含腐植酸水溶肥料对玉米苗生长及土壤改良的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0859

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究不同配方的含腐植酸水溶肥料（water-soluble fertilizers containing humic-acids，WSF）对烟台市酸化棕壤的改良效果，采用盆栽试验，以不施WSF为对照（CK），设置施用市场一号（HJ）、市场二号（GL）、市场三号（LD）、市场四号（XZ）、自研一号（NY）和自研二号（NE）6种追肥处理，每种肥料设置0.4（-0.4）、2.0 mL·kg^-1土（-2.0）2个施用量，比较不同处理对玉米苗株高、茎粗、生物量、镉含量以及土壤理化性质、有效态镉含量的影响。结果表明，与CK相比，根部灌施NY、XZ和NE后，土壤pH分别提高0.57~0.61、0.55~0.62和0.49~0.64个单位。NY-0.4、NE-0.4和XZ-2.0处理的土壤交换性酸总量分别降低28.0%、23.3%和12.5%，交换性铝含量分别降低51.2%、29.1%和18.0%，有助于缓解土壤酸化并减轻铝毒。施用WSF能提高土壤有机质含量，降低土壤电导率，改善土壤速效养分供应状况，降低土壤镉（Cd）的有效性，促进玉米苗生长并阻控Cd吸收，有助于提升土壤质量和作物品质。土壤酸度是影响Cd在土壤-玉米苗体系中活化、吸收和累积的关键因子。对玉米苗生长和土壤改良情况的综合分析表明，XZ的性能优于其他测试产品。研究结果有助于揭示WSF的产品性质、组分和用量对肥效的影响，可为优化玉米施肥方案和改良退化土壤提供参考。

关键词: 含腐植酸水溶肥料, 土壤酸化, 土壤改良, 玉米苗, 镉

Abstract:

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the impact of various formulations of water-soluble fertilizers containing humic acids （WSF） on acidified brown soils in Yantai city with non-fertilizer treatment serving as control group（CK）. 6 topdressing treatments， including Market No. 1 （HJ）， Market No. 2 （GL）， Market No. 3 （LD）， Market No. 4 （XZ）， self-developed No.1 （NY） and self-developed No.2 （NE）， were applied at 2 application rates per fertilizer of 0.4（-0.4）or 2.0 mL·kg?1 soil（-2.0）. The impacts of different treatments on maize seedling height， stem diameter， biomass， cadmium （Cd） content， as well as soil physicochemical properties and available Cd content were compared. The results indicated that， compared to CK， the application of NY， XZ and NE elevated soil pH by 0.57~0.61， 0.55~0.62 and 0.49~0.64 units， respectively. The total exchangeable acidity of the soil treated with NY-0.4， NE-0.4 and XZ-2.0 decreased by 28.0%， 23.3% and 12.5%， respectively， accompanied by a corresponding decrease in exchangeable aluminum content by 51.2%， 29.1% and 18.0%. These outcomes were indicative of the potential to mitigate soil acidification and alleviate aluminum toxicity. The application of WSF generally augmented soil organic matter content， reduced soil electrical conductivity， improved the availability of soil nutrients， lowered soil cadmium availability， and fostered the growth of maize seedlings while inhibiting Cd absorption. These improvements collectively contributed to enhancing soil quality and crop quality. Soil acidity emerges was a pivotal factor influencing the activation， absorption and accumulation of Cd in the soil-maize seedling system. A comprehensive analysis of maize seedling growth and soil improvement revealed that the XZ product outperformed the other tested formulations. Above results provided valuable insights into the effects of WSF product properties， compositions and dosages on fertilizer efficacy， offering a reference for optimizing maize fertilization strategies and ameliorating degraded soils.

Key words: water-soluble fertilizers containing humic-acids（WSF）, soil acidification, soil improvement, maize seedling, cadmium

中图分类号:

S145

王子豪, 周雪, 张冬寒, 梁红怡, 王岩, 赵子昂, 陈清. 含腐植酸水溶肥料对玉米苗生长及土壤改良的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(4): 209-220.

Zihao WANG, Xue ZHOU, Donghan ZHANG, Hongyi LIANG, Yan WANG, Ziang ZHAO, Qing CHEN. Effect of Water-soluble Fertilizers Containing Humic-acids on Maize Seedlings Growth and Soil Properties[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(4): 209-220.

图/表 6

表1 盆栽试验所用含腐植酸水溶肥料的主要特性

Table 1 Main property of water-soluble fertilizers containing humic-acids used in pot experiments

肥料特性 Fertilizer property	肥料类型 Fertilizer type
肥料特性 Fertilizer property	市场一号 HJ	市场二号 GL	市场三号 LD	市场四号 XZ	自研一号 NY	自研二号 NE
粒径 Particle size	微米级 Micron-sized	微米级 Micron-sized	—	—	微米级 Micron-sized	微米级 Micron-sized
pH	4.58	6.37	6.89	12.11	8.06	7.97
电导率 Electrical conductivity/（ mS·cm^-1）	59.7	86.3	70.5	114.0	53.2	36.3
纯氮 Pure N/（g·L^-1）	≥50	≥70	—	≥100	≥25	≥30
五氧化二磷 P₂O₅/（g·L^-1）	≥150	≥220	—	≥40	≥140	≥90
氧化钾 K₂O/（g·L^-1）	—	—	≥30	≥60	≥65	≥90
腐植酸 Fulvic acids/%	15.8	13.0	9.5	15.2	15.8	15.7
黄腐酸 Humic acids/%	4.24	2.95	13.90	0.74	15.10	16.40
有机质 Organic matter/（g·L^-1）	—	—	≥250	—	≥250	≥250
密度 Density/（g·cm^-3）	1.33	—	—	—	1.35	1.35

表2 施用含腐植酸水溶肥料后的土壤特性

Table 2 Soil property following the use of water-soluble fertilizers containing humic-acids

土壤特性

Soil property

4.34

αb

4.37

αb

4.38

αb

4.85

αa

4.91

αa

4.94

αa

4.54

αbc

4.39

αc

4.72

αab

4.92

αa

4.87

αa

4.79

βa

4.30

电导率

EC/（μS·cm^-1）

408

αa

361

αa

371

αa

αb

βb

128

αb

356

αa

426

αa

417

αa

αb

116

αb

106

αb

417

交换性酸总量

EA/（cmol·kg^-1）

7.67

βab

6.76

βbc

5.88

αc

8.10

αa

3.62

βd

3.86

βd

9.92

αb

10.00

αa

5.48

αb

4.40

βc

5.61

αb

5.73

αb

5.03

交换性铝

EAl/（cmol·kg^-1）

6.14

αa

5.02

αa

5.04

αa

6.29

αa

1.76

βb

2.56

αb

7.14

αa

4.60

αb

4.49

αb

2.96

βc

3.93

αbc

3.75

αbc

3.61

交换性氢

EH/（cmol·kg^-1）

1.53

βa

1.74

βa

0.84

αb

1.81

αa

1.86

αa

1.30

βab

2.79

αb

5.40

αa

1.00

αc

1.44

αc

1.68

αc

1.98

αbc

1.42

有机质

SOM/（g·kg^-1）

17.8

αab

17.8

αab

17.1

βb

19.0

αab

19.5

αa

17.5

αab

15.8

βc

16.4

βc

19.4

αab

21.1

αa

18.9

αb

17.5

αbc

15.9

碱解氮

AN/（mg·kg^-1）

374

βb

444

βa

412

αab

146

αc

182

βc

133

βc

473

αb

551

αa

418

αc

138

αe

238

αd

202

αd

387

速效磷

AP/（mg·kg^-1）

115.0

αa

99.3

αbc

94.6

αbc

90.5

αc

106.0

αab

92.4

αc

120.0

αa

97.3

αbc

106.0

αab

86.4

αc

100.0

αbc

107.0

αab

98.6

速效钾

AK/（mg·kg^-1）

103

βab

120

αa

108

βa

104

βab

βb

124

βa

138

αc

135

αc

196

αa

209

αa

157

αbc

185

αab

110

水溶性钠

WNa/（mg·kg^-1）

29.6

αb

29.6

αb

40.0

βa

35.4

βab

42.2

βa

40.0

βa

25.1

αd

35.4

αc

78.9

αa

44.5

αc

68.6

αb

62.9

αb

28.5

阳离子交换量

CEC/（cmol·kg^-1）

15.2

αb

14.9

αb

14.2

αb

15.1

αb

14.9

αb

16.0

αa

15.1

αa

15.0

αa

14.6

αab

14.9

αab

14.5

αb

14.4

βb

14.7

图1 不同施肥处理下玉米苗株高、茎粗和生物量注：不同英文字母表示相同施用量不同肥料处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著，不同希腊字母表示相同肥料不同施用量处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 1 Plant height， stem diameter and biomass of maize seedlings under different fertilization treatmentsNote： Different English letters indicate significant differences between different fertilizers treatments at same application rate at P<0.05 level， different Greek letters indicate significant differences between application rates treatments of same fertilizer at P<0.05 level.

图2 不同施肥处理下玉米苗中镉含量和土壤中有效态镉含量注：不同英文字母表示相同施用量不同肥料处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著，不同希腊字母表示相同肥料不同施用量处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 2 Cd content in maize seedlings and available Cd content in soil under different fertilization treatmentsNote： Different English letters indicate significant differences between different fertilizers treatments at same application rate at P<0.05 level， different Greek letters indicate significant differences between application rates treatments of same fertilizer at P<0.05 level.

图3 基于随机森林分析环境因子重要度排序A：影响 P-Cd 的环境因子重要性度量； B：影响 A-Cd的环境因子重要性度量； C：影响 DTPA-Cd的环境因子重要性度量。节点纯度值越高，表示预测变量和响应变量之间的相关性越强

Fig. 3 Importance ranking of variable environmental factors based on random forest analysisA：Assessment of significance of environmental factors influencing P-Cd； B：Assessment of significance of environmental factors influencing A-cd； C：Assessment of significance of environmental factors influencing DTPA-cd. Higher values of IncNodePurity indicate stronger correlations between predictor and response variables

图4 植物生长因子与土壤环境变量之间的相关性和冗余分析A：相关性分析；B：冗余分析。*和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著相关。

Fig. 4 Correlation and redundancy analysis between plant growth factors and soil environmental variablesA：Correlation analysis；B：Redundancy analysis. * and ** indicate significant corrections at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels， respetively.

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