种植密度和施氮量对豫北潮土区小麦光合特性和产量及土壤氮素的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0062

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为揭示种植密度和施氮水平对土壤氮素形态及小麦光合作用、产量的影响，在大田条件下，分别设置常规小麦播量+常规施氮量（CBCF）、小麦播量增加30%+常规施氮量（ZBCF）、小麦播量增加30%+氮量减施20%（ZBJF）、常规小麦播量+氮量减施20%（CBJF）共4个处理，其中小麦常规播量为232.5 kg·hm^-2；常规施氮量为219 kg·hm^-2。分析不同处理下小麦主要生育期的光合参数指标、成熟期小麦产量及土壤不同形态氮素含量。结果表明，①净光合速率和叶绿素含量随生育时期呈现先上升后下降趋势，其中CBJF处理提高了拔节期净光合速率；ZBJF处理在灌浆期的净光合速率最大，为20.53 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，同时增加了小麦拔节期叶绿素含量。②胞间CO₂浓度和气孔导度均随生育时期呈现下降趋势，其中在拔节期常规施氮肥处理显著高于氮肥减施处理；灌浆期ZBJF处理胞间CO₂浓度和气孔导度显著高于其他处理，分别为270.87 μmol·mol^-1和0.33 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。③蒸腾速率随生育时期呈现先上升后下降趋势，在灌浆期ZBJF处理的蒸腾速率最高，为3.51 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。④ZBJF处理的穗粒数较CBJF处理增加12%，且减氮处理的小麦产量显著高于常规施氮处理。⑤相较于CBCF处理，氮肥减施处理降低了10—20 cm土层中全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮和微生物量氮含量。本试验条件下，氮肥减施处理虽然减少了10—30 cm土壤有效态氮含量，但小麦生长和产量相较于常规施氮处理并未受到影响，从而提高了氮肥偏生产力，其中ZBJF处理提高了小麦灌浆期主要光合作用参数，并提高了小麦穗粒数、千粒重和产量。

关键词: 小麦, 种植密度, 施氮量, 光合特性, 产量

Abstract:

In order to explored the effects of planting density and nitrogen level on wheat photosynthesis， yield and soil nitrogen content， four treatments were set under field condition including conventional sowing rate+conventional nitrogen application rate （CBCF）， increasing sowing rate by 30%+conventional nitrogen application rate （ZBCF）， increased sowing by 30%+reduced nitrogen by 20% （ZBJF） and conventional seeding+20% nitrogen reduction （CBJF）， which conventional sowing rate was 232.5 kg·hm^-2， and conventional nitrogen application rate was 219 N kg·hm^-2. The photosynthetic indexes of wheat during main growth stage and different nitrogen forms in soil after harvest were measured and analyzed. The results were followed. ①The net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content increased first and then decreased with the growth period. The net photosynthetic rate at jointing stage under CBJF treatment was increased. In the filling stage， the net photosynthetic rate of ZBJF treatment reached the maximum of 20.53 μmol·m^-2·s^-1， which increased the chlorophyll content of wheat at jointing stage. ②The intercellular CO₂ concentration and stomatal conductance decreased with the growth period. And at jointing stage， the intercellular CO₂ concentration and stomatal conductance under the treatments with normal nitrogen application rate were significantly higher than that under the treatments with nitrogen reduction. The maximum intercellular CO₂ concentration and stomatal conductance were under ZBJF treatment with 270.87 μmol·mol^-1 and 0.33 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. ③The transpiration rate was firstly increased and then decreased during the growth stage. The maximum transpiration rate was 3.51 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 under ZBJF treatment at the filling stage. ④The number of grains per ear under ZBJF increased by 12% compared with that under CBJF treatment. The wheat yield under the treatments with nitrogen reduction was higher than that under the treatments with conventional nitrogen application. ⑤Compared with CBCF treatment， the contents of total nitrogen， alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen， ammonium nitrogen， nitrate nitrogen， dissolved organic nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen in the soil layer of 10—20 cm were decreased under the treatments with nitrogen reduction. Under the experimental conditions， although the available nitrogen content in 10—30 cm soil layers was reduced under the treatments with nitrogen reduction， the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer was significantly increased compared with conventional nitrogen application treatment. Meanwhile， the wheat growth and yield did not be affected by the nitrogen reduction. Among them， under ZBJF treatment， the photosynthesis of wheat during filling stage and the chlorophyll content in the leaves before flowering stage were improved. Meanwhile， the grain number， thousand grain weight and yield were improved under ZBJF treatment.

Key words: wheat, seeding rate, nitrogen rate, photosynthetic characteristics, crop yield

中图分类号:

S158.5

陈琛, 石柯, 朱长伟, 姜桂英, 罗澜, 孟威威, 刘芳, 申凤敏, 刘世亮. 种植密度和施氮量对豫北潮土区小麦光合特性和产量及土壤氮素的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(5): 24-33.

