Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology

Challenges and Tasks |Facing |China's Plant Breeding Science and Technology

JIA Jing-dun

2009, 11(2): 1-4.

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Due to the resources and environment constraints and transformation of agricultural development models, plant breeding science and technology work in our country is facing a series of traditional and non-traditional challenges. In modern agricultural science and technology research, we must pay great attention to traditional breeding, at the same time, strengthen molecular breeding and other new breeding science and technology. Before ending, this paper puts forwand several measures to promote science and technology work for plant breeding.

Discussion about Several Biological Issues for Development of Dryland Farming

SHAN Lun

2009, 11(2): 5-9.

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Plant droughtresistant and watersaving biology is an important subject basis for developing dryland farming and agriculture at waterscarce regions. The major issues facing us include: in terms of research route, how to correctly deal with the relation between studies on molecular level and on plant as a whole, so as to promote the mutual supplement of the two; in terms of research orientation, how to combine effectively drought resistance with water use efficiency and yield properties, so as to realize high yield and high efficiency; in terms of application of research findings, how to strengthen interdisciplinary of subjects, so as to achieve actual effect as soon as possible. The paper introduces several scientific and technological difficult points in the practice related to drought-resistant and water-saving biology in semiarid and sub-humid regions. And suggestions are proposed.

Research Strategy of Epigenetics and its Utilization in Wooden Plants

WEI Hua-li, YANG Wen-hua, HAN Su-ying, QI Li-wang

2009, 11(2): 10-16.

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Epigenetics can figure out many problems including changes of inheritable function without DNA sequence alteration, heritability of characters induced by surroundings. This article introduces the origin and development of epigenetics, the epigenetic inheritable mechanisms involving DNA methylation, histone code and genomic imprinting. It also briefly summarizes the present epigenetic research in wooden plants. Because the genome of wooden plants is enormous and the background of heredity is complex, the epigenetic research on wooden plants lags the herbaceous model plants, such as Arabidopsis and rice. At present, only the epigenetic research on poplar (Populus trichocarpa×P. deltoides), radiate pine (Pinus radiate D.Don.), oil palm（Acacia mangium Willd.）has got some achievements. The extensive applications of MSAP and other technologies will provide new opportunities to epigenetic research on wooden plants, and reveal the specific genetic phenomenon owned by wooden plants.

Research Progress on CO/FT Regulon and its Role in Adjusting Plant Flowering

CHEN Fu-lu, FU Yong-fu, LIN Chen-tao

2009, 11(2): 17-22.

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In this review, we focus on the recent progress made in CO/FT regulon and its role in adjusting plant flowering. Flowering is a key process for plant to transfer from vegetative to reproductive development. Photoperiod and temperature play critical roles in controlling flowering time. In Arabidopsis and rice, CONSTANS (CO) and its target gene FLOWERING LOCUS T（FT） play a key role in day-length measurement. The CO/FT regulon has played an important role in photoperiod dependent flowering. At present, CO and FT orthologs have been identified from different plant species, and their roles in plant flowering time control have been studied intensively.

Research Progress on Zinc Bioavailability and Zinc Biofortification through Soil-plant system

WU Chun-yong, WEI Yan-yan, FENG Ying, YANG Xiao-e

2009, 11(2): 23-29.

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Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients for plant and human health. This article briefly reviewed on reseach progress of zinc, such as zinc enrichment mechanism in rice edible part, zinc bioavailability, and zinc biofortification through soil-plant system.

Progress on Research and Utilization of bmr Sorghum

ZHANG Fu-yao, PING Jun-ai, WANG Rui

2009, 11(2): 30-33.

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Sorghum, as one of forage crops, has won great attention in many countries and regions all over the world. Due to its characteristics of strong drought resistance and high water use efficiency, sorghum has become the most predominant forage crops in arid areas. The lignin content of bmr sorghum is 5%~50% lower than that of normal sorghum. Low lignin content can improve palatability and increase digestibility of forage. Therefore, it has aroused extensive attention by sorghum breeders all over the world. Great progress has been made in improving forage production, its quality, feeding efficiency and about the gene of bmr sorghum. The bmr gene has been successfully transferred into normal sorghum and sudangrass. BMR hybrid forage variety with high yield, superior quality has been released and produced commercially. It has a bright prospect for utilization.

