3种架式对‘新郁’葡萄栽培性状及果实品质的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1069

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为筛选及优化西北干旱区鲜食葡萄优质高效栽培架式，以‘新郁’葡萄为试验材料，设置独龙干+水平叶幕（SDTS-H）、顺行龙干+水平叶幕（ISDTS-H）和顺行龙干+V+水平叶幕（ISDTS-VH）3种栽培架式，分析其对‘新郁’葡萄叶片光合特性、果穗微域环境、果实品质及经济效益的影响。结果表明，相比SDTS-H，ISDTS-VH叶片净光合速率提高7.73%，ISDTS-H水分利用效率提高14.13%；ISDTS-H、ISDTS-VH比SDTS-H果穗微域环境平均温度分别升高2.29 和2.24 ℃，平均湿度分别减小4.96和3.85个百分点，日均总辐射分别为SDTS-H的2.66和1.31倍；ISDTS-H、ISDTS-VH葡萄较SDTS-H早熟，成熟期果实可溶性固形物、花色苷、类黄酮、维生素C含量及葡萄果实色泽指数均显著高于SDTS-H，SDTS-VH果实成熟后期果粒质量最大，为13.99 g，类黄酮和维生素C含量最高，分别为7.36和44.18 mg·kg^-1，且具有适度的花色苷含量（1.22 mg·g^-1），综合品质最好；SDTS-VH实际果穗数、实际产量与目标值相似指数最高，分别为0.73和1.06；ISDTS-VH相比传统SDTS-H，累计工时投入减少48.00%，经济效益提高189.58%。综上所述，ISDTS-VH栽培的‘新郁’葡萄叶片光合速率最高，果穗微域环境最优，利于品质形成和产量控制，栽培经济效益最高。

关键词: 架式, ‘新郁’葡萄, 微域环境, 栽培特性, 果实品质

Abstract:

In order to screen and optimize the high quality and high efficiency cultivation trellis system of table grape in the northwest arid area， China，the ‘Xinyu’ grape was used as experimental material， with 3 treatments including single dragon trunk shaping + horizontal leaf curtain （SDTS-H）， inclined single dragon trunk shaping + horizontal leaf curtain （ISDTS-H）， and inclined single dragon trunk shaping + vertical + horizontal leaf curtains （ISDTS-VH） were set，and the effects of 3 trellis systems on leaves photosynthetic characteristics， cluster micro-environment， fruit quality and economic benefits of ‘Xinyu’ grape were analyzed. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate was higher with ISDTS-VH than with SDTS-H by 7.73%， the water use efficiency was higher with ISDTS-H than with SDTS-H by 14.13%. Compared with SDTS-H， mean temperature with ISDTS-H and ISDTS-VH were higher than that with ISDTS-VH with 2.29 and 2.24 ℃， mean humidity were lower with ISDTS-H and ISDTS-VH than with ISDTS-VH by 4.96 and 3.85 percentage points， respectively. The daily average total radiation with ISDTS-H and ISDTS-VH were 2.66 and 1.31 times compared with SDTS-H. Grapes with ISDTS-H and ISDTS-VH ripened earlier than with SDTS-H， and the contents of soluble solids， anthocyanin， flavonoid， vitamin C and color index of red grape were significantly higher with ISDTS-H and ISDTS-VH fruits than with SDTS-H when berry ripening. The berry mass， flavonoid content and vitamin C content of SDTS-VH were the highest by 13.99 g， 7.36 and 44.18 mg·kg^-1， respectively， and the anthocyanin content was 1.22 mg·g^-1 at the later stage of fruit ripen， the fruit quality was the best. Actual number of clusters similarity index and actual yield similarity index of SDTS-VH were the highest， with 0.73 and 1.06. Compared with SDTS-H， the cumulative hours with ISDTS-VH was reduced by 48.00% and the economic performance increased by 189.58%. Taken together， photosynthetic rate of ISDTS-VH was the highest， cluster micro-environment was the optimal， beneficial to quality formation and yield control， and economic performance was the highest.

Key words: trellis system, ‘Xinyu’ grape, micro-environment, cultivation characteristics, berry quality

中图分类号:

S663.1

白世践, 户金鸽, 李超, 蔡军社. 3种架式对‘新郁’葡萄栽培性状及果实品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(8): 63-73.

Shijian BAI, Jinge HU, Chao LI, Junshe CAI. Effects of 3 Trellis Systems on Cultivation Characters and Berry Quality of ‘Xinyu’ Grape[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(8): 63-73.

