this paper conducted the equilibrium adsorption experiments of biochar on single and multiple heavy metals at 25, 45 and 65 ℃, respectively. The results indicated that: the adsorption characteristics of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) by biochar could be fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich equation. Temperature was an important factor affecting the adsorption of heavy metals by biochar. The adsorption capacities of biochar on Cu decreased with temperature increasing, the maximum adsorption capacity was 5.27 mg·g-1 at 25 ℃, and the removal rate reached 36.17%; the adsorption capacities of biochar on Zn increased with temperature increasing, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 4.94 mg·g-1 at 65 ℃, and the removal rate reached 45.36%; the adsorption capacity of biochar of on Cd increased first followed by a decline with temperature increasing, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 5.82 mg·g-1 at 45 ℃, and the removal rate reached 53.85%; the adsorption capacities of biochar on Pb were increased with temperature increasing, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 21.35 mg·g-1 at 65 ℃, and the removal rate was reached 98.61%. In
    multiple heavy metals solution, the adsorption capacity of biochar was Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd. The adsorption of heavy metals were enhanced by the increase of the temperature, and the total adsorption amounts of biochar on heavy metals increased.
    Effects of Cultivation Patterns and Nitrogen Application on the Rice False Smut and Yield of Double Cropping Late Japonica Rice in Jiangxi Province
    WU Tianqi1, LIU Lang1, BIAN Chuanfei1, TAN Jingai2, SHI Xugen2*, LI Baotong1*
    2021, 23(2):  159-169.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0616
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    In this study, in order to realize effects of cultivation methods and nitrogen application on the rice false smut (RFS) and yield of double cropping late japonica
    rice in Jiangxi Province, the effects of different cultivation methods and nitrogen application on the yield, infected panicle rate (IPR) and disease index (DI) of RFS of late-season rice were studied. Four common late Japonica rice varieties in Jiangxi Province were used as experimental materials, including ‘Yongyou 538’‘Xiaoyechishu’‘Yongyou 1538’ and ‘Yangchan 1601’. Three sowing and transplanting time treatments (T1, T2 and T3), five transplanting densities treatments [3.75×105(A1), 3.22×105(A2), 2.81×105(A3), 2.5×105(A4) and 2.25×105 hole·hm-2(A5)], five nitrogen application treatments [0(N1), 165(N2), 225(N3), 285(N4) and 345 kg·hm-2 (N5)], and five treatments of nitrogen application ratio [the ratio of base fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and panicle fertilizer was 6∶3∶1 (M1), 5∶3∶2 (M2), 4∶3∶3 (M3), 3∶3∶4 (M4) and 2∶3∶5 (M5)] were set up.  The results showed that the early sowing and planting time could significantly reduce the IPR and DI of RFS, and effectively improve the yield of rice. The damage degree of RFS was increased with the increase of transplanting density from 2.25×105 to 3.75×105 hole·hm-2. The yield were first increased and then decreased with the increase of transplanting
    density. When the transplanting density of rice was small (the transplanting densities of ‘Yongyou 538’‘Yongyou 1538’ and ‘Yangchan 1601’ were lower than 2.5×105 hole·hm-2, and that of ‘Xiaoyechishu’ was lower than 2.25×105 hole·hm-2), the IPR and DI of RFS were small. In the range of nitrogen application rate in this study, the IPR and DI of RFS were increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and the overall yield were increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. In the early stage, the application of nitrogen fertilizer had little effect on the occurrence of RFS, but the late application of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in serious RFS. The yields of all late japonica rice varieties reached the highest when the total nitrogen application rate was 225 kg·hm-2 and the  ratio of base fertilizer∶tiller fertilizer∶panicle fertilizer was 4∶3∶3. Therefore, it was beneficial to reduce the damage degree of RFS of late japonica rice in Jiangxi Province and improve the yield of rice.
    Research on the Ecological Suitability Division of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) P. K. Hsiao in Inner Mongolia
    LI Ziyan1, ZHU Shoudong2, LIU Lanbo3, YANG Min1, ZHANG Lei4, ZHANG Chunhong 1*, LI Minhui1,4*
    2021, 23(2):  170-176.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0440
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    In order to study the ecological suitability of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus in Inner Mongolia and promote the development and utilization of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, this paper analyzed the ecological suitability by the combination of MaxEnt and geographic information technology, and selected the dominant ecological factors influencing the ecological suitability of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and the most suitable living areas were found. The results showed that: eight ecological factors affecting the ecological suitability of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus were standard deviation of temperature seasonality, slope, mean precipitation of October, precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation), altitude, vegetation type, precipitation of warmest quarter and soil type. The most suitable regions for cultivating A. membranaceus var. mongholicus were the surrounding areas of Tumed Right
    Banner of Baotou and the north of Dalat Banner of Erdos. The experimental method was scientific and accurate, which could lay a foundation for the quality division of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and the location of cultivation base.