Precision Management——Next Direction for China’s Agriculture Informationization

LI Xiu-feng, LIU Li-ya, LU Wen-lin, BAI Ju-ping, ZHANG Lei

2009, 11(2): 34-38.

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With the development of agricultural information technology, agriculture informationization has entered into a new stage. Owing to the social needs and promotion of technology, precision management will very likely become its next direction for development. In order to understand precision management better, the paper discusses the development stages for agricultural information technology; puts forward precision management stage and relevant management technology; expounds the inevitability of precision management stage; introduces several application prospects for future precision management, including making policy with macro viewpoint, supervising agricultural production, servicing agricultural market and increasing farmers income etc. Finally it puts forward several suggestions for speeding up the implementation of agricultural precision management.

Crop Straw Resources and Their Utilization in Anhui Province

XU Xiu-juan, WU Wen-ge

2009, 11(2): 39-43.

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Staple crop straw yield was 35.35 million tons in Anhui Province every year. The straw of rice, wheat and rape were principal and their proportion in total was above 75%. Their distributions have obvious regional and individual characteristics. Their utilization rate in Anhui Province is only 53.04% currently, and nearly half of them have not being used, that have become a new source of pollution. Among the existing ways of straw utilization, returning back to the fields and being fodder were 28.2% and 23.9%, respectively. But the utilization efficiency of taking straw as resources and industrial raw materials were very low. This article analyzes the strategy of straw utilization under the existing technological and economical conditions, puts forward feasible approaches for integrated utilization of crop straw, and designs the goals for developing and utilizing crop straw in Anhui Province till 2015.

Concept and Measurement for Progress in Agricultural Science and Technology

ZHANG Ying-lu, XING Li, YUAN Kai-zhi, FAN Sheng-gen

2009, 11(2): 44-48.

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This paper systematically introduces the concept of progress in science and technology, the affecting factors, development of its measurement method; analyzes the role, pattern and mechanism of progress in agricultural S & T. Before ending, the paper introduces several internal and external measurement methods and the latest progress.

Isolation and Purification of Linoleate Isomerase from P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii and L. plantarum

WANG Li-ming, LV Jia-ping, LIU Lu

2009, 11(2): 49-55.

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Using saltingout method, combined with Sephacryl S-200HR gel filtration chromatography and DEAE Sepharose F.F. ion exchange chromatography, linoleate isomerase was isolated and purified from P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii and L. plantarum, respectively. linoleate isomerase from different sources showed different elution characteristics in the purification process. The molecular weight of linoleate isomerase from P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii was 56 kDa, and that from L. plantarum was 50.65 kDa. The result indicated that big differences existed in the purification method of linoleate isomerase due to their different sources.

Identification of Biocontrol Bacterial Strain BAB-1 against Tomato Grey Mold and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions

LIU Ning, GUO Qing-gang, AN Hai, LI She-zeng, LU Xiu-yun, MA Ping, DONG Jin-gao

2009, 11(2): 56-62.

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Antigonistic bacterium BAB-1 was isolated from soil and showed potential for controlling tomato grey mold. Strain BAB-1 was identified as Bacillus subtilis according to its morphological characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence and the result of API 50CHB system. 16 different media for the bacterial growth and production of antifungal substrates were tested. Results showed that the medium No.3 was suitable for either bacterial growth or antifungal substrates producing. Optimum fermentation conditions for bacterial growth were as following: temperature 30℃, 210 rpm, pH 7.24, inoculation amount 3% and amount of loading 70 mL/250 mL flask. Under these conditions, the cell density could reach 1.63×109 cfu/mL. While the optimum conditions for antifungal substance producing were temperature 30℃, 210 rpm, pH 7.24, inoculation amount 2% and amount of loading 100 mL/250 mL flask. Under these conditions, the inhibition zone of strain BAB-1 against Botrytis cinerea could reach 1.81cm width.