Chen CHEN, Ke SHI, Changwei ZHU, Guiying JIANG, Lan LUO, Weiwei MENG, Fang LIU, Fengmin SHEN, Shiliang LIU. Effects of Planting Density and Nitrogen Application Rate on Wheat Photosynthetic Characteristics， Yield， and Soil Nitrogen Content in Fluvo-aquic Soil in Northern Henan Province[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(5): 24-33.

图/表 8

表1 各处理小麦播种量与施肥量 (kg·hm-2)

Table 1 Wheat seeding amount and fertilizer amount in each treatment

处理 Treatment	小麦播量 Wheat seeding rate	N		P₂O₅	K₂O
处理 Treatment	小麦播量 Wheat seeding rate	基施 Base application	追施 Topdressing	P₂O₅	K₂O
CBCF	232.50	150	69.0	120	120
ZBCF	302.25	150	69.0	120	120
ZBJF	302.25	120	55.2	120	120
CBJF	232.50	120	55.2	120	120

图1 不同处理不同生育时期净光合速率注：同一时期不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 1 Net photosynthetic rates at different growth stages under different treatmentsNote： Different lowercase letters in same stage indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

图2 不同处理不同生育时期胞间CO2浓度注：同一时期不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 2 Intercellular CO2 concentrations at different growth stages under different treatmentsNote： Different lowercase letters in same stage indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

图3 不同处理不同生育时期气孔导度注：同一时期不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 3 Stomatal conductance at different growth stages under different treatmentsNote： Different lowercase letters in same stage indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

图4 不同处理不同生育时期蒸腾速率注：同一时期不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 4 Transpiration rates at different growth stages under different treatmentsNote： Different lowercase letters in same stage indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

图5 不同处理不同生育时期叶绿素含量注：同一时期不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 5 Chlorophyll content at different growth stages under different treatmentsNote： Different lowercase letters in same stage indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

表2 不同处理小麦产量及其构成因素

Table 2 Wheat yield and its components under different treatments

处理 Treatment	成穗数 Spike number/ （×10⁴·hm^-2）	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1 000-grain weight/g	产量 Yield/（kg·hm^-2）	氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity
CBCF	538±7 c	28±3 ab	39.91±0.53 a	5 296±317 b	24.18±1.45 b
ZBCF	554±11 c	27±4 ab	41.05±2.46 a	5 535±295 b	25.27±1.35 b
ZBJF	573±7 b	29±2 a	41.28±1.31 a	6 292±268 a	35.91±1.53 a
CBJF	619±4 a	26±0 b	40.09±1.00 a	6 181±257 a	35.28±1.46 a

表3 小麦收获后不同处理土壤不同形态氮素含量

Table 3 Contents of different soil nitrogen forms after wheat harvest under different treatments

土层 Soil layer/cm	处理 Treatment	全氮 Total nitrogen/（g·kg^-1）	碱解氮 Available nitrogen/ （mg·kg^-1）	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen/（mg·kg^-1）	铵态氮 Ammoniacal nitrogen/ （mg·kg^-1）	微生物量氮 Microbial biomass nitrogen/（mg·kg^-1）	可溶性有机氮 Dissolved organic nitrogen/（mg·kg^-1）
0—10	CBCF	0.97±0.04 a	71.43±1.71 a	39.63±2.18 a	15.18±0.97 a	61.28±7.83 a	42.41±4.70 a
	ZBCF	0.84±0.06 b	71.38±0.94 a	35.29±2.90 b	12.06±1.43 bc	51.69±8.36 ab	37.68±4.75 ab
	ZBJF	0.94±0.03 ab	72.37±1.16 a	31.69±1.20 c	10.44±0.68 c	47.34±4.87 b	36.28±2.00 ab
	CBJF	0.96±0.07 a	67.92±1.60 b	33.94±0.15 bc	12.65±0.54 b	47.74±4.61 b	33.65±3.71 b
10—20	CBCF	0.87±0.03 a	61.06±4.74 a	31.05±5.17 a	15.08±2.01 a	46.43±5.49 a	39.43±0.14 a
	ZBCF	0.80±0.00 b	56.15±0.41 a	19.37±1.35 c	10.05±2.60 b	45.77±3.00 a	37.16±1.33 a
	ZBJF	0.81±0.00 b	57.18±2.81 a	21.00±1.39 bc	10.49±1.73 b	34.69±4.85 b	27.30±1.75 b
	CBJF	0.77±0.01 c	46.38±1.09 b	24.44±0.60 b	9.73±0.57 b	35.27±4.01 b	26.33±3.25 b
20—30	CBCF	0.47±0.02 a	39.02±3.11 a	21.00±0.05 a	9.51±1.17 a	34.45±2.35 a	25.51±1.37 a
	ZBCF	0.48±0.01 a	35.83±3.09 ab	13.46±1.68 b	7.25±2.04 a	33.04±2.53 ab	19.84±2.23 b
	ZBJF	0.47±0.01 a	31.60±2.62 b	14.43±2.50 b	7.97±1.34 a	27.70±4.11 b	21.18±3.34 ab
	CBJF	0.45±0.01 a	22.42±1.22 c	15.75±3.02 b	7.63±1.11 a	29.91±3.81 ab	18.59±1.01 b

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