赣北棉区棉花干物质积累特征和产量对减氮措施的响应

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0103

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究减氮措施对棉花干物质积累特征及产量的影响，设置常规施氮（N₁，施氮量345 kg·hm^-2）、减氮20%（N₂，施氮量276 kg·hm^-2），减氮20%其中配施10%有机肥（N₃，施氮量276 kg·hm^-2，化肥与有机肥配施比例9∶1）和不施氮（N₄）共4个处理，分析棉花干物质积累特征参数、产量、养分含量对不同减氮措施的响应。结果表明，与N₁处理相比， N₂与N₃处理吐絮期棉花生殖器官干物质分配比例显著增加10.29%、15.10%，干物质积累时长缩短10.97%、13.27%，生殖器官干物质积累快增期持续时长增加11.76%、90.04%，加快了棉花生育进程；N₄处理干物质积累平均速率降低45.30%，干物质积累最大速率出现时间延缓。2年平均籽棉产量与经济效益均以N₃处理最大，分别为3 496.87 kg·hm^-2和22 956.64元。因此，N₃处理即减氮20%并配施10%有机肥处理为赣北棉区高产、节肥并具有最佳经济效益的减氮措施。以上结果为降低赣北棉区氮肥投入量提供指导意义。

关键词: 减氮措施, 棉花, 干物质积累, 特征参数, 籽棉产量

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of nitrogen reduction on the characteristic of dry matter accumulation and yield of cotton， 4 treatments were set up， including conventional nitrogen treatment （N₁， nitrogen application rate 345 kg·hm^-2）， 20% nitrogen reduction treatment （N₂， nitrogen application rate 276 kg·hm^-2）， 20% nitrogen reduction combined with 10% organic fertilizer treatment （N₃， nitrogen application rate 276 kg·hm^-2， the ratio of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer was 9∶1） and no nitrogen treatment （N₄）， to analyze the responses of cotton dry matter accumulation characteristic parameters， yield and nutrient content to different nitrogen reduction treatments. The results showed that compared with N₁ treatment， N₂ and N₃ treatments significantly increased the dry matter distribution ratio of reproductive organs at catkins period by 10.29% and 15.10%， shortened the dry matter accumulation time by 10.97% and 13.27%， and increased the dry matter accumulation fast growth period by 11.76% and 90.04%， accelerating the growth process of cotton. N₄ treatment reduced the average rate of dry matter accumulation by 45.30%， and delayed the appearance time of the maximum rate of dry matter accumulation. The yield and economic benefit of seed cotton in 2 years were the highest in N₃ treatment， which were 3 496.87 kg·hm^-2 and 22 956.64 yuan， respectively. Therefore， N₃ treatment，namely 20% nitrogen reduction combined with 10% manure， was a nitrogen reduction measure with high yield， fertilizer saving and the best economic benefits in northern Jiangxi cotton region. Above results provided guidance for reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer input in cotton growing area of northern Jiangxi.

Key words: nitrogen reduction measures, cotton, dry matter accumulation, characteristic parameters, seed cotton yield

中图分类号:

S157

秦宇坤, 陈俊英, 张丽娟. 赣北棉区棉花干物质积累特征和产量对减氮措施的响应[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(6): 191-199.

Yukun QIN, Junying CHEN, Lijuan ZHANG. Response of Dry Matter Accumulation Characteristics and Yield of Cotton in North Jiangxi Cotton Region to Nitrogen Reduction Measures[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(6): 191-199.