    Diurnal Variation of N2O Emission Flux in Sweet Pepper Soil-ridged Substrate-embedded Cultivation Ridge in Chinese Solar Greenhouse
    LI Baoshi, LIU Wenke*, LI Zonggeng, ZHANG Yubin, ZHA Lingyan, ZHOU Chengbo, SHAO Mingjie
    2021, 23(2):  177-184.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0442
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    In order to explore the N2O emission amount and diurnal variation characteristic of sweet pepper  in the new cultivation mode, and  identify the optimal cultivation model for reducing N2O emissions of vegetables, the static opaque chamber method was used to continuously determine the N2O emission in embedded and whole ridge of three cultivation modes, including soil ridge, soil-ridged substrate-embedded cultivation (SSC) standard ridges, and SSC dwarf ridges. The results showed that during the measurement period, the N2O emission flux at the seedling stage of sweet pepper presented two emission peaks. The N2O fluxes manifested a high-emission during the day and low-emission at night. In the daytime (8:00—16:00), the N2O flux of the SSC dwarf ridge was the largest, which was 0180 mg·m-2·h-1, while the N2O emissions flux at the ridge of soil row was the smallest, 0.112 mg·m-2·h-1. At night (17:00—22:00),
    the emissions flux of the N2O of the SSC standard ridge was the largest, 0.113 mg·m-2·h-1, the emission flux of the ridge portion of the soil ridge was the smallest, which was 0.064 mg·m-2·h-1. There was no significant difference in the cumulative emission of  day and night among three cultivation modes. In addition, SSC dwarf ridge cultivation was more beneficial for sweet pepper growth than other cultivation modes. In conclusion, SSC dwarf ridge cultivation was beneficial for the vegetable growth in greenhouse. The present study could provide a reference for the technology research of reducing emissions and increasing efficiency of greenhouse vegetables.
    Influences of Microbial Agents on Soil Enzyme Activity and Sorghum Growth
    FAN Na, PENG Zhidong, BAI Wenbin*, ZHAO Jianwu
    2021, 23(2):  185-192.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0484
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    In order to reveal the effect of microbial fertilizer application on the improvement of saline-alkali land, and effectively reuse organic waste resources, this paper studied the changes of soil invertase and phosphatase activities and their effects on the growth of sorghum in different growth stages of sorghum. The results showed that:  microbial agent could improve  the activity of soil sucrase, phosphatase, among which T5, T6 had the greatest influence on urease. The soil urease activity in sorghum seedling stage, jointing stage, heading stage and maturity were  1.441, 1.495, and 1.407 and 1.379 mg·g-1·d-1, significantly higher than other processing. The effects of each treatment on soil urease at the jointing stage of sorghum were T5>T6>T1>T4>T2>T3>CK; the effects of different treatments on urease activity in different growth stages of sorghum were jointing stage>heading stage>seedling stage>mature stage, which indicated that suitable microbial agents increased soil sucrose and soil phosphatase activity, effectively improved soil fertility, and then improved crop nitrogen use in soil. With the promotion of growth period, the activity of soil phosphatase decreased firstly and then increased. The soil phosphatase activity of T5 was significantly higher than that in other treatments, secondly was T6. The outstanding performances of T5 and T6 were the salt-tolerant strains screened in the early stage, which could improve the geographical traits of salinity and lay a theoretical foundation for further improvement of saline-alkali soil.
    Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Branches and Leaves of Goji and Evaluation of Its Application in Epicormic Silage#br#
    CHEN Kaiqiong, YANG Qifang, GOU Qi, LYU Yan, LIU Jianli*
    2021, 23(2):  193-201.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0637
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    Epicormic of Goji are wastes from the planting process of Goji, and they are rich in nutrients and medicinal ingredients similar to the Gojizi, so they can be used as silage to turn waste into treasure. Lactic acid bacteria are the key species of silage, and those screened from silage raw materials have better adaptability. The MRS+CaCO3 plate was used to isolate lactic acid bacteria from the branches and leaves of Goji epicormic, and gained the strains with fast-growing and strong acid-producing ability, which was used as an additive in the silage of Goji epicormic to evaluate the quality of silage and to screen of excellent lactic acid bacteria suitable for silaging of Goji epicormic. The results showed that 15 strains of lactic acid bacteria with large dissolving circles were isolated from the branches and leaves of Goji epicormic. Among them, GJ2, GJ8, and GJ18 grew faster and had strong acid production capacity. After adding strain GJ8 as a bacterial agent to silage Goji epicormic of branches, the crude protein, crude ash, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, soluble carbohydrate, ammonia nitrogen, lactic acid, dry matter and other nutrients, as well as wolfberry polysaccharide, betaine, flavonoids and other effective ingredients content and sensory evaluation were the best. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the GJ8 strain was Pediococcus acidilactici. GJ8 could be used as a candidate strain for the development of special microbial agents for Goji silage.