图/表 7

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参数 Parameter	栽培架式 Cultivation trellis system
参数 Parameter	SDTS-H	ISDTS-H	ISDTS-VH
平均最高温 Average maximum temperature/℃	37.05	37.01	36.90
平均最低温 Average minimum temperature/℃	16.02	18.79	18.74
平均温度 Average temperature/℃	25.40	27.69	27.64
平均温差 Average temperature difference/℃	20.65	18.23	18.16
超过35 ℃温差总和 Sum of temperature difference above 35 ℃/℃	234.50	215.00	209.00
≥35 ℃高温时长 Time of temperature above 35 ℃/h	254.00	349.50	343.00
平均最大湿度 Average maximum humidity/%	78.18	65.65	66.78
平均最小湿度 Average minimum humidity/%	21.25	26.52	27.47
平均湿度 Average humidity/%	48.56	43.60	44.71
≤45%低湿时长 Sum of humidity difference below 45%/h	919.50	1 046.00	980.00
日均叶幕透射辐射 Daily average PAR_tran/（µmol·m^-2·s^-1）	2.37	9.29	4.17
日均土壤反射辐射 Daily average PAR_soil/（µmol·m^-2·s^-1）	4.29	8.48	5.61
日均总辐射 Daily average total radiation/（µmol·m^-2·s^-1）	6.67	17.77	9.78

参数 Parameter	栽培架式 Cultivation trellis system
参数 Parameter	SDTS-H	ISDTS-H	ISDTS-VH
平均最高温 Average maximum temperature/℃	37.05	37.01	36.90
平均最低温 Average minimum temperature/℃	16.02	18.79	18.74
平均温度 Average temperature/℃	25.40	27.69	27.64
平均温差 Average temperature difference/℃	20.65	18.23	18.16
超过35 ℃温差总和 Sum of temperature difference above 35 ℃/℃	234.50	215.00	209.00
≥35 ℃高温时长 Time of temperature above 35 ℃/h	254.00	349.50	343.00
平均最大湿度 Average maximum humidity/%	78.18	65.65	66.78
平均最小湿度 Average minimum humidity/%	21.25	26.52	27.47
平均湿度 Average humidity/%	48.56	43.60	44.71
≤45%低湿时长 Sum of humidity difference below 45%/h	919.50	1 046.00	980.00
日均叶幕透射辐射 Daily average PAR_tran/（µmol·m^-2·s^-1）	2.37	9.29	4.17
日均土壤反射辐射 Daily average PAR_soil/（µmol·m^-2·s^-1）	4.29	8.48	5.61
日均总辐射 Daily average total radiation/（µmol·m^-2·s^-1）	6.67	17.77	9.78

栽培架式 Cultivation trellis system	果穗质量 Cluster mass/g	实际果穗数 Actual number of clusters/（10⁴·hm^-2）	目标果穗数Objective number of clusters/（10⁴·hm^-2）	实际产量 Actual yield/ （t·hm^-2）	目标产量 Objective yield/（t·hm^-2）	相似指数 Similarity index
栽培架式 Cultivation trellis system	果穗质量 Cluster mass/g	实际果穗数 Actual number of clusters/（10⁴·hm^-2）	目标果穗数Objective number of clusters/（10⁴·hm^-2）	实际产量 Actual yield/ （t·hm^-2）	目标产量 Objective yield/（t·hm^-2）	果穗数Number of clusters	产量Yield
SDTS-H	1 175.32±173.11 a	2.48±0.16 a	3.75	29.10±3.37 a	30.02	0.66	0.97
ISDTS-H	861.25±34.56 b	1.82±0.13 c	2.86	15.63±1.14 c	22.87	0.64	0.68
ISDTS-VH	1 172.38±58.27 a	2.07±0.14 b	2.86	24.30±1.84 b	22.87	0.73	1.06

栽培架式 Cultivation trellis system	果穗质量 Cluster mass/g	实际果穗数 Actual number of clusters/（10⁴·hm^-2）	目标果穗数Objective number of clusters/（10⁴·hm^-2）	实际产量 Actual yield/ （t·hm^-2）	目标产量 Objective yield/（t·hm^-2）	相似指数 Similarity index
栽培架式 Cultivation trellis system	果穗质量 Cluster mass/g	实际果穗数 Actual number of clusters/（10⁴·hm^-2）	目标果穗数Objective number of clusters/（10⁴·hm^-2）	实际产量 Actual yield/ （t·hm^-2）	目标产量 Objective yield/（t·hm^-2）	果穗数Number of clusters	产量Yield
SDTS-H	1 175.32±173.11 a	2.48±0.16 a	3.75	29.10±3.37 a	30.02	0.66	0.97
ISDTS-H	861.25±34.56 b	1.82±0.13 c	2.86	15.63±1.14 c	22.87	0.64	0.68
ISDTS-VH	1 172.38±58.27 a	2.07±0.14 b	2.86	24.30±1.84 b	22.87	0.73	1.06

参数 Parameter	栽培架式 Cultivation trellis system
参数 Parameter	SDTS-H	ISDTS-H	ISDTS-VH
顶端优势 Apical dominance	较明显 Obvious	不明显 Not obvious	不明显 Not obvious
主蔓高度 Main vine setting height/cm	190	190	150
结果带高度 Fruit setting height/cm	180	180	160
疏果工时 Fruit thinning hours/（h·hm^-2）	480	360	240
新梢绑缚工时 Fruit branch binding hours/（h·hm^-2）	480	480	360
夏季修剪工时 Summer pruning hours/（h·hm^-2）	300	60	60
上、下架工时 Tying and untying hours/（h·hm^-2）	240	120	120
累计工时 Cumulative hours/（h·hm^-2）	1 500	1 020	780
商品率 Commodity rate/%	60~70	90	90
经济效益/（10⁴元·hm^-2） Economic performance/（10⁴ yuan·hm^-2）	5.47	8.04	15.84