图/表 6

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生育期 Stage	处理 Treatment	单株干物质量 Dry matter weight per plant/g				干物质分配比例 Dry matter distribution ratio/%
生育期 Stage	处理 Treatment	根 Root	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf	生殖器官 Reproduction organ	营养器官 Vegetative organ	生殖器官 Reproduction organ
出苗期 Emergence stage	N₁	1.40±0.25 a	0.74±0.25 ab	3.69±0.26 ab	0.20±0.05 ab	96.61±1.14 a	3.39±0.57 a
	N₂	1.44±0.17 a	0.93±0.16 a	4.34±0.41 a	0.20±0.14 ab	97.10±1.43 a	2.90±1.07 a
	N₃	1.77± 0.12 a	1.03±0.24 a	4.53±0.44 a	0.25±0.19 a	96.66±1.06 a	3.34±0.36 a
	N₄	0.76±0.14 b	0.50±0.23 b	3.01±0.15 b	0.11±0.08 b	97.55±1.38 a	2.45±1.46 a
现蕾期 Budding stage	N₁	4.63±1.27 a	4.01±1.41 ab	10.77±1.71 ab	1.85±0.98 a	91.24±0.77 b	8.76±0.51 a
	N₂	5.83±2.18 a	5.74±0.82 ab	11.59±0.99 ab	1.62±1.04 ab	93.48±0.63 a	6.52±1.14 b
	N₃	6.00±1.21 a	6.16±0.98 a	13.53±3.36 a	1.77±0.58 ab	93.63±0.55 a	6.37±1.68 b
	N₄	3.73±0.32 a	3.16±0.68 b	8.00±1.13 b	0.91±0.22 b	94.31±0.94 a	5.69±0.59 b
初花期 Initial flowering stage	N₁	9.43±2.18 ab	16.32±2.46 b	26.92±3.50 ab	8.22±2.25 a	86.87±0.74 a	13.13±1.06 a
	N₂	10.46±2.31 a	15.99±2.31 b	26.65±2.28 ab	9.60±3.22 a	84.34±0.69 a	15.66±2.88 a
	N₃	10.78±1.14 a	22.37±2.29 a	27.98±2.74 a	7.97±2.21 a	88.65±1.36 a	11.35±1.14 a
	N₄	6.46±1.33 b	9.34±0.75 c	19.01±3.41 b	4.78±2.17 a	88.35±0.98 a	11.65±0.47 a
盛铃期 Peak boll stage	N₁	22.23±1.04 a	51.07±4.34 b	54.00±3.36 a	124.70±13.51 a	50.51±3.67 b	49.49±4.63 a
	N₂	19.87±2.17 ab	48.00±3.13 b	49.03±4.24 a	129.23±12.46 a	47.90±3.66 b	52.10±2.66 a
	N₃	26.20±3.17 a	61.07±4.79 a	61.20±3.20 a	93.40±7.19 a	61.15±4.89 a	38.85±3.24 b
	N₄	8.50±1.32 b	14.87±3.16 c	17.63±2.09 b	42.77±8.59 b	50.20±3.55 b	49.80±2.54 a
吐絮期 Catkins stage	N₁	43.45±2.39 a	91.50±4.34 a	97.10±5.24 a	155.00±7.78 a	59.88±4.23 a	40.12±2.29 c
	N₂	34.05±3.97 a	79.15±6.31 ab	73.55±4.39 ab	147.95±8.47 a	55.75±3.39 b	44.25±4.31 b
	N₃	32.25±3.14 a	75.20±5.19 b	66.15±5.92 b	148.55±10.55 a	53.82±4.08 b	46.18±2.08 b
	N₄	15.05±2.48 b	35.10± 3.28 c	31.70±2.19 c	90.85±7.45 b	47.38±3.82 c	52.62±3.63 a

生育期 Stage	处理 Treatment	单株干物质量 Dry matter weight per plant/g				干物质分配比例 Dry matter distribution ratio/%
生育期 Stage	处理 Treatment	根 Root	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf	生殖器官 Reproduction organ	营养器官 Vegetative organ	生殖器官 Reproduction organ
出苗期 Emergence stage	N₁	1.40±0.25 a	0.74±0.25 ab	3.69±0.26 ab	0.20±0.05 ab	96.61±1.14 a	3.39±0.57 a
	N₂	1.44±0.17 a	0.93±0.16 a	4.34±0.41 a	0.20±0.14 ab	97.10±1.43 a	2.90±1.07 a
	N₃	1.77± 0.12 a	1.03±0.24 a	4.53±0.44 a	0.25±0.19 a	96.66±1.06 a	3.34±0.36 a
	N₄	0.76±0.14 b	0.50±0.23 b	3.01±0.15 b	0.11±0.08 b	97.55±1.38 a	2.45±1.46 a
现蕾期 Budding stage	N₁	4.63±1.27 a	4.01±1.41 ab	10.77±1.71 ab	1.85±0.98 a	91.24±0.77 b	8.76±0.51 a
	N₂	5.83±2.18 a	5.74±0.82 ab	11.59±0.99 ab	1.62±1.04 ab	93.48±0.63 a	6.52±1.14 b
	N₃	6.00±1.21 a	6.16±0.98 a	13.53±3.36 a	1.77±0.58 ab	93.63±0.55 a	6.37±1.68 b
	N₄	3.73±0.32 a	3.16±0.68 b	8.00±1.13 b	0.91±0.22 b	94.31±0.94 a	5.69±0.59 b
初花期 Initial flowering stage	N₁	9.43±2.18 ab	16.32±2.46 b	26.92±3.50 ab	8.22±2.25 a	86.87±0.74 a	13.13±1.06 a
	N₂	10.46±2.31 a	15.99±2.31 b	26.65±2.28 ab	9.60±3.22 a	84.34±0.69 a	15.66±2.88 a
	N₃	10.78±1.14 a	22.37±2.29 a	27.98±2.74 a	7.97±2.21 a	88.65±1.36 a	11.35±1.14 a
	N₄	6.46±1.33 b	9.34±0.75 c	19.01±3.41 b	4.78±2.17 a	88.35±0.98 a	11.65±0.47 a
盛铃期 Peak boll stage	N₁	22.23±1.04 a	51.07±4.34 b	54.00±3.36 a	124.70±13.51 a	50.51±3.67 b	49.49±4.63 a
	N₂	19.87±2.17 ab	48.00±3.13 b	49.03±4.24 a	129.23±12.46 a	47.90±3.66 b	52.10±2.66 a
	N₃	26.20±3.17 a	61.07±4.79 a	61.20±3.20 a	93.40±7.19 a	61.15±4.89 a	38.85±3.24 b
	N₄	8.50±1.32 b	14.87±3.16 c	17.63±2.09 b	42.77±8.59 b	50.20±3.55 b	49.80±2.54 a
吐絮期 Catkins stage	N₁	43.45±2.39 a	91.50±4.34 a	97.10±5.24 a	155.00±7.78 a	59.88±4.23 a	40.12±2.29 c
	N₂	34.05±3.97 a	79.15±6.31 ab	73.55±4.39 ab	147.95±8.47 a	55.75±3.39 b	44.25±4.31 b
	N₃	32.25±3.14 a	75.20±5.19 b	66.15±5.92 b	148.55±10.55 a	53.82±4.08 b	46.18±2.08 b
	N₄	15.05±2.48 b	35.10± 3.28 c	31.70±2.19 c	90.85±7.45 b	47.38±3.82 c	52.62±3.63 a