Rapid Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Mongolia Home-made Fermented Milk Products Rapidly Identified by16S rDNA-RFLP Method

Airidengcaicike,Yu Jie,DU Xiao-hua, et al.

2009, 11(2): 63-68.

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55 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from traditional homemade fermented milk products in 5 different regions of Mongolia. All strains were identified on basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and 16S rDNA sequences compared with 17 standard strains. RFLP analysis used a set of restriction enzymes, AluⅠ, HaeⅢ, BsmaⅠ, TspRⅠand HinfⅠ. The results showed that 49 Lactobacilli strains and 2 Pdeiococcus strains were identified to species level, while the other 4 cocci strains were identified at genus level. 16S rDNARFLP method was of accuracy, reliability and efficiency for identifying lactic acid bacteria.

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of a Glyphosate-tolerant Bacterial Strain

LI Hai-hong, WAN Yu-song,JIN Wu-jun,WNAG Ying-dian,LIN Min

2009, 11(2): 69-72.

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A bacterial strain P23, which can tolerate 200 mmol/L glyphosate and grow in highest concentration of glyphosate 350 mmol/ L in the medium, was isolated from soil of Xinjiang. The cell grows well in the medium with 100~200 mmol/L glyphosate, the optimal pH is 7.0 and the optimal growth temperature is 37℃. It has resistance to ampicillin, kanamycin.Using the universal primers, the 16S rDNA of P23 was amplified by PCR and sequenced. Compared with the published nucleotide sequence of 16S rDNA in NCBI, the 16S rDNA of P23 showed 99% homology with Ochrobactrum sp. According to the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, the strain is identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi P23.

Analysis of Main Body Composition for Applying Nuisanceless Agro-food Certification and Advice for its Development

LIU Jian-hua1,2, WAN Liang-jun2,ZHU Yu2, WEN Shao-hui2,WANG Dao-long3

2009, 11(2): 73-77.

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The article analyzed the situation of carrying out nuisanceless agro-food certification for 5 years. The main bodies applying for nuisanceless agro-food certification were composed of enterprise, service organization, economic cooperative organization, farm and individual. Each main body had its unique characteristics, and made major contribution in organizing production, controlling quality and safeguarding security. The structure of certifying main body took enterprise as its main composition, service and economic organizations as its auxiliary, declaring farms and individuals as its supplement. Based on the big differences between plant industry, animal husbandry and fishery, the article analyzed the changes taken place in certification main body during the 5 years and its development trends, respectively. In order to enable the sound development of nuisanceless agricultural products, and to control their quality and safety, the article proposed advices to vigorously develop certifying main body responsibility borne by enterprises and agricultural economic co-operative organizations.

Impact of High Temperature at Flowering on Midseason Rice Yield

SHI Kuan-yu1,2, CUI Yong-wei1,2| HU Rui-fa1

2009, 11(2): 78-83.

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The main target of the paper is exploiting the change of the maximum temperature during

midseason rice flowering period, and its impact on the yield of midseason rice. Based on

the statistical data on weather in 7 provinces during 15 years, the midseason rice

function models are built up, with temperature variables included. Our result shows that

the maximum temperatures during midseason rice flowering periods have increasing trend

with a substantial fluctuation, with great differences among regions. When the maximum

temperature is between 35℃ to 39℃, the average yield of midseason rice will not change

significantly, but if the maximum temperature is above 39℃, the average yield of mid-

season rice will decrease by 13 percent.

Effects of |Drunken Horse Grass Infected with
Endophyte on Chinese Rabbit

LI Chun-jie1, NAN Zhi-biao1, ZHANG Chang-ji2, ZHANG Chong-yue3, ZHANG Yan-hui1

2009, 11(2): 84-90.