处理Treatment	Logistic回归方程 Logistic regression equation	R²	干物质积累特征值 Characteristic values of dry matter accumulation
处理Treatment	Logistic回归方程 Logistic regression equation	R²	最大速率出现时间T_m/d	持续时间T/d	最大速率V_m/（g·d^-1）	平均速率V_a/（g·d^-1）	最快起始时间T₁/d	快增期持续时间 T₂/d	缓增期持续时间T₃/d
N₁	y=420.72/［1×10^{（8.00-0.07t）}］	0.999 5^**	114.29	179.93	7.36	2.34	95.47	37.63	57.84
N₂	y=348.27/［1×10^{（8.22-0.08t）}］	0.999 2^**	102.75	160.19	6.97	2.17	86.29	32.93	53.36
N₃	y=340.36/［1×10^{（7.89-0.08t）}］	0.999 6^**	98.63	156.06	6.81	2.18	82.16	32.92	49.24
N₄	y=329.53/［1×10^{（5.70-0.04t）}］	0.993 2^**	142.50	257.38	3.30	1.28	109.58	65.85	43.73

处理Treatment	Logistic回归方程 Logistic regression equation	R²	干物质积累特征值 Characteristic values of dry matter accumulation
处理Treatment	Logistic回归方程 Logistic regression equation	R²	最大速率出现时间T_m/d	持续时间T/d	最大速率V_m/（g·d^-1）	平均速率V_a/（g·d^-1）	最快起始时间T₁/d	快增期持续时间 T₂/d	缓增期持续时间T₃/d
N₁	y=420.72/［1×10^{（8.00-0.07t）}］	0.999 5^**	114.29	179.93	7.36	2.34	95.47	37.63	57.84
N₂	y=348.27/［1×10^{（8.22-0.08t）}］	0.999 2^**	102.75	160.19	6.97	2.17	86.29	32.93	53.36
N₃	y=340.36/［1×10^{（7.89-0.08t）}］	0.999 6^**	98.63	156.06	6.81	2.18	82.16	32.92	49.24
N₄	y=329.53/［1×10^{（5.70-0.04t）}］	0.993 2^**	142.50	257.38	3.30	1.28	109.58	65.85	43.73

部位 Part	处理Treatment	Logistic回归方程 Logistic regression equation	R²	干物质积累特征值 Characteristic values of dry matter accumulation
部位 Part	处理Treatment	Logistic回归方程 Logistic regression equation	R²	最大速率出现时间T_m/d	持续时间T/d	最大速率V_m/（g·d^-1）	平均速率V_a/（g·d^-1）	最快起始时间T₁/d	快增期持续时间T₂/d	缓增期持续时间T₃/d
营养器官 Vegetative organ	N₁	y=278.66/［1×10^{（5.82-0.05t）}］	0.964 0^**	116.40	208.30	3.48	1.34	90.06	52.68	65.56
	N₂	y=200.37/［1×10^{（5.89-0.06t）}］	0.965 3^**	98.17	174.75	3.01	1.15	76.22	43.90	54.64
	N₃	y=179.46/［1×10^{（7.08-0.07t）}］	0.990 0^**	101.14	166.79	3.14	1.08	82.33	37.63	46.83
	N₄	y=203.21/［1×10^{（4.35-0.03t）}］	0.930 9^**	145.00	298.17	1.52	0.68	101.1	87.80	109.27
生殖器官 Reproductive organ	N₁	y=155.48/［1×10^{（21.01-0.19t）}］	0.998 1^**	110.58	134.76	7.39	1.15	103.65	13.86	17.25
	N₂	y=149.02/［1×10^{（17.76-0.18t）}］	0.998 9^**	104.47	131.50	6.33	1.13	96.72	15.49	19.28
	N₃	y=154.16/［1×10^{（11.41-0.10t）}］	0.999 5^**	114.10	160.05	3.85	0.96	100.93	26.34	32.78
	N₄	y=104.51/［1×10^{（9.88-0.03t）}］	0.999 3^**	123.50	180.94	2.09	0.58	107.04	32.93	40.98