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Feeding trials were conducted to evaluate effects of drunken horse grass infected with

(E+) or free from (E-) endophyte, Neotyphodium gansuense, on health of rabbits. Compared

with E- grass, the content of crude fat in E+ grass increased significantly, while no

significant differences were detected in the contents of crude fiber and crude protein

between E+ and E- plants. Rabbits showed toxicity symptoms when drenched with aqueous

extract obtained from E+ grass at the dose of 10~20 mL/kg body weight. However, no

mortality was found even when drenched at the higher rate of E+ extracts. Feeding trials

showed that rabbits developed toxicity symptoms when fed with E+ grass pellet at

accumulated amount of 131.6 g/kg body weight and died when they intake E+ grass pellet up

to 350.9 g/kg body weight. The final tested rabbit mortality rate was 66.7％ during the

feeding period. There were no toxicity symptoms in any rabbits fed with E- plants in the

forms of either aqueous or fodder pellet, which indicated that the Neotyphodium endophyte

was the cause of A. inebrians toxicity to rabbits.

Studies on Screening Flammulina velutipes Cultivated with Peanut
Stems and Technologies for Superior Quality and High Production

WAN Lu-zhang1, WAN Shu-bo1, ZHANG Zheng1, GUO Hong-hai1, GAO Xia2, ZHAO Jin-you3

2009, 11(2): 91-97.

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To screen Flammulina velutipes suitable for cultivation with peanut stem, experiments

were conducted based on characteristics of hypha growth, bearing period, sporophore

character and biological efficiency of conversion. Optimum strains FH-1(yellow) and FB-1

(white) suitable for cultivation in greenhouses were selected, and harvest from bags

using Jinza 19 and Fv088 as control strains. Countermeasures such as scratching membrane

and film covering were taken to optimize management technology. This paper summarized and

proposed the complementary technique of cultivating Flammulina velutipes of high yield

and superior quality with peanuts stems.

Indoor Toxicity Assessment of Avermectin and Fipronil on 3rd Instar
Larvae of Diamondback Moth by Means of Leaf Protection
Rates and Corrected Mortality Rate

GU Xiao-jun, TIAN Su-fen, LIU Wen-jing

2009, 11(2): 98-105.

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The indoor toxicities of avermectin and fipronil on the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback

moth \[Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)\] and their effects on feeding of the tested

insects were studied. After Potter spraying treatment, the corrected mortality rate

caused by the 2 insecticides in all treatments increased as time flew away. But the leaf

protection rate decreased especially in the treatments with avermectin at lower

concentrations. After leaf-dipping treatment, both corrected mortality rate and leaf

protection rate in all treatments increased as time went along. In 72 h treatment with

avermectin, the corrected mortality rate was significantly lower than leaf protection

rate, except in those treatments with the concentration of 10.00 mg/L or 0.31 mg/L, the

two rates were similar. However, in the treatments with fipronil, the former was

significantly higher than the later in all treatments, except those with the

concentration of 12.50 mg/L, the two rates were also similar. The significance of leaf

protection rate in toxicity assessment of insecticides was discussed.

Studies on Security Assessment of Farmland Resources
in Swift-expanding Urban Cities: a Case Study
on Daxing District of Beijing

FAN Wen-yang1, KONG Xiang-bin2, MEN Ming-xin1, XU Hao1, LI Cun-zhen2, ZHANG Qing

2009, 11(2): 106-113.

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Along with the economic development, functions of farmland resources have been

diversified. The most important and direct function is to protect regional grain security

and regional farmers social security. Based on farmland resources′ productive function

and social security function, this article took Daxing District of Beijing as example,

established a mathematical model according to the crop output of farmland in this

district; calculated the least farmland area which was compared with actual regional

farmland area; finally gain the status value of farmland resources security; and assessed

the security situation of farmland resources in various towns within the Districts. To

protect arable land resources of regional security, it is necessary to guarantee the most

direct production functions and social security of arable land resources at the same

time. The least farmland area and status value of farmland security could be used to

estimate the security situation of regional farmland resources. In terms of spatial

distribution, the well developed towns in Northern Daxing District are at a higher level

of insecurity. Regional agricultural should timely adjust the agricultural structure so

as to protect the safety of arable land resources.

Effect of Water Stress on Yield, Quality and WUE during
Peanut Seedling Stage

LIU Ji-li, WANG Ming-lun, WU Na, QIN Xin, WANG Yue-fu

2009, 11(2): 114-118.

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The method of pool culture in water proof installations was used to make various water

stress levels during peanut seedling stage. Afterwards, water was supplied normally. The

effects of water stress during seedling stage on yield, quality and WUE of peanut were

studied. The results indicated that water stress during seedling stage could decrease the

pod yield, increase the protein content of seed, reduce the content of fatty acid and the

O/L ratio. Thus, the water consumption reduced. However, the water use efficiency (WUE)

did not decrease along with the reduction of water consumption. Wilting 5 days treatment

at seedling stage could achieve the highest WUE. Moderate water stress during seedling

stage can increase peanut WUE.

Establishment of an Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation
System for Lolium perenne L.

WANG Qi-li1, HE Jin-gang2, CHEN Yan-long2, ZHANG Xiao-yun2, WU Jin-xia2

2009, 11(2): 119-123.

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The vector pDM805 which harbors the selection gene bar and reporter gene gus was

transformed into embryogenic callus lines of ryegrass. In total, 52 individual

regenerated plants were obtained from bialaphos resistant callus lines. Among them, 27

were confirmed by bar PCR analysis; 15 of the 27 PCR positive plants showed strong blue

color with GUS staining. The results suggested that through optimizing callus induction

and plant regeneration conditions, an efficient Agrobacterium mediated transformation

protocol was established in ryegrass, which paves the way for its genetic improvement

through genetic engineering in the near future.

Research of Soluble Sugar Content and Activities of Sucrose
Synthase and Sucrose Phosphate Synthase on Sorghum

XUE Wei1, CUI Jiang-hui1, SUN Ai-qing 2, CHANG Jin-hua1

2009, 11(2): 124-128.

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Five sorghum lines and one hybrid were used to study the changing law of sugar contents

and activities of sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), the

correlation between soluble sugar contents and activities of SS and SPS on different

phases. The results showed that there are mainly negative correlation between soluble

sugar content and SS enzyme activities in the later growing stage, and mostly positive

correlation between soluble sugar content and SPS enzyme activities. The soluble sugar

content in stems was rising during the whole growing period. It reached the maximum when

sorghum was fully matured. Full-ripe stage is the best phase for harvest.

Tests of Mutant Strains of Inonqqus oblique by Antagonistic
Actions and Esterase Isoenzymes

LENG Lei, HUANG Fang, SONG Ai-rong

2009, 11(2): 129-132.

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The mutants of Inonqqus oblique treated by radiation of 60Co-γ were tested antagonistic

actions with original strain. Then the esterase isoenzymes from the mutant strains were

studied by using electrophoresis of polyacrylamide gel and cluster analysis were carried

out on the diversities between mutants and original strains by netsys. The results showed

that all mutant strains had no antagonistic actions with original strain 410；the

esterase isoenzymes were different between mutants and original strain.

Assessment of Vegetable and Fruit Heavy Metal Pollution in
Sanya, |Hainan Province

LI Fu-yan1,2, LI Xu-ming3, WU Peng-fei1,2, ZHAO Xiong1,2,

2009, 11(2): 133-137.

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Vegetable and fruit samples collected from 74 planting locations in Sanya, Hainan

Province were measured and contents of heavy metals were analyzed. Single factor

pollution index and comprehensive pollution index calculated by the national vegetable

sanitation quality standards were adopted. Heavy metal pollution level was evaluated by

Nemero index. At the same time, the pollution source was analyzed. The results showed

that all vegetable and fruit produced in Sanya had reached clean and pollution-free

level. The comprehensive pollution index of four kinds heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd)

in vegetable and fruit was 0.60, which belongs to the security level of non-polluting.

But there were significant differences in enriched heavy metal contents among different

types of vegetable and fruit. The comprehensive pollution indexes of various kinds of

fruit and vegetable from big to small were as follows: green leaves

vegetable>bean>melon>rootstalk plants>eggplant>fruit. Green leave vegetables were easily

enriched to slightly polluted, and their comprehensive pollution index was 1.19. Beans

and melons were clean and close to polluted level, their comprehensive pollution indexes

were 0.85 and 0.79, respectively. Other vegetable and fruit all reached clean level